The difference between "doing" and "doing"?

It is generally believed that "doing" is concrete action and "doing" is abstract action. I always think so. Although I have doubts in my heart, concreteness and abstraction are relative. What should I do if I encounter concrete and abstract confusion? Recently, I used the textbook Practical Chinese compiled by Beijing Language Institute and published by the Commercial Press (Volume III), only to find that the confusion was beyond my imagination:

Visiting the home of the old captain (148)

The old captain's wife Tian Auntie and his daughter Xiaohua are cooking at home. They walked out of the room quickly when they heard that the guests were coming. (Page 149)

It is said that "being a guest" is more abstract than "cooking" and "cooking" is more specific than "being a guest", but the text is written in the opposite way. Sometimes the words in the book seem random:

If I feel a little sick, he is busy calling a doctor, buying medicine and letting me eat this and that. (Page 107)

Aunt Ding said, "If I feel a little sick, he is busy making this and that for me." (Page 122)

Mrs Brown saw jiaozi lying neatly there and praised her, "Well done! ..... "(15 1 page)

Please try our China jiaozi later. (Page 167)

Some people have eaten it, saying that the outside is made of flour, and the inside is meat and vegetables, which are delicious; (Page 167)

This makes us think, is there a difference between "doing" and "doing"?

two

We investigated Qian Zhongshu's Collection of Seven Characters, Lv Shuxiang's Analysis of Chinese Grammar and Li Rong's Problems of Chinese Characters. The authors of these three books are all famous. Mr. Qian is famous for his extensive knowledge and super memory. Mr. Lu is meticulous and clear as water, which makes people respect him; Mr. Li is hard to think. He is very strict when asking for help. Some people like it, some people are afraid. The result of the investigation is that none of the three gentlemen can completely distinguish the two words.

Mr. Qian prefers to use the word "left". This can be seen from the Preface to the Revised Edition, which comes into view as soon as Kai Pei Ji is opened:

After the book was published, I made some changes. Thanks to Comrade Wei Tongxian for giving it the opportunity to appear. Comrade Xin Guangwei has worked hard to help the publication of this book, and I thank him. By the way, three articles in this collection of poems were selected by French scholar Mr. White into my Five Theories of Poetics and carefully translated. In my translation "Preface", I also expressed my surprise that "domestic sales" became "exports".

The word "left" is also commonly used in books:

It doesn't try to evaluate China's old poems and paintings, but only clarifies the comparative evaluation of poems and paintings by China's traditional criticism. (Page 1)

Critics in the new tradition can have a comprehensive understanding of the works in the old tradition and make objective estimates; (3 pages)

..... Toles is a born fox, but he wants to be a hedgehog. (26 pages)

A painter painted this illustration: (46 pages)

These all clarify or appreciate the meaning or art of the original work. (93 pages)

Scholars have a good name, jealousness and jealousy, and they have always been a laughing stock, ... (103 page)

An orphan martyr in the late Ming Dynasty and a literary attendant in the early Qing Dynasty also tried to make the same psychological answer. (Page 127)

But you can also see examples of "doing", although it is rare:

..... luring people to love foreign works as if they were matchmaking, ... (8 1 page)

If she sings "Acura" in no key, it is obviously acting, ... (page 86)

The usual appellation here has a meaning that is not commonly used in modern times: it does not refer to "German giants", but refers to British businessmen who do import and export business with Germany. (Page 9 1)

In fact, you can find examples of "doing" and "doing" mixed under the same conditions:

..... It may be self-contradictory for a person to write poetry and reason. "There are reasons outside the poem". (Page 7 1)

Monks write poems, of course, from our ancestors. (74 pages)

Although Song Qi's poems are deeply influenced by "Quincy Style", ... (2 1 page)

There is only one place where Mr. Qian used "do" three times in a row:

If someone does an experiment, … of course, no one has done this experiment, and it may not be necessary. (Page 105)

Teacher Qian seems to think that "experiment" is concrete and should be done.

