What kinds of plastic materials are there?

Question 1: What kinds of plastics are there? Plastic is a widely used synthetic polymer material, and plastic products can be found everywhere in our daily life. From the toiletries used after getting up, the tableware used for breakfast, to the stationery used for work and study, the cushion mattress used for rest, the casing of TV, washing machine and computer, and the lights of various shapes that bring us light at night. ...

With its excellent performance, plastics have gradually replaced many materials and utensils that have been used for decades and hundreds of years, and become an indispensable assistant in people's lives. Plastic combines the hardness of metal, the lightness of wood, the transparency of glass, the corrosion resistance of ceramics and the elasticity and toughness of rubber. Therefore, in addition to daily necessities, plastics are more widely used in aerospace, medical equipment, petrochemical, machinery manufacturing, national defense, construction and other industries.

I. Classification of plastics

There are many kinds of plastics, so far there are about 300 kinds of plastics put into production in the world. There are many ways to classify plastics, and there are two commonly used methods:

1, according to the different properties of plastics after heating, it can be divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.

The molecular structure of thermoplastics is linear, which softens or melts when heated, can be shaped into a certain shape, and then hardens after cooling. It becomes soft when heated to a certain extent, and becomes hard after cooling. This process can be repeated many times. Such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc. Thermoplastic molding process is relatively simple, can be produced continuously, and has quite high mechanical strength, so it develops rapidly.

The molecular structure of thermosetting plastics is a kind of bulk structure, which can be softened by heating and shaped into a certain shape. However, after heating to a certain extent or adding a small amount of curing agent, it will harden and set, and will not soften and deform after reheating. Thermosetting plastics, such as phenolic plastics, amino plastics, epoxy resins, etc. Can't be recycled after processing and molding. Thermosetting plastics are complicated in molding process and difficult to produce continuously, but they are good in heat resistance, difficult to deform and relatively low in price.

2. According to the different uses of plastics, they can be divided into general plastics and engineering plastics.

General plastics refer to plastics with large output, low price and wide application range, mainly including polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, phenolic plastics and aminoplastics. Many products used in people's daily life are made of these general plastics.

Engineering plastics can be used as engineering structural materials instead of metals to manufacture machine parts. Such as polyamide, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene, ABS resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyester, polysulfone, polyimide and the like. Engineering plastics have the characteristics of low density, high chemical stability, good mechanical properties, excellent electrical insulation and easy processing and molding. , widely used in automobiles, electrical appliances, chemicals, machinery, instrumentation and other industries, as well as aerospace, rockets, missiles and so on.

Second, the composition of plastic

The plastic we usually use is not a pure substance, it is made of many materials. Polymer (or synthetic resin) is the main component of plastic. In addition, in order to improve the properties of plastics, various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers, colorants, etc. , must be added to the polymer to become a plastic with good performance.

1, synthetic resin

Synthetic resin is the most important component in plastics, and its content in plastics is generally 40% ~ 100%. Because of its large content and the nature of resin often determines the nature of plastic, people often regard resin as synonymous with plastic. For example, PVC resin and PVC plastic, phenolic resin and phenolic plastic are confused. In fact, resin and plastic are two different concepts. Resin is a kind of raw material polymer, which is not only used to make plastics, but also used as raw material for coatings, adhesives and synthetic fibers. Except a few plastics contain 100% resin, most plastics need to add other substances besides the main component resin.

Step 2 pack

Fillers, also called fillers, can improve the strength and heat resistance of plastics and reduce costs. For example, adding wood flour to phenolic resin can greatly reduce the cost, make phenolic plastic one of the cheapest plastics, and significantly improve the mechanical strength. Fillers can be divided into two categories: organic fillers, such as wood flour, rags, paper and various fabric fibers; Inorganic fillers, such as glass fiber, diatomite, asbestos and carbon black.

3. Plasticizer

Plasticizers can increase the plasticity and softness of plastics, reduce brittleness, and make plastics easy to process and shape. Plasticizer is usually miscible with resin, non-toxic, tasteless and light-sensitive. & gt

Question 2: How many kinds of plastics are there? ABS: the common name of engineering plastics, which can be used for connectors, chair backs and seat boards. It is the main raw material for plastic electroplating (water electroplating).

PP: common name polypropylene, used for five-star feet, handrails, foot pads and connectors with low strength requirements. Disadvantages: poor wear resistance and low surface hardness.

PVC: commonly known as polyvinyl chloride, mainly used for edge sealing and insertion conditions. It is suitable for extrusion molding. At the same time, PVC material belongs to non-combustible materials in plastic parts, and its processing and molding temperature stability is poor, especially its color stability is not good.

