I'm going to study civil engineering, which can help me provide basic knowledge?

Civil engineering has the following four basic attributes.

Generally, the comprehensive construction of an engineering facility has to go through three stages: survey, design and construction, which requires the application of engineering geological survey, hydrogeological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, construction economy and other disciplines, construction technology, construction organization and other fields, as well as computer and mechanical testing technology. Therefore, civil engineering is a comprehensive subject, involving a wide range.

With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the discipline of civil engineering has also developed into a comprehensive system with wide connotation, numerous categories and complex structure. For example, as far as the functions of engineering facilities built by civil engineering are concerned, some of them are used for living and even as "buried underground" graves; Some are used as places for production activities; Some are used for land, sea and air transportation; Some are used for water conservancy; Some are used as tools for information transmission; Some are used as a means of energy transfer and so on. This requires that civil engineering should make comprehensive use of various material conditions to meet various needs. Civil engineering has developed many branches, such as housing engineering, railway engineering, road engineering, airport engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel and underground engineering, special engineering structure, water supply and drainage engineering, urban heating and gas supply engineering, port engineering, water conservancy engineering and other disciplines. Some branches, such as hydraulic engineering, have been separated from civil engineering and become independent subject systems due to the increasing number of their own engineering objects and the development of specialized science and technology, but they still have the characteristics of civil engineering to a great extent.

Social civil engineering is developed with the development of human society. The engineering facilities it built reflect the development of social economy, culture and science and technology in various historical periods, so civil engineering has become one of the witnesses of social and historical development. In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and ditches to meet the needs of simple life and production. Later, people built cities, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings to meet the needs of war, production and life and religious communication. Many famous engineering facilities show the creativity of human beings in this historical period. For example, the Great Wall in China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, the wooden pagodas in Zhao Zhouqiao and Yingxian, the Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Greece, the water supply project in Rome, the Colosseum in Rome, and many other famous churches and palaces.

After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society put forward new demands for civil engineering; On the other hand, all fields of society have created good conditions for the progress of civil engineering. For example, the realization of industrial production of building materials (steel, cement), the progress of machinery and energy technology and design theory have provided material and technical support for civil engineering. Therefore, civil engineering in this period has developed by leaps and bounds. Large-scale modern industrial workshops, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, large-diameter transportation pipelines, long tunnels, grand canals, dams, big airports, big seaports and marine projects have emerged all over the world. Modern civil engineering constantly creates a brand-new material environment for human society and becomes an important part of modern civilization of human society.

Practical civil engineering is a highly practical subject. Early civil engineering was developed through engineering practice, summing up successful experiences, especially drawing lessons from failures. Starting from the17th century, modern mechanics, led by Galileo and Newton, combined with civil engineering practice, and gradually formed material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics and rock mechanics as the basic theoretical disciplines of civil engineering. Only in this way can civil engineering gradually develop from experience to science. In the development of civil engineering, engineering practical experience often precedes theory, and engineering accidents often show unforeseen new factors, which lead to the research and development of new theories. So far, the treatment of many engineering problems still depends on practical experience to a great extent.

There are two reasons why the development of civil engineering technology mainly depends on engineering practice rather than scientific experiments and theoretical research: First, some objective conditions are too complicated to carry out indoor experiments or field tests and theoretical analysis truthfully. For example, the stress and deformation of foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and their changes with time still need to be analyzed and judged with reference to engineering experience. Second, only by carrying out new engineering practice can new problems be revealed. For example, high-rise buildings, towering towers and long-span bridges have been built, and the problems of wind resistance and earthquake resistance of the project are prominent, so new theories and technologies in this field can be developed.

Unity of technology, economy and architectural art People strive to build an engineering facility in the most economical way to meet the predetermined needs of users, including aesthetic requirements. The economy of the project is closely related to various technical activities. The economy of the project is firstly manifested in the site selection and overall planning of the project, and secondly in the design and construction technology. The total investment of the project construction, the economic benefit after the completion of the project and the maintenance cost during the use period are all important aspects to measure the project economy. These technical problems are closely related and need comprehensive consideration.