Contrary to Mr. Qian, Mr. Wang prefers to use the word "do" Let's take a look at some sentences in the previous sections of this book. (Teacher Lu's book has a section number before each festival. We use the version number to indicate the source, so that people of different versions will check it. ):

The solution to this problem is to investigate more practical use cases. (Preface)

This paper attempts to review the problems existing in Chinese grammar system, …( 1).

Of course, it is best to use letters as codes ... (Article 3)

Generally speaking, there are two and a half things that can be used for grammatical analysis: ... (Article 4)

You can also use "morpheme" as the smallest unit, … (Section 9)

Please pay attention to the last three situations. Most people are used to "doing", while Mr. Lu uses "doing". Especially in the form of "verb+left", Mr. Lu wrote "left": "called (section 2)," divided into sections (section 38), "counted as (section 465438 +0)," regarded as (section 72) and "translated (note 9

Sometimes prepositions with nouns can be used as predicates, such as (120 pages)

The same part includes:

Some prepositions can take objects as predicates, which is why …

Prepositions with nouns and prepositions with objects refer to the same thing, only once with "left" and once with "left". Others such as:

It has neither the main features of nouns (as subject and object) nor the main features of predicates, namely verbs and general adjectives (as predicate). (Article 44)

There is almost no difference between adjectives as predicates and intransitive verbs as predicates, and they are not necessarily another kind. (Article 62)

On the other hand, further analysis is needed to see what specific content it contains. (Section 75)

It will be very interesting if someone collects all kinds of charts and symbols that have been used or may be used in some analysis and makes a comparative study. (79 pages)

Mr. Qian and Mr. Lu have their own strong points, which seem to have their own strong points, but they can't avoid using different words in the same situation.

Like Mr. Qian Zhongshu, Mr. Li Rong prefers to use the word "left". Here are three examples:

In the process of gradually realizing the four modernizations, linguistics and philology should make due contributions. (Page 1)

There are even titles and the word "Zhuang" 39 times in the article, all of which are used as surnames. (20 pages)

Variant characters have various situations. Here, only the width of the function is briefly explained. (2 1 page)

This book is about philology, so there are many sayings that "a word is a certain" and "a word is a certain". These may be fixed statements in philology, which are not enough to prove. However, all the forms of "V ~" in the book are written as "V Left", and the books include "used for (2 1 page)," read for (22 pages), "adapted for (24 pages)," writing (9 pages), "mistaken for (10 page) and" sketch. But we also found five examples of "doing", one of which is "calling":

The way I collect data is not comprehensive and systematic, which requires too much manpower and too long time. (2 pages)

On the one hand, this will delay the general readers and encourage this illusion. (Page 13)

"Holding hands" means holding hands, so the word "holding" changed from handwriting to "holding". There is also the word "help" in the previous sentence as the basis for imitating and adding hands. (45 pages)

Later generations copied or engraved ancient books, sometimes inadvertently writing typos. This is called "three books and classics, and the house becomes a horse." (74 pages)

Running errands is related to doing things, and writing "running errands" seems to be mentioned. (93 pages)

The third example can be compared:

Intentional rewriting is often based on unintentional innovation, ... (76 pages)

After careful investigation, like Miss Li, it is inevitable to confuse these two words, which shows that there is no difference between them. ①

three

Since these two words can't be separated, can we simply merge them?

Let me talk about the direction of the merger first. It is obviously impossible to combine "doing" with "doing". It is impossible for us to change the fixed writing methods such as "work", "composition", "style" and "work". The desirable merger direction can only be and "Do" is "Do". This method is not unheard of. Mr. Lao She's Camel Xiangzi has an index, so we checked it by the way. The whole book only has "doing" but not "doing". Camel Xiangzi is a successful work, which can prove that there is no problem with the merger.

But we estimate that if we want to cancel "doing" and just use "doing", people who want elegant words can't get by. Therefore, another way to take care of the status quo is to continue to separate the two words, just to modify the current separation standard. Abstract and concrete standards have proved to be infeasible. First, we can't divide human activities into simple abstract and concrete categories. Second, even if we divide this category, we can only make a long list for people to follow, but we can't turn it into simple rules for people to master. Therefore, the feasible way is to combine grammatical classification, just like abolishing the word "bottom" at the beginning of this century and allocating the word "de" with grammatical standards.