PU: commonly known as polyurethane. Mainly used for handrail (foam) fittings.

POM: The common name is Sai Gang. Mainly used for wear-resistant parts such as foot pads, casters, door hinges, hinges and so on. Wear resistance and pressure resistance, but poor dimensional stability.

PA: commonly known as nylon. Mainly used as foot pads, five-star claws, casters and other places with wear resistance and high life requirements. Features: Wear resistance, pressure resistance, high strength and long indoor service life. Some models, such as PA66, are resistant to high temperature of 2200, but the disadvantages are variability, easy breakage and poor sun and weather resistance.

PMMA: plexiglass (commonly known as sub-afterburner). There are five transparent materials in plastics, and PMMA is the most transparent one. The workpiece smells of acetic acid when it is cut, and it is easy to deform when it is processed. Soaking in boiling water can shape and bend. Disadvantages: the surface is easy to scratch, the hardness is low, the bending is easy to crack, and the price is more than 20% higher than ABS.

PC: commonly known as polycarbonate. This variety is also a transparent material with high surface hardness, scratch resistance, strong impact resistance, high strength and good weather resistance (that is, not afraid of sunlight). Screen partitions and sun panels in furniture are made of this material by hollow extrusion. Features: high cost, about 40% higher than PMMA.

Question 3: What is the basic concept of plastics and what are the performance characteristics of commonly used engineering plastics?

First, the definition of plastic

Plastic is a kind of material with synthetic or natural polymer compounds as the main component. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, it can be molded into a certain shape and keep its shape unchanged after removing external force at room temperature.

Second, the composition and classification of plastics

The main component of plastic is resin, accounting for about 40% ~ 100% of the total plastic.

1. Thermoplastics: The resin has a linear or branched macromolecular chain structure.

Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PBTP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyamide (commonly known as nylon) (PA), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (commonly known as plexiglass) (PMMA) and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (A).

2. Thermosetting plastics

Phenolic resin (PF), epoxy resin (EP), amino resin, alkyd resin, allyl resin, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), melamine resin, unsaturated polyester (UP), silicone resin and polyurethane (PUR).

3. General plastic

Polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, phenolic resin, amino resin.

4. Engineering plastics

Broad sense: all plastics that can be used as engineering materials, that is, structural materials.

Narrow sense: plastics with certain metal properties can withstand certain external forces, have good mechanical properties, electrical properties and dimensional stability, and can still maintain their excellent properties at high and low temperatures.

General engineering plastics: polyamide, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyphenylene ether (PPO), polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP) and their modified products.

Special engineering plastics (high performance engineering plastics): high temperature resistant and structural materials. Polysulfone (PSU), polyimide (PI), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyarylate (PAR), polyamideimide (PAI), polyphenylene ester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyetherketone, ion exchange resin and heat-resistant epoxy resin.

5. Functional plastics (special plastics)

Plastics with special functions such as radiation resistance, superconductivity, magnetic permeability and light sensitivity. Fluoroplastics, silicone plastics

6. Crystalline plastics

Plastic whose molecules are arranged regularly and keep their shape. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide

7.amorphous plastics

A plastic in which long-chain molecules are wound into a ball (for thermoplastics) or form a network (for thermosetting plastics) and its shape remains unchanged. PS、PC、ABS

Third, the performance of plastics.

Fourth, the use of plastics.

1, industry

2. Agriculture

Step 3 transport

4. Defense cutting-edge industries

5. Health care

6. Daily life

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Development of plastic industry

6. Commodity names and performance characteristics of commonly used engineering plastics at home and abroad

(1) ABS plastic

The main body of ABS plastic is a mixture or terpolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, which is a tough and hard thermoplastic. Styrene makes ABS have good formability, luster and rigidity; Acrylonitrile makes ABS have good heat resistance, chemical corrosion resistance and surface hardness; Butadiene makes ABS have good impact strength and low temperature resilience. The properties of the three components change with different proportions.

1, performance characteristics

ABS has good impact strength and surface hardness, good dimensional stability, certain chemical resistance and good electrical insulation in a certain temperature range. Opaque, generally light ivory color, can be made into other high-gloss products after coloring. Electroplating appearance can be decorated by electroplating, vacuum coating, etc. Universal ABS is impervious to water, and burns slowly, becoming soft when burning, and the flame turns yellow and smokes. Finally, it burns with a special smell, but there is no molten drop. It can be processed by injection, extrusion and vacuum.