As a kind of space art, civil engineering facilities that meet the functional requirements are first expressed through the overall layout, their body shape, the size ratio of each part, lines, colors, light and dark shadows and the surrounding environment, including their harmony with natural scenery; Secondly, it is reflected by the local decoration attached to the engineering facilities. The modeling and decoration of engineering facilities can also reflect local style, national style and times style. A successful and beautiful engineering facility can add beauty to the surrounding scenery and the appearance of the town, giving people beautiful enjoyment; On the contrary, it will destroy the environment.

In the long-term civil engineering practice, people not only pay great attention to architectural art, but also have made outstanding achievements; In addition, for other engineering facilities, by using different building materials, such as stone, steel and reinforced concrete, many projects with beautiful art and good functions are in harmony with the natural environment. The Great Wall of Wan Li in ancient China, many TV towers in the modern world and Zhang Qiao are all examples.

Civil engineering is the general name of science and technology for building various engineering facilities. Refers to the application of materials, equipment and technical activities such as survey, design, construction and maintenance; It also refers to the object of engineering construction, that is, all kinds of engineering facilities built on the ground or underground, on land or in water, which directly or indirectly serve human life, production, military affairs and scientific research, such as houses, roads, railways, transportation pipelines, tunnels, bridges, canals, dams, ports, power stations, airports, offshore platforms, water supply and drainage, protection projects, etc.

The material basis of engineering facilities construction is land, building materials, building equipment and construction machinery. With the help of these material conditions, it is the starting point and destination of civil engineering to economically and conveniently build engineering facilities that can not only meet people's use requirements and aesthetic requirements, but also safely withstand various loads.

Three leaps in the history of civil engineering

Civil engineering plays a key role in the development of civil engineering, first of all, civil building materials are the material basis of engineering, followed by the corresponding developed design theory and construction technology. Whenever new excellent building materials appear, civil engineering will advance by leaps and bounds.

In the early days, people could only rely on natural materials such as soil and wood to engage in construction activities. Later, artificial building materials such as bricks and tiles appeared, which made mankind break through the shackles of natural building materials for the first time. China made ceramic tiles in the early Western Zhou Dynasty in BC 1 1 century. The earliest bricks appeared in the tombs of the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC. The mechanical properties of brick and tile are superior to that of soil, which can be obtained from local materials and easy to process.

With the appearance of bricks and tiles, people began to build houses and urban defense projects on a large scale. Therefore, civil engineering technology has developed rapidly. Until 18 ~ 19 century, brick and tile, as an important building material in civil engineering, has a history of more than 2,000 years, which has made great contributions to human civilization and is even widely used at present.

The wide application of steel is the second leap in civil engineering. Pig iron was used in the 1970s, and wrought iron was used to build bridges and houses in the early 9th century, which was the prelude to the appearance of steel structures.

Since the middle of19th century, the metallurgical industry has smelted and rolled construction steel with high tensile and compressive strength, good ductility and uniform quality, and then produced high-strength steel wires and cables. So the steel structure that meets the needs of development has flourished. In addition to the application of the original beam-arch structure, the emerging truss, frame, grid structure and suspended cable structure are gradually popularized, and the structural forms are in full bloom.

The span of buildings has developed from several meters and dozens of meters of brick structure, stone structure and wood structure to hundreds and hundreds of meters of steel structure, until the modern 1000 meters. So bridges were built on the great rivers and straits, skyscrapers and towering iron towers were built on the ground, and even railways were laid underground, creating an unprecedented miracle.

In order to meet the needs of steel structure engineering development, on the basis of Newtonian mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics and engineering structure design theory came into being. The theory of construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design has also developed, and civil engineering has risen from experience to science, and has a new look in engineering practice and basic theory, thus promoting the more rapid development of civil engineering.

