What were the famous streets in Luoyang during the Northern Song Dynasty?

Luoyang, Xijing in the Northern Song Dynasty

Zhou Baozhu

Summary of content In the Song Dynasty, Luoyang City had evolved from the original separation of city and city into a new city and city. Due to the superior conditions of water, soil, climate and historical and political reasons, the prosperity of Luoyang gardens in the Song Dynasty became a major feature; Luoyang in the Song Dynasty was also a city with dense bureaucrats. Some people with the same political views in the bureaucratic group used club organizations to form left-right The political power of the political situation. Active social organizations are another characteristic of Luoyang. The economy of Luoyang in the Song Dynasty was far less important than its status in politics and gardens, but compared with other cities except Kaifeng, it was relatively developed and was a typical consumer city.

Before the Northern Song Dynasty, nine dynasties had established their capitals in Luoyang. In China's long feudal society, when the Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, and Northern Wei dynasties established Luoyang as their capital, Luoyang was the first city in the country, and it was an extremely glorious historical period for the city of Luoyang. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Chang'an and Luoyang were the western and eastern capitals, and their urban populations and economic development levels were comparable. It can be said that they stood on the same commanding heights and were the two most important cities in the country at that time. Looking at the development history of Chinese capitals, we can see that since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and before the Five Dynasties, the choice of where to build the capital was mainly between Chang'an and Luoyang, which was determined by the socio-economic development and political situation at that time.

After the war in the late Tang Dynasty, both Chang'an and Luoyang suffered devastating damage, and their former glory was gone forever, especially Chang'an. At the beginning of the Five Dynasties, Zhu Wen established the Liang Dynasty, known as the Later Liang Dynasty in history. Instead of the Tang Dynasty, Kaifeng was chosen as the capital of the country in Bianzhou. However, the capital city of Kaifeng was still in its infancy stage. While Zhu Wen made Kaifeng the eastern capital, he also made Luoyang the western capital and stayed here for a long time, so Luoyang still maintained its status as the companion capital. As for Chang'an, it was demoted to Yongzhou and became a local city. In the later Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was the capital, and although Chang'an was the companion capital, it was actually in name only. Among the Five Dynasties, the Jin, Han and Zhou dynasties, according to the Later Liang system, called Kaifeng and Luoyang the east and west capitals, that is, Kaifeng was the capital and Luoyang was the companion capital. The Northern Song Dynasty followed. It can be seen from this that during the Five Dynasties period, Kaifeng and Luoyang were chosen as the capital, and the status of the capital was finally determined in Kaifeng. This was also determined by the economic development and political situation at that time.

During the Five Dynasties, from the perspective of the urban evolution of Luoyang itself, Luoyang was sometimes the capital and sometimes the companion capital. It generally maintained its status as the capital. Therefore, after being destroyed in the late Tang Dynasty, it continued to recover, which was no longer the case. Chang'an is comparable. Because of this, the Northern Song Dynasty placed the status of this companion capital above Nanjing (Shangqiu, Henan) and Beijing (Daming, Hebei), and continued to support it, giving Luoyang a special historical status in the country. Regarding the specific appearance and characteristics of Luoyang city during this period, this article will be divided into several parts to discuss.

The great destruction of Luoyang in the late Tang Dynasty and the initial recovery in the Five Dynasties period

Luoyang, the eastern capital of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, had three levels: palace city, imperial city and capital city. Each of the ten streets is neat and uniform, showing the extraordinary style of an imperial capital. According to the records of Wei Shu of the Tang Dynasty, Dingdingmen Street, also known as the Imperial Road, from the imperial city to the south gate of the capital, is 100 paces wide. The other two horizontal streets such as Shangdong and Jianchun are 75 paces, and Changxia, Houzai and Yongtong Streets are 75 paces long. , Hui'an, Anxi and Zuoyemen streets are each 62 steps wide, and Yu Xiaojie is 31 steps wide each. [1] Among the streets, there were 103 li and three cities in the Sui Dynasty; in the Tang Dynasty, li was changed into squares, with 113 squares and three cities. [2] (Volume 5) Each square is three hundred steps long on all sides, with a cross in the middle and four exits. Judging from the fact that the squares are the same size, they are much more regular than the square in Chang'an.

At that time, the three cities in Luoyang had prosperous commerce and developed economy. For example, the Southern City of the Tang Dynasty, which was the Fengcheng City of the Sui Dynasty, was divided into two lanes from east to west and from north to south. There were 120 rows and more than 3,000 shops in it, and there were more than 400 shops on the four walls, with a large amount of goods. In the Sui Dynasty, Tongyuan City was six miles around; Datong City was on Thursday, with four gates, one hundred and forty-one districts, and sixty-six lines of goods. [1] It should be affirmed that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang was a very prosperous city and implemented a strict system of separation of cities and towns.

Since the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang has been continuously devastated by wars. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world was in chaos.