The method that can be considered is to write all verbs as "do" as predicates and all fixed words as "do". This can ensure that existing words keep the current writing style, for example:

Writing, work, composition, homework, style, function, action (noun), action (verb), author, work, opposition, void, play, give up, work and sleep, forge, commit crimes, fight, be the master, make decisions, commit crimes and do things (= method). ...

There is no need to hesitate to write down:

Cooking, cooking, jiaozi, sewing, homework, composition, work, explanation, report, planning, planning, doing this and that, doing things in the east and doing things in the west, and practicing (Taoist practice) ...

In addition, "verb+left (do)" is always written as "left". This form expresses the meaning of an idea or the result of an action, rather than a specific action added to the object. This writing is also in line with the current usage habits of most people.

It is more difficult to distinguish words from phrases, for example:

Write poetry ~ be a poet ~ be a man ~ do things ~ do things

Maybe it's mandatory. I tend to analyze into structure, so I advocate the latter form of writing. From this point of view, this method is not omnipotent after all, but fortunately there are not many. )

In this way, our suggestion becomes, if it involves Shang Ya, we will do it according to the method we put forward; If you follow the custom and do it according to Lao She's method, you will write "works". ②

four

However, it should be pointed out that elegance and vulgarity change with the times. In ancient times, there was a "line" but no "line". Here is an example of the bronze inscription, two examples of the Book of Songs and two examples of the Analects of Confucius, all of which are models of ancient culture.

Bai Panzi: The tenth year, the first month of the second year, the first day of the first year (work)

Treasure tray

"The Book of Songs": You live in the past, who will be the teacher?

The Book of Songs Zhou Song Tianzuo: The sky is a mountain, and the king is barren.

The Analects of Confucius: It is not easy to make mistakes, but those who are good at making trouble have nothing.

"The Analects of Confucius": Speaking without action, believing in the past, stealing is not as good as my old Peng.

Guang Yun did not accept the word "Left" until Ji Yun pointed out that "a well-known work is" Left "but not true. In other words, until then, "Zuo" was included as a "vulgar word" and was considered wrong. If you think "classical" means "elegance", then writing "left" all the time means elegance.

be filled/suffused/brimming with

Of course, it does not rule out that several gentlemen's works were planted by mistake when they passed through the typesetting room. However, the differences held by several gentlemen are very clear. In particular, the two linguists' different treatment of "verb+Zuo (doing)" can not fail to attract the attention of the typesetting room. In addition, Mr. Lu's books were included in some later published collections of Mr. Lu's works, and some words were revised, but the usage of "left" and "left" has not changed, which shows that the alternate use of these two words is not absolutely exclusive to Mr. Lu.

There is only one word that will bring trouble to all those who write "Left", and that is the word "affectation", but it seems that our ancients have long encountered this problem and prepared a complete synonym "affectation" which is rare in a language.

12 Interviewee: Anonymous 2008-1-1514: 02

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Other answers *** 1

Report ● Do

zuòㄗㄨㄛˋ

◎ rise, rise, now: shake ~. Gunfire was loud.

Be engaged in, work: work ~. ~ rest. ~ industry.

◎ Hold, proceed: ~ Don't (separate). ~ chaos. ~ case. ~ war. ~ report.

Do, do, show and make: ~ evil. ~ shortcomings. ~ stalk. ~ precious. ~ state. ~ color. ~ for. ~ difficult. ~ crime department (doing evil and breaking the law).

Act as: ~. ~ Bao. ~ cut (be a matchmaker). ~ from the wall (when people stand on the camp to watch during the war, they just sit and watch others succeed or fail).

◎ Create: Create ~. Write ~. ~ bend. ~ that man.

◎ Finished literary products: ~ products. Immortality ~.

◎ Same as "doing".

◎ Used handicrafts manufacturing and processing place: ~ workshop.

Do some activities: ~ ". ~ do it. ~ die.

Don't you like it?