1In the 1920s, after Portland cement was made, concrete came out. Concrete aggregate can be obtained from local materials, and concrete components are easy to form, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, so its use is limited. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the output of steel increased sharply, followed by the emergence of reinforced concrete, a new type of composite building material. Steel bears tension and concrete bears pressure, giving full play to their respective advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete has been widely used in various fields of civil engineering.

Since 1930s, prestressed concrete has appeared. The crack resistance, stiffness and bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structures are much higher than those of reinforced concrete structures, so they are more widely used. Civil engineering has entered a historical period in which reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete are dominant. The appearance of concrete has brought new economic and beautiful engineering structure forms to buildings and new construction technology and engineering structure design theory to civil engineering. This is another leap development of civil engineering.

Characteristics of civil engineering

The construction of an engineering facility generally goes through three stages: survey, design and construction, which requires the use of knowledge, construction technology, construction organization and other technologies in the fields of engineering geological survey, hydrogeologic survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, construction economics, as well as electronic computers and mechanical tests. Therefore, civil engineering is a comprehensive subject, involving a wide range. With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the discipline of civil engineering has also developed into a comprehensive system with wide connotation, numerous categories and complex structure.

Civil engineering develops with the development of human society. The engineering facilities it built reflect the development of social economy, culture and science and technology in various historical periods, so civil engineering has become one of the witnesses of social and historical development.

In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and gullies to meet the needs of simple life and production. Later, people built cities, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings to meet the needs of war, production and life and religious communication.

Many famous engineering facilities show the creativity of human beings in this historical period. For example, the Great Wall in China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, the wooden pagodas in Zhao Zhouqiao and Yingxian, the Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Greece, the water supply project in Rome, the Colosseum in Rome, and many other famous churches and palaces.

After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society put forward new demands for civil engineering; On the other hand, all fields of society have created good conditions for the progress of civil engineering. Therefore, civil engineering in this period has developed by leaps and bounds. Large-scale modern industrial workshops, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, roads and railways, long-span bridges, large-diameter transportation pipelines and long tunnels, grand canals, dams, large airports, large seaports and marine projects have emerged all over the world. Modern civil engineering constantly creates a brand-new material environment for human society and becomes an important part of modern civilization of human society.

Civil engineering is a practical subject. Early civil engineering was developed through engineering practice, summing up successful experiences, especially drawing lessons from failures. Starting from the17th century, modern mechanics, led by Galileo and Newton, combined with civil engineering practice, and gradually formed material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics and rock mechanics as the basic theoretical disciplines of civil engineering. Only in this way can civil engineering gradually develop from experience to science.

In the development of civil engineering, engineering practical experience often precedes theory, and engineering accidents often show unforeseen new factors, which lead to the research and development of new theories. So far, the treatment of many engineering problems still depends on practical experience to a great extent.

There are two reasons why the development of civil engineering technology mainly depends on engineering practice rather than scientific experiments and theoretical research: First, some objective conditions are too complicated to carry out indoor experiments or field tests and theoretical analysis truthfully. For example, the stress and deformation of foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and their changes with time still need to be analyzed and judged with reference to engineering experience. Second, only by carrying out new engineering practice can new problems be revealed. For example, high-rise buildings, towering towers and long-span bridges have been built, and the problems of wind resistance and earthquake resistance of the project are prominent, so new theories and technologies in this field can be developed.

In the long-term civil engineering practice, people not only pay great attention to architectural art, but also have made outstanding achievements; In addition, for other engineering facilities, by using different building materials, such as stone, steel and reinforced concrete, many projects with beautiful art and good functions are in harmony with the natural environment. The Great Wall of Wan Li in ancient China, many TV towers in the modern world and Zhang Qiao are all examples.

Development trend of civil engineering

The characteristics of modern civil engineering are: in order to meet the requirements of the rapid development of various engineering construction, people need to build large-scale, long-span, towering, light, large-scale, precise and modern equipment buildings. It requires not only high construction quality and speed, but also high economic benefits. This puts forward a new topic for civil engineering and promotes the progress of this discipline.