In the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Qin Zongquan of Caizhou sent general Sun Ru to attack Henan Yin and Li Hanzhi who stayed in Dongdu. He "occupied Beijing for more than a month, burned the palaces and plundered the residents", [3] (Volume 5). Li Hanzhi temporarily retreated from Mianchi, and Sun Ru and Zhuge Shuang "attacked each other one after another." The people had no peace. After several years of war and destruction, "the capital was in ashes and covered with thorns and thorns." In the third year of Guangqi (887), Zhang Quanyi was the Yin of Henan Province and stationed troops in the old city. "The people in Jingyi were poor, less than a hundred households" [3] (Volume 63) "There was no sound of chickens or dogs." [3] (Volume 5) It can be said that Luoyang suffered another devastating blow and no longer looked like a city.

When Zhang Quanyi entered Luoyang, he took more than 100 people with him and built a fortification with more than 100 poor households in the original Nanshi area of ??the city, which was called the North City. Later, Jiashanfang was built as Nancheng in the south of the city. They fought and farmed, recruited people, and cultivated arts. After several years of hard work, "there was no idle land in the capital, and there were 50,000 to 60,000 households" and "the title was rich." [4] (Volume 2) Obviously, the "wealth" mentioned here is not the prosperity of the city, but the ruralization on the ruins of the city. The fields are full of crops, so there are no idle fields.

Four years before the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty (904), Zhu Wen was preparing to move the capital of Tang Dynasty to Luoyang, so he ordered Zhang Quanyi to "renovate the palace city of Luoyang, and it will take many years to complete." [3] (Volume 63) In the first month of this year, Zhaozong moved eastward. In order to enrich Luoyang, Zhu Wen ordered "the residents of Chang'an to move according to their registration, evacuate their houses, and the beasts and wolves howled from the Weifu River up the river for more than a month." interest". [5] (Volume 20) In February of this year, Zhu Quanzhong went to Luoyang in person to supervise workers and restore Luoyang's status as the capital at the expense of Chang'an. There is no clear record of how many people moved from Chang'an to Luoyang this time, but judging from the time of "more than a month", it seems that it was quite large and the number of people was quite large. However, Zhang Quanyi has turned the ruins of Luoyang into farmland. This has caused considerable difficulties for the city's recovery work. The imperial edict issued in October of the second year of Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty (905) said:

In Luochengfangqu, the old residences of courtiers and ministers have been in chaos and desolation. Since Zhang Quanyi renovated them, they have been restored. It has been cultivated, and it has been paid for by the army, so it is a public land. Maybe there is a misunderstanding, and it is believed that the world's karma needs to be verified, so the lucky door is opened. The fields in Fangqu and Ji Nei of the capital have been cultivated, and people of various colors cannot recognize them. If you want land, you can buy it at any time, and anyone who agrees will not be limited to giving it back. This does not apply if the owner sends people to do things on his own. If there is no owner in the wasteland, I can recognize him and pay it to Henan Mansion. [6] (Volume 14)

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, first experienced the blow of the peasant uprising led by Huang Chao, and then suffered from the warlords' successive years of melee. Luoyang City's bureaucrats and households fled or fled in large numbers. Death, houses burned. The city turned into a white field. The Tang government recognized the land cultivated by Zhang Quanyi as public land and did not allow the original owners to claim it, which meant that it did not recognize their property ownership. Only the original owners of uncultivated fields can be considered as their own property, and they must go to Henan Prefecture to go through the procedures again. Based on this fact, it is quite difficult to rebuild Luoyang City. This so-called edict of the Tang Dynasty was actually issued by Zhu Wen. Therefore, when Zhu Wen replaced Tang Jianliang, the changes in Luoyang City were not very significant.

From the historical facts of the Five Dynasties period, it was the Later Tang Dynasty that really reconstructed Luoyang. Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty destroyed Liang in October of the first year of Tongguang (923), and made Luoyang his capital at the end of the year. In August of the following year, he traced the prosperity of Luoyang since the Han and Tang Dynasties in an imperial edict, reprimanded the Later Liang Dynasty for not paying attention to Luoyang, and then expressed his determination and methods to rebuild Luoyang. There is this passage in the imperial edict:

...we will cut down the Great Hall, compile the Si Pi Tu, revitalize the capital of Bu Luo, and forever open the meeting of the imperial clan. It will be a long-lasting legacy and needs to be discussed and repaired. The order is to be magnificent on the ninth level, and actually be parallel to thousands of households. There should be free space in the capital for people of all colors to ask for it. If the feudal lord and his ministers are in the capital and have no place to live, they can also invite archers to repair them individually. The free land with an owner is still limited to half a year. The owner must build it himself. If the house is not seen after the expiration date, others can also occupy it. Success is important and cannot be occupied in vain. [6] (Volume 14)

The content of this edict has been greatly improved compared to the late Tang Dynasty. People of all kinds can apply to build houses for themselves on any vacant land in the capital. have.