(1) workshop [workshop]

Ming Di doesn't agree with the solar terms of repairing the palace ... But the ritual has been done, so I won't go into details, saying it's a letter to the people. -"Wei Zhi's Reflection"

(2) Another example: building a house (workshop); Put forward opinions (seminars); Woodworking; Paint work; Laundry work

(3) See Zu again (all the students in the workshop read Zu).

Common phrases

-

Workshop zubuzufang

Handicraft workshop

Basic word meaning

-

Zuo Zuo.

"Move"

(1) I know. From people, from the first. People suddenly stood up and acted. Oracle Bone Inscriptions shape, like the shape of the first collar. Original meaning: people get up)

(2) the original meaning is the same [get up]

Get up. -"Shuo Wen"

Two works in Ming dynasty. -"Yi Li"

Take the throne. -"The book that can't escape"

Working with your son. -"Poetry, Qin Feng, No Clothes"

Or do it. -"Work inspection"

Any citizen. -"Judge Zhou Li"

Three offerings as one stop. -"Ili Special Sacrificial Ceremony"

Housheng has something to do. -"The Book of Rites, Liu Yun"

Then do something. -"Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-three Years"

She wrote this. -"Advanced Analects of Confucius"

The guest made a speech. -"The Book of Rites, Small Devices"

For example, at sunrise, all sleepers do this. -Shi's painting "Buddha Zan"

Those who had hung holes ordered Du Jun to make a statement. -Miscellaneous Notes in Fang Bao's Prison

(3) Have a rest. Alive)

(4) get up; Start work [rise; Do; Manufacture]

The sun goes out to farm and goes home to rest after sunset. -Yuefu poetry

Fleas think at night. -Liu Tang's Preface of Zong Yuan's Sending Dong Shaonan.

Cut. -Tao Jin Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden"

The family is suffering from autumn, and the neighboring women are cold at night. -Tang Li Bai's Su Xia Shan Xun Shu Jia

(5) Another example is: make efforts (output; Force); Make a living (farming); Hard work (hard farming); Zuo Yi (single-minded at work); Animal husbandry (animal husbandry, grazing); Play (hard); Work (labor, labor); Do what (do what)

appear

Not for Xi, not for Shennong. -"Yi, under the copula"

On the occasion of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the philosophers merged. -"On the whole"

From soup to Wu Ding, the sage wrote six or seven books. -"Mencius Gong Sunchou"

And Wang didn't do it, and there was no negligence at this time.

The sky looks like clouds. -"Mencius"

Hard ice is formed in the frost, and the search for wood begins with tillering. -Zhang Han Heng's "Tokyo Fu"

The fog is half cooked. -"Xu Xiake's Travel Notes, Visiting Huangshan Mountain"

(7) Another example: creating wealth (rising); Be a teacher (Xing Xing); Illness (illness, illness); See (appear; Appear); Rebellion (insurrection, rebellion); Be a thief (rebel); establish ties (with)

(8) do it; Create; Making; Engage in certain activities [do]; Manufacture]

What about the initiator? -"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang"

Therefore, it is to study yin and yang and make the best use of it as an armillary sphere. -"Zhang Hengchuan"

It's no use tying a rope. -"Yi, under the copula"

Casting swords for the king of Chu. -Jin Gan Bao's "Seeking God"

I made a sword for the king of Chu.

Your father made a sword for the king of Chu.

Make two iron plates. -Meng Qian Bitan Partner by Song Shen Kuo.

(9) Another example: making tea (making tea); Treatment (production). Also refers to the finished product); Make millet (make small rice); Make trouble (make trouble); Noisy (noisy); Make a scene (difficult, difficult); Hostile (hostile to others, embarrassed)

Take big steps. -"Yutai Xinyi, ancient poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's wife"

Neither life nor death.

Pretend not to wave.

Make a deliberate trend. -Song Huzai's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden from Conghua"

(10) writing, creation [writing]

Qu Ping's work Li Sao is self-reproach. -"Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan"

Zhong Ni wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. -Han Sima Qian's "Reporting Ren An"

Climbing high to make a contribution is to hope the public. -Don Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting

The article was written at the right time, and the poetry was written at the right time-Tang Bai Juyi

(1 1) Royal Garden Wine Villa

Good typing. -Song Huzai's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden from Conghua"

Nature refers to poetry. -Wang Song Anshi's "Upper Zhong Yong"

Write poetry.

