Introduction to Albert Einstein

/Article/waiyu/deyu/200703/3052.html German e-book about Einstein. PDF file. . Chinese Introduction Boyhood Albert Einstein, the greatest physicist of the 20th century, was born on March 14, 1879, in the city of Ulm in southwest Germany. He moved to Munich with his family a year later. Einstein's parents were both Jewish. His father, Hermann Einstein, and his uncle, Jacob Einstein, jointly opened an electrical appliance factory that produced motors, arc lamps, and electrical instrumentation for power stations and lighting systems. Mother Pauline was a housewife with a secondary education. She loved music very much and taught Einstein to play the violin when he was six years old. Einstein was not lively when he was a child and could not speak even when he was more than three years old. His parents were worried that he was mute and took him to a doctor for examination. Fortunately, little Einstein was not mute, but he could not speak very smoothly until he was nine years old. Every word he spoke had to be thought through laboriously but carefully. When Einstein was four or five years old, he was bedridden and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something deeply hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days and pestered his father and Uncle Jacob with a series of questions. Although he couldn't even pronounce the word "magnetism" well, he stubbornly wanted to know why the compass could guide. This profound and lasting impression could still be vividly recalled by Einstein until he was sixty-seven years old. When Einstein was in elementary school and middle school, his homework was ordinary. Because he behaves slowly and doesn't like to interact with others, his teachers and classmates don't like him. The teacher who taught him Greek and Latin was even more disgusted with him. He once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will definitely not be successful when you grow up." And because he was afraid that he would affect other students in class, he actually wanted to Kick him out of school. Einstein's uncle Jacob was responsible for technical matters in the electrical appliance factory, while Einstein's father was responsible for business dealings. Jacob was an engineer and loved mathematics very much. When little Einstein came to him to ask questions, he always introduced mathematical knowledge to him in very simple and popular language. Under the influence of his uncle, Einstein received early enlightenment in science and philosophy. My father's business was not doing well, but he was an optimistic and kind-hearted person. The family would invite poor students who came to Munich to study one night a week for dinner, which was equivalent to providing relief to them. Among them are a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are both studying medicine and like to read books and have a wide range of interests. They were invited to Einstein's house for dinner and made good friends with the shy little Einstein, who had black hair and brown eyes. Max can be said to be Einstein's "initial teacher". He borrowed some popular natural science books for him to read. Max gave Einstein a copy of Spilke's plane geometry textbook when he was twelve years old. When Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years, he said: "There are many assertions in this book, for example, that the three altitudes of a triangle intersect at one point. Although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be proved very reliably. So that any doubt seemed impossible. This clarity and reliability made an indescribable impression on me." Einstein was also fortunate to know the main topics in the field of natural science from an excellent popular book. The results and methods, popular science books not only enhanced Einstein's knowledge, but also touched the curious heartstrings of young people and caused him to think deeply about the problem. When Einstein was sixteen years old, he entered the Engineering Department of the Federal University of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, but failed the entrance examination. He accepted the advice of Professor Weber, the president of the Federal University of Technology and the school's famous physicist, and completed high school courses at the state high school in Aarau, Switzerland, to obtain a high school diploma. In October 1896, Einstein entered the Technical University of Zurich and studied mathematics and physics in the Normal Department. He is very disgusted with the injective education in schools, believing that it leaves people with no time or interest to think about other issues. Fortunately, the compulsory education that stifles true scientific drive is much less common at Zurich's Federal University of Technology than at other universities. Einstein made full use of the free atmosphere in school and focused his energy on the subjects he loved. In school, he read extensively the works of physics masters such as Helmholtz and Hertz. He was most fascinated by Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He has the ability to self-study, the habit of analyzing problems and the ability to think independently. Early work In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Technical University of Zurich. Due to his lack of enthusiasm for certain subjects and his indifference to teachers, he was refused a stay in school. Unable to find a job, he made a living as a tutor and substitute teacher. After being unemployed for a year and a half, Marcel Grossman, a classmate who cared about and understood his talents, reached out to him for help. Grossmann managed to persuade his father to introduce Einstein to the Swiss Patent Office as a technician. Einstein was forever grateful to Grossman for his help. In a letter to commemorate Grossman, he talked about this incident and said that when he graduated from college, he was "suddenly abandoned by everyone and helpless to face life. He helped me, and through him and his father, I Later, I went to Halle (then director of the Swiss Patent Office) and entered the patent office.

This is a bit like a life-saving grace. Without him, I probably wouldn't starve to death, but my spirit would become depressed. "On February 21, 1902, Einstein obtained Swiss nationality and moved to Bern, waiting for recruitment by the Patent Office. On June 23, 1902, Einstein was officially employed by the Patent Office as a third-level technician. His job responsibilities were: Reviewing various technical inventions for patents. In 1903, he married his college classmate Mileva Marik. From 1900 to 1904, Einstein wrote a paper every year and published it in the German Journal of Physics. The first two articles were about the thermodynamics of liquid surfaces and electrolysis, in an attempt to provide a mechanical basis for chemistry. Later, it was found that this approach was unavailable, and he turned to the study of the mechanical basis of thermodynamics in 1901. From 1902 to 1904, All three papers belong to this field. The 1904 paper seriously explores the fluctuation phenomena predicted by statistical mechanics and finds that energy fluctuations depend on Boltzmann's constant. It applies this result not only to mechanical systems but also to thermal phenomena. , and boldly applied it to radiation phenomena to derive the formula for radiation energy fluctuations, thereby deriving Wien's displacement law. The study of fluctuations enabled him to make major breakthroughs in both radiation theory and molecular kinetic theory in 1905. The Miracle of 1905 In 1905, Einstein created an unprecedented miracle in the history of science. In this year, he wrote six papers, using his time outside of his eight-hour work day in the patent office. In his spare time, he made four epoch-making contributions in three fields. He published four important papers on the quantum theory of light, molecular size determination, Brownian motion theory and special relativity. In March 1905, Einstein. He sent the paper that he thought was correct to the editorial office of the German "Annals of Physics". He shyly said to the editor: "I would be very happy if you could find space for me to publish this paper in your annual report. . "The paper that was "embarrassedly" sent was called "A Speculative View on the Generation and Transformation of Light." This paper extended the quantum concept proposed by Planck in 1900 to the propagation of light in space. Put forward the light quantum hypothesis.

Think: For time averages, light behaves as fluctuations;

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