2. Level and purpose

According to different uses, ABS can be divided into general grade (including various impact grades), flame retardant grade, heat resistant grade, electroplating grade, transparent grade, structural foaming grade and modified ABS. Ordinary grade is used to manufacture gears, bearings, handles, machine shells and parts, various instruments, computers, tape recorders, televisions, telephones and other shells and toys; Flame retardant grade is used to manufacture electronic components, such as computer terminals, machine casings and various household appliances; The structural foaming stage is used to manufacture the shell of electronic equipment. Heat resistance ... >>

Question 4: What kinds of plastic materials are there? According to the different use characteristics of famous plastics, plastics are usually divided into general plastics, engineering plastics and special plastics.

① Ordinary plastics

Generally, it refers to plastics with large output, wide use, good formability and low price. There are five kinds of general plastics, namely polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PTFE), polystyrene (PS) and ABS. They are all thermoplastics.

② Engineering plastics

Generally speaking, it refers to plastics that can withstand certain external forces, have good mechanical properties, high and low temperature resistance and good dimensional stability, and can be used as engineering structures, such as polyamide and polysulfone.

Among engineering plastics, it can be divided into general engineering plastics and special engineering plastics.

General engineering plastics include: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer and so on.

Special engineering plastics can be divided into crosslinking type and non-crosslinking type. Cross-linking types include: polyamino bismaleimide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, heat-resistant epoxy resin and so on. Non-crosslinked ones include polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and so on.

③ Special plastics

Generally, it refers to plastics with special functions, which can be used in special application fields such as aviation and aerospace. For example, fluoroplastics and silicone resins have outstanding special functions such as high temperature resistance and self-lubrication, while reinforced plastics and foamed plastics have special properties such as high strength and high cushioning. These plastics belong to the category of special plastics.

A. strong plastics:

The raw materials of reinforced plastics can be divided into three types in appearance: granular (such as calcium-plastic reinforced plastics), fibrous (such as glass fiber or glass cloth reinforced plastics) and flaky (such as mica reinforced plastics). According to the materials, it can be divided into three types: cloth reinforced plastics (such as rag reinforced plastics or asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic mineral filled plastics (such as timely or mica filled plastics) and fiber reinforced plastics (such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics).

B. Foam:

Foams can be divided into three types: hard, semi-hard and soft foams. Rigid foam has no flexibility and high compressive hardness. Only when the stress reaches a certain value can it be deformed, and it cannot be restored to its original state after the stress is released. Flexible foam has elasticity, low compressive hardness and easy deformation, and can be restored to its original state after stress relief with little residual deformation; The flexibility and other properties of semi-rigid foam are between rigid foam and other flexible foams.

Question 5: What kinds of plastics are there in general? Plastic is a kind of plastic with synthetic or natural polymer compounds as the main component. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, it can be molded into a certain shape, and when the external force is removed, it can still maintain its shape at room temperature.

There are many kinds of plastics. Up to now, there are hundreds of kinds of plastics put into production in the world.

According to the different use characteristics of famous plastics, plastics are usually divided into general plastics and engineering plastics. General plastics generally refer to plastics with large output, wide use, good formability and low price. Engineering plastics generally refer to plastics that can withstand certain external forces, have good mechanical properties, high and low temperature resistance and good dimensional stability, and can be used as engineering structures, such as polyamide and polysulfone.

Commonly used plastic types are:

① polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

This is the most used plastic in buildings. Rigid PVC has a density of 1.38 ~ 1.43g/cm3, high mechanical strength and good chemical stability, and its service temperature is generally between-15 ~+55℃, so it is suitable for manufacturing plastic doors and windows, sewer pipes, trunking, etc.

② Polyethylene

Polyethylene plastic is mainly used for water supply and drainage pipes and sanitary ware in buildings.

③ Polypropylene (PP)

The density of polypropylene is the smallest of all plastics, about 0.90. Polypropylene is usually used to produce building products, such as pipes and sanitary wares.

④ Polystyrene

Polystyrene is a colorless and transparent glassy plastic. Polystyrene is mainly used to produce foam insulation materials, light-transmitting materials and other products in buildings.

5 5 ⑤ABS plastic

ABS plastic is a kind of modified polystyrene plastic, which consists of acrylonitrile (a), butadiene (b) and styrene (s). ABS plastic can be used to make plastic decorative boards with patterns.

The plastic we usually use is not a pure substance, it is made of many materials. Polymer (or synthetic resin) is the main component of plastic. In addition, in order to improve the properties of plastics, various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers, colorants, etc. , must be added to the polymer to become a plastic with good performance.

According to different plastic molding methods, it can be divided into film pressing, lamination, injection, extrusion, blow molding, plastic casting and reaction injection.