It belongs to the composition to remember. -Song Fan Zhongyan "Yueyang Tower"

(12) Another example: I made a mistake in the past (I didn't follow the same rules and set a precedent); Narration (creative biography)

(13) Cheer up [boost]

Trapped in the heart, weigh the considerations, and then make. -"Mencius under the high posture"

Go all out. -"Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong Ten Years"

(14) another example: making gas (courage); Be strong (produce great strength)

(15) pretend, pretend [pretend]. Such as: face (face modification); Be a Joe (pretend, pretend); Make a raft (for display); Make a picture (pretend); Track (as a specification); Smile (turn into a smiling face and show a happy expression)

(16) acts as [working mode]

A man without perseverance can't be a witch doctor. -The Analects of Confucius

(17) Another example: making ice (being a matchmaker); Make rain (as rain to save the drought). After that, it means rain or rain); Be small (be small. Be a concubine); Be an eye (eyeliner); Sweet (become a rain to save the drought)

(18) as [as]

In the green spring, I began to go home. -Tang Du Fu, "The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army"

So in the end she married herself to a businessman. -Tang Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip (Preface)

When there is wind, it is floating. -Li Mingyu's "Casual Sending, Planting"

(19) another example: as a party (as a backer; Relying on); Be a foreigner (as a foreign language, look outside); Act as (as, count)

Architecture [construction]

There will be a job. -Don Wei Zhi's Ten Thoughts of Emperor Taizong

Who is the pavilion? -Song Ouyang Xiu's Drunk Pavilion

(2 1) Another example: Zuo Yi (the capital city); Zorro (building a new capital); Build soil (pile up soil to defend against the enemy)

(22) Sound and Play [Play]

The concert is finished. -Wang Song Shu's "Tang Yulin Elegant"

(23) Another example: advocating (playing music or performing songs and dances); Be healthy (become strong). Call yourself a hero)

(24) give birth to [begin to grow; Form]

Pea seedlings have been picked again, and wild peas have just emerged from the ground. -Poetic Xiaoya Cai Wei

(25) Another example is: making flowers (growing buds; Flowering); Planting (planting grain in the field); Make meat (dialect. Long meat)

(26) Cultivate and bring up [culture]

I only help the fate of the house and make new people. -"Book Kang Patent"

(27) Another example: education (training); Be new (figuratively speaking, educate people to change their customs); Culture (culture, culture); Teach (teach, discipline)

Take up the post of.

Apollo is an ordinary person. -"Shu Shun Dian"

(29) Another example is: being a county (being a county official); Be an official (official); Guest (as a guest of the prince); Make a tour (called a tour screen). Refers to all places where you want to be a staff member); Build a city (as a county magistrate)

(30)[ occurrence; Outbreak]

When the cold wind is biting. -Ming Yuan Hongdao's Travel Notes of Man Jing

Doing so will fly sand and stones.

So is this epidemic. -Fang Qing Bao's Miscellaneous Notes in Prison

(3 1) emission, radiation [emission; Give]

Buzzing. -Wu Jun's "With Zhu Shu"

Cheer up and make a sound-Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Promoting Weaving

There is a way to do it. -Liang Qing Qichao's Drinking Room Collection and Selected Works

One hundred thousand people work together. -"Preface to Autumn Poetry, A New Record of Yuchu"

(32) start [start; Start]

It is difficult to be alone, but it is a pity. -Han Jia translated "On Qin"

(33) like; Like (appeared in the Tang and Song Dynasties) [to be similar; Like]

Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. -Song Xin Qiqi "Broken Fighter, Give Zhuang Ci to Chen Tongfu"

(34) Pass the "curse" (Z incarnation). Curse [curse; Damn it]

After the Lord, after the Lord. -"Poetry, Elegance and Swing"

Where you work is where you work. -"Pipe, Light and Heavy". Yu Yue said, "The two characters are pronounced as spells, and the ancient characters are universal."

Part of speech change

-

Zuo Zuo.