New materials with high strength and light weight are constantly emerging. Aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) which are lighter than steel have been used. Remarkable achievements have been made in improving the strength and durability of steel and concrete, and progress is continuing.

The engineering geology and foundation structure of the construction area, as well as its stress and mechanical properties in the natural state, not only directly determine the design and construction of the foundation, but also often relate to the site selection of engineering facilities, structural system and selection of building materials, which has a great influence on underground engineering. At present, the engineering geology and foundation investigation techniques are still mainly based on field drilling sampling and indoor analysis and test, which has certain limitations. In order to meet the needs of modern large-scale buildings, it is urgent to create new investigation methods by using modern science and technology.

In the past, master planning often relied on engineering experience to put forward several schemes and choose the best one. Due to the increasing scale of civil engineering facilities, it is necessary and possible to improve the planning level with the theory and method of system engineering. Super-large civil engineering, such as dams, will cause changes in the natural environment and affect the ecological balance and agricultural production. The social effects of this kind of engineering are both beneficial and harmful. In planning, we should consider comprehensively, and seek advantages and avoid disadvantages.

With the expansion of civil engineering scale, and the subsequent development of construction tools, equipment and machinery to a variety, automation and large-scale, construction is becoming more and more mechanized and automated. At the same time, organization and management began to apply the theory and method of system engineering, which became more and more scientific. The construction of some engineering facilities continues to tend to the standardization of structures and components and the industrialization of production. This can not only reduce the cost, shorten the construction period, improve labor productivity, but also solve the construction problems under special conditions, thus building projects that were difficult to construct in the past. The major of civil engineering is a discipline that studies, designs and builds industrial and civil buildings, tunnels and underground buildings, highways and urban roads, bridges and other engineering facilities by using basic scientific knowledge such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer information science, technical scientific knowledge such as mechanics and materials, and corresponding engineering technical knowledge.

Training objectives: this major trains students to have solid basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer technology and other natural sciences, and master the basic theories and knowledge of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics and geotechnical mechanics; Master the basic knowledge and methods of engineering planning and selection, engineering materials, engineering survey, descriptive geometry and engineering drawing, structural analysis and design, basic engineering and foundation treatment, modern construction technology of civil engineering, engineering inspection and test. Understand the basic principles and methods of engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as the basic knowledge of construction equipment and civil engineering machinery. Have the ability to comprehensively use various means to query and obtain information; Having the ability to conduct civil engineering survey and design economically, reasonably, safely and reliably; Have the preliminary ability to solve construction technical problems, prepare construction organization design, carry out project management and engineering economic analysis; Have the preliminary ability to carry out engineering inspection and reliability evaluation of engineering quality; Have the preliminary ability to apply computer to aided design and management; Have the initial ability to engage in scientific research, technological innovation and technological development in the field of civil engineering. Become a senior engineer who can engage in technical or management work in the design, construction, management, consultation, supervision, research, education, investment and development departments of housing construction, tunnels and underground buildings, highways and urban roads and bridges.

Main courses: engineering mathematics, civil engineering survey, civil engineering materials, descriptive geometry and engineering drawing, material mechanics, structural mechanics, elasticity mechanics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, concrete structure design principles, steel structure design principles, bridge engineering, road survey and design, subgrade and pavement engineering, civil engineering construction and organization, civil engineering professional English, etc.

Graduation destination: I can engage in technical and management work in the construction functional departments of government agencies, infrastructure management departments of government agencies, industrial and mining enterprises and institutions, architectural and municipal engineering design institutes, civil engineering research institutes, construction enterprises such as buildings, highways and bridges, engineering quality supervision stations, engineering construction supervision departments, real estate companies, engineering cost consulting institutions, banks and investment consulting institutions; Or you can get a master's degree in structural engineering, disaster prevention and mitigation and protection engineering, road and railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, geotechnical engineering, engineering mechanics and other disciplines; Or obtain the qualifications of registered structural engineer, registered architect, registered civil engineer, registered supervision engineer and registered cost engineer in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