Film-pressed plastics are mostly plastics with physical properties and processability similar to those of general solid plastics; Laminated plastics refers to the fiber fabric impregnated with resin, which is combined into a whole through superposition and hot pressing; Injection molding, extrusion and blow molding are mostly plastics with similar physical properties and processability to general thermoplastics; Casting refers to the liquid resin mixture that can be hardened into a certain shape product by pouring it into the mold without pressure or with a little pressure, such as MC nylon; Reaction injection plastic is a kind of plastic, such as polyurethane, which injects liquid raw materials into the film cavity under pressure to make it react and cure into a certain shape of products.

Question 6: What kinds of plastic materials are there? High density polyethylene (same as high-densitypolyethylene)

Parcel Post

Bang!

Anti-lock braking device

PA66

PA6

Low density polyethylene (short for low-density polyethylene)

personal computer

PA 12

Landing Craft Personnel

Polybutylene terephthalate (short for polybutylene terephtalate)

PC/ABS

Polymethyl methacrylate

Various raw materials can be modified and color adjusted as needed to achieve the required state of the product. You can find it on the Alibaba website. Shanghai Wanying Plastics is willing to cooperate with you to create a better future.

Question 7: How many kinds of plastics are there? Also known as polymer synthetic materials, there are about hundreds of types and models. From the point of view of molding, it can be divided into 1 thermoplastic and 2 thermosetting plastics. The former can be reused, and the latter cannot be reused. According to the different use characteristics of famous plastics, plastics are usually divided into general plastics, engineering plastics and special plastics. ① General plastics generally refer to plastics with large output, wide use, good formability and low price. There are five kinds of general plastics, namely polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and ABS. They are all thermoplastics. ② Engineering plastics generally refer to plastics that can bear certain external forces, have good mechanical properties, high and low temperature resistance and good dimensional stability, and can be used as engineering structures, such as polyamide and polysulfone. Among engineering plastics, it can be divided into general engineering plastics and special engineering plastics. General engineering plastics include: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer and so on. Special engineering plastics can be divided into crosslinking type and non-crosslinking type. Cross-linking types include: polyamino bismaleimide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, heat-resistant epoxy resin and so on. Non-crosslinked plastics include polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and so on. Special plastics generally refer to plastics with special functions and can be used in special application fields such as aviation and aerospace. For example, fluoroplastics and silicone resins have outstanding special functions such as high temperature resistance and self-lubrication, while reinforced plastics and foamed plastics have special properties such as high strength and high cushioning. These plastics belong to the category of special plastics. Plastic molding refers to the process of making final plastic products from polymers produced by synthetic resin manufacturers. Processing methods (usually referring to one-time processing of plastics) include compression molding (compression molding), extrusion molding (extrusion molding), injection molding (injection molding), blow molding (hollow molding), calendering and so on. Compression molding is also called compression molding or compression molding. Molding is mainly used for molding thermosetting plastics such as phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin and unsaturated polyester resin. Extrusion, also known as extrusion molding, is a method of using an extruder (extruder) to continuously pass the heated resin through a die to extrude products with the required shape. Extrusion is sometimes used for the molding of thermosetting plastics and also for the molding of foamed plastics. The advantages of extrusion are that products with various shapes can be extruded, with high production efficiency and automatic continuous production; The disadvantage is that thermosetting plastics cannot be widely processed by this method, and the product size is prone to deviation. Injection molding is also called injection molding. Injection molding is a method of injecting thermoplastic melt into the mold under high pressure by injection molding machine (or injection machine), and then cooling and curing to get the product. Injection molding can also be used for the molding of thermosetting plastics and foamed plastics. The advantages of injection molding are high production speed, high efficiency, automatic operation, and the ability to mold parts with complex shapes, which is especially suitable for mass production. Disadvantages are high cost of equipment and molds, and difficult cleaning of injection molding machines. Blow molding is also called hollow blow molding or hollow molding. Blow molding is a method of blowing hot resin parison enclosed in a mold into hollow products by using the pressure of compressed air. Blow molding includes two methods: blow molding film and blow molding hollow products. Blow molding can produce film products, various bottles, barrels, kettle containers and children's toys. Calendering calendering is a molding method that resin and various additives are processed into films or sheets through the gap between two or more calendering rollers in opposite directions in a calender after the expected treatment (kneading, filtering, etc.). ), then peeled off from the calendering roll, and then cooled and molded. Calendering is a molding method mainly used for PVC resin, which can be made into films, sheets, plates, artificial leather, floor tiles and other products. I won't introduce the general uses of plastics one by one, just look around you and you will know ... the special uses of plastics: plastic blood aviation plastics.