(1) works; An article [work]

Copy an old work. -Cai Yuanpei's "Photo Collection"

The works of idealists.

(2) Another example: posthumous works; Translation; New artistic or literary works

(3) Things, undertakings [events]

Think of it as a masterpiece -"Yiyi"

Don't beat a great work with a small plan. -"Book of Rites Clothes"

(4) measures; Methods [measures]

When it is favorable, it can also be convenient. -"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty"

⑤ See also that Zu is absent.

do

zuòㄗㄨㄛˋ

◎ Carry out work or activities: ~ Life. ~ things. ~ work. ~ hands and feet (secretly arranged).

◎ Writing: ~ Poetry. ~ articles.

◎ manufacturing: ~ clothes.

When, for: ~ people. ~ media. ~ companion. ~ Lord. ~ guests. Look ~.

◎ pretend: ~ make. ~ work. ~ pie.

Hold, hold: ~ birthday. ~ worship.

◎ Used as: Reed can be used as raw material for papermaking.

To form (a relationship): ~ close. ~ friends.

Zuozhong

"Move"

(1) ("left" is the distinguishing word after "left", and "left" is the modern writing "left")

(2) manufacturing. Engage in some kind of work or activity

I'm out of business. I'll go home with you. -"Water Margin"

(3) Another example is: doing roads (doing business; Engaged in highway robbery and theft); Be a husband (hard labor; As a labor force); Great things can't be done, and small things can't be done; Do not do it; Can't do it; Do it

Make, make

It's the best here, but there is still a bottle missing. I'll make another one tomorrow. -A Dream of Red Mansions

(5) Another example: be a demon (make a monster-like appearance); Make a gesture (make a seemingly unexpected action); Cheating (cheating, cheating); Make clothes; This sugar is made from beet.

Act as [as]

Mr. Ma Er is the host, inviting people to eat big plates and bowls. -The Scholar

(7) such as: being a big head (being a fool); Act as an intermediate witness in transactions, loans, etc.; Be a tiger and leopard (play the villain); Be a factory (worker); Make a thread (query news, act as eyes and ears)

(8)[ pretend]. Such as: being a ghost (pretending; d)； Make a scene (put on airs, put on airs); Make a face (pretend); Do evil (pretend to be good or bad, handle things); Make a sound (put on airs); On purpose (pretending, on purpose)

(9) Form a certain relationship [become (a relationship)]. Bring a place (together; In one place); Be in-laws; Be friends; Do it all the way (in groups); Kindness (making friends with others by certain actions or things); Get to know (make friends)

(10) pendulum [shelf, lavish] [put on]. Make a gesture (pretend; Pretend to do sth. Show up (put on airs; Pretend); Do the weather (put on airs; Make a pretense of being proud); Placing (putting on airs); Grow old (pretentious, conceited)

(1 1), holding [holding]. Such as: filial piety (mourning); Only do (hold a sacrificial ceremony); Perform a performance; Have a celebration dinner; Celebrate one's seventieth birthday: celebrate one's birthday.

(12) Cooking food [preparation]. I would rather starve to death than eat this kind of rice cooked on the fire.

(13) becomes, when [becomes]. Such as: wiremaker (detective); Be an actor; When the nurse

(14) write [write]. Make a poem

(15) beat [beat]. For example, you can't do it if you don't leave; Teach him a lesson.

Fight, struggle [struggle]

You put forward this idea and I will fight with you. -"Peach Blossom Girl"

Kill, murder [murder]

Are they ours to collude with each other? -"Officialdom in the Sky"

(18) used as [used as]. For example, this part can be used as a teaching material; Biogas can be used as fuel.

(19) generation, used for [replacement]

When you see your father-in-law, tell him to be careful tonight. -"Ancient and Modern Novels"

You send a message to an old buddy like me and ask Zhang Gongjiao to send this melon. -"Yu Shi Ming Yan"

(20) pricing; Count as [calculate; Figure]

I'm afraid all the people he came along were of no help. They broke the dandruff, made a beautiful circle, earned five hundred taels of silver and sold it. -"Biography of Marriage to Wake the World"