Open colleges and universities

[Edit this paragraph]

Top universities (whose civil engineering is a national key discipline)

Central South University

Zhejiang University

Tongji University

Tsinghua University

Hunan university

Harbin Institute of Technology

First-class organization

Southwest Jiaotong University, Dalian University of Technology, Chongqing University, Xi University of Architecture and Technology, Hohai University

Analysis of employment direction

With the continuous warming of urban construction and highway construction, the employment situation of civil engineering specialty has been rising continuously in recent years. It is not difficult for most graduates to find jobs. However, the employment prospect of civil engineering specialty is closely related to the national policy and the direction of economic development. In recent years, the industry salary level shows a trend that management is higher than technology, and the shift from technology to management has become an inevitable bottleneck in the career of many civil engineering graduates. How to prepare for the "money" road in the university and find a suitable career development direction?

Wood-soil engineering can be divided into two different directions: road and bridge engineering and construction engineering. In the career, the positions in these two directions have both general unity and specific differences in details. Generally speaking, the main employment directions of civil engineering majors are as follows:

Engineering technology direction

Representative posts: builder, constructor, structural engineer, technical manager, project manager, etc.

Representative industries: construction enterprises, real estate development enterprises, road and bridge construction enterprises, etc.

Employment prospects: Just as we see the high-rise buildings around us constantly rising, the wide and flat roads constantly extending in all directions, the demand for engineering and technical talents in the civil construction industry is also growing. In 2004, enterprises that entered various talent markets to recruit engineering and technical personnel involved 100 industries, among which the demand for talents in housing and civil engineering and construction industries has jumped to the top of talent markets in many cities. With the deepening of economic development, road network transformation and urban infrastructure construction, the demand for civil engineering technicians will continue to rise at present and in the future. Coupled with the upgrading of roads and bridges and urban infrastructure, as long as the talent market is not over-saturated, it can be said that the employment prospects of civil engineering technicians have been very good.

Typical career paths: builder/technician-engineer/foreman, bid leader-technical manager-project manager/chief engineer.

Annual salary reference: builder/technician:1.5,000 ~ 25,000 yuan; Head waiter: 25,000 ~ 40,000 yuan; Technical quality management manager: 45,000 ~ 70,000 yuan; Project manager: 50,000 ~ 6,543.8+10,000 yuan;

Experts suggest that with the continuous improvement of China's qualification certification system, engineers and technicians in the civil engineering industry not only need to be proficient in professional knowledge and technology, but also need to obtain necessary qualification certificates. Relevant professional qualifications of engineering and technical personnel mainly include national first-class and second-class registered architects, national registered civil engineers and national first-class and second-class registered structural engineers. It should be noted that these professional qualifications require a certain number of years of relevant work experience before they can apply. Therefore, graduates majoring in civil engineering should pay attention to the update of knowledge structure and apply for relevant professional qualifications as soon as possible even after they take up their jobs. College students who want to engage in engineering and technical work can choose construction site survey, construction materials, geotechnical engineering, subgrade, pavement, and construction and survey of small bridges and culverts in road and bridge sections during their internship.

Design, planning and budget direction

Representative positions: project designer, structural audit, urban planner, budget officer, budget engineer, etc.

Representative industries: engineering survey and design units, real estate development enterprises, functional departments of transportation or municipal engineering organs, engineering cost consulting institutions, etc.

Employment prospects: In recent years, the demand for engineering designers from various survey and design institutes has been increasing. As a new profession, urban planning needs more modern design and planning talents with the deepening of urban construction. With the rise of consulting industry, consulting service personnel in construction industry such as engineering budget and final accounts have also become new employment growth points in civil engineering industry.

Typical career path: budgeter-budget engineer-senior consultant.

Annual salary reference: budget officer:1.5,000 ~ 30,000 yuan; Budget engineer: 25,000 ~ 60,000 yuan; Urban planner: 40,000 ~ 70,000 yuan

Architect: 40,000 ~ 65,438+10,000 yuan; Chief architect: more than 250,000 yuan.

Expert advice: This kind of position requires not only professional knowledge, but also sufficient overall situation and work experience. Generally speaking, his salary is in direct proportion to his work experience. Taking architects as an example, modern architecture also requires environmental protection and sustainable development, which requires architects to have a solid foundation and rich experience, be good at learning and experience in practice. At present, most architectural design talents in the market require more than 5 years of work experience, have the first-class registered architect qualification, and have served as designers of large-scale residential or architectural projects. This kind of post also needs to obtain the corresponding qualification certificate. For example, a builder needs to pass the professional qualification examination organized by the state to obtain the Certificate of Certified Architect before he can take up his post, and a budget engineer needs to obtain the qualification of certified cost engineer or budget engineer. In addition, to engage in this kind of occupation, we need to strengthen our self-cultivation, for example, we need to be familiar with computer operation and maintenance, skillfully use CAD to draw various engineering drawings, and use P3 to prepare construction and production plans. Some positions, such as architectural designers, need to have a deep understanding of anthropology, aesthetics, history, and the essence of architecture in different times and countries, and be able to master and forge their own design styles. All these need to accumulate their own cultural details from the student days. During the internship, try to choose some related units and positions, such as real estate appraisal, engineering budget, engineering drawing, etc.

Direction of quality supervision and engineering supervision

Representative position: supervision engineer

Representative industries: construction, road and bridge supervision company, engineering quality inspection and supervision department.

Employment prospect: Engineering supervision is a new profession in recent years. With the increasingly standardized quality supervision of buildings and road and bridge construction in China, the supervision industry has faced unprecedented development opportunities since its birth. With the improvement of the national engineering supervision system, the supervision industry has a broader development space.

Typical career path: supervisor-documenter-direct project leader-professional supervision engineer-chief supervision engineer.

Annual salary reference: site supervisor:1.8,000 ~ 25,000 yuan; Direct person in charge of the project: 25,000 ~ 40,000 yuan; Professional supervision engineer: 30,000 ~ 50,000 yuan; Chief supervision engineer: 40,000 ~ 80,000 yuan.

Expert advice: The supervision industry is a new industry, so it is also an industry closely integrated with the qualification system, and the promotion of positions is closely related to the acquisition of personal qualifications. Generally speaking, supervision needs to obtain a provincial supervision license, and the project leader needs to obtain a provincial supervision engineer or supervision license, with rich work experience and strong work ability. Professional supervision engineer shall obtain the qualification certificate of provincial supervision engineer, and the chief supervision engineer shall obtain the professional qualification certificate of national registered supervision engineer. Students majoring in wood and civil engineering want to enter this industry. During school, you can participate in the supervision training courses organized by the provincial highway system and building system, and obtain the supervision post certificate after passing the examination, and then obtain the corresponding qualification certificate with the increase of work experience. During the internship, you can choose a supervision company that is consistent with your own direction, such as road and bridge, building direction, etc. And engaged in on-site supervision, measurement and data management.

Civil servants, teaching and research direction

Representative positions: civil servants, teachers.

Representative industries: transportation, municipal administration departments, universities, scientific research and design units.

Employment prospects: the reform of civil service system has opened the door for college graduates to work in * * organs. The rapid development of roads, bridges and construction industry has brought huge demand for talents, which has increased the demand for civil engineering teachers. However, it should be noted that the competition in these industries is generally fierce, requiring job seekers to have a higher professional level and comprehensive quality.

Annual salary reference: college teachers: 25,000 ~ 45,000 yuan; Teachers in secondary specialized schools:1.8,000 to 30,000 yuan; Ordinary civil servants: 20,000 ~ 35,000 yuan.

Experts suggest that if you want to engage in this kind of industry, on the one hand, you should learn professional courses well at school to make yourself have a higher professional level, on the other hand, you should pay special attention to the study of theoretical knowledge and the cultivation of personal comprehensive quality to make yourself have a higher level of Putonghua, foreign languages and computers and better adaptability.