Bureaucrats at all levels inside and outside the capital, because the Later Tang government could not find suitable housing for them in the capital, had no choice but to allow them to apply for vacant land and build their own houses to live in. It turned out that the owner had free land, and he ordered the owner to build a house by himself within half a year. If there is no movement after the expiration date, others are allowed to take possession of it. The government of the Later Tang Dynasty put forward a principle, "The most important thing is success, not vain possession." This regulation is bound to speed up the recovery work in Luoyang. In order to implement this edict, the Later Tang Dynasty issued an edict to "order the various disciplines, observation, defense, regiment training, and governorship, etc., and also ordered Luo Jing to complete an area of ????the residence, which not only showed the magnificence of the imperial residence, but also restored the vastness of Qing Luo." ”, and at the same time claimed that whether local officials could implement this edict was a manifestation of “love for the emperor and sincerity” [6] (Volume 14). This caused local officials from various places to invest in building houses in Luoyang, speeding up the construction of Luoyang. However, due to the lack of unified urban construction planning, construction was in a blind state, and its own weaknesses were quickly exposed.

In June of the third year of Tongguang in the Later Tang Dynasty (925), Henan Prefecture opened Yongtong and Houzai gates, and once again reiterated the method of building camps on vacant land in the capital. At that time, Cui Huì③, the Zuo Jianyi doctor, once pointed out:

I saw that Luodu was at the beginning of its reconstruction in Qingnian. At this time, when people were gathered to start farming, they were allowed to be the master, either farming or gardening, for more than thirty years. In recent years, there have been more and more people living there, and the alleys are quite narrow. It is necessary to increase the number of houses, and it is appropriate to regulate the neighborhoods. The system of the city has been established, and the outlook of China has become stronger. Because the rules have not changed, the filth has deepened, and the side of the old palace garden is not allowed to contain filthy and evil things. Now it is connected with a vegetable garden. The ancestral temples, ancestral halls, government offices and private houses are fumigated with filthy odors, which are extremely impure. Please discuss regulations and order all directions to comply with them. [6] (Volume 14)

It can be seen from this that before this, the cultivation of farmland had approached the palace city, the roads were narrow and "the only way to pass" was to use them for farmland and vegetable gardens. Evil things. In response to this situation, Cui Huì③ requested the formulation of a plan, not only for the reconstruction of Luoyang, but also for the rule of the four parties. This is indeed an urgent matter.

In order to restore the appearance of the imperial capital of Luoyang in the Later Tang Dynasty, in August of the third year of Tongguang (925), Zuo Buque Yang Tu submitted a memorial, believing that "a wise emperor must act in accordance with the previous regulations" and demanded that Zhang Quanyi's residence in the city be destroyed The old fortresses built in Nanzhou and Beizhou changed the situation of "the vast sacred capital, bypassing the green fields, lingering barriers, and approaching the imperial palace" [6] (Volume 14). In September of this year, the Later Tang government, based on Yang Tu's report, agreed to demolish the fortifications of Zhang Quanyi and Li Hanzhi, and asked the Henan government to "first clear out the old streets and alleys, and allow people to occupy and fill the trenches, and then build them" For houses, the old lanes in the city foundation are all lanes. They are not allowed to follow them and occupy them without permission. It is still requested to be limited to one month. If there is no way to clear the land, households with the ability to do so are allowed to occupy the land and fill it in." [6] (Volume 14) From here we can learn that when the Later Tang Dynasty restored Luoyang, its roads and streets were basically built according to the old system of the Tang Dynasty, and the walls and fortresses built by Zhang Quanyi and others were all filled in. At this time, the Later Tang Dynasty also rebuilt the Xingjiao Gate Tower to increase the splendor of the south side of the palace city.

However, the facts that have been formed in Luoyang for many years cannot be corrected immediately with an imperial edict in the Later Tang Dynasty. "Cefu Yuangui" Volume 14 "Emperor's Department? Capital" records on Wuchen in June of the second year of Mingzong's Changxing reign (931):

On the Sixth Street of Jingcheng and Zhuwenfang, people were allowed to build houses first If the room is invaded by too much land, it may even be inaccessible to vehicles. From now on, the outside of the building must be opened for carriages and horses, or there may be more people involved in the building, and it must be demolished in a timely manner. Outside the orchard, pond and pavilion, there is still space for a vegetable garden. If you can do it yourself, you will have to complete the construction within three months; if you don't do it yourself, you will have to buy it. Imperial decree: The capital of Yiluo, the residence of the emperor, is the place where Yixia returns to its heart, and is not a land for farming and profit-making. When chaos left, it was once desolate, and when it was opened, it was repaired and repaired. It has never been quiet, and most of it has been in Khotan. The residence of Yong'an Tianyi is suitable for the system of Guang Shenzhou, and it is suitable for Yushitai, Liangjie Envoy, and Henan Prefecture to cut it. It is planned out one by one, and it is clear that there are many people, and no intrusion is allowed. If it is convenient, it can also be reported in detail temporarily. In the same month, the Henan Prefecture reported: According to the imperial edict, the vegetable gardens of households in Fang City, Jingcheng City, were bought by others. They were worried that the owner would occupy the land for more than a year and make vegetables as a business. Although there are many and poor people, how can we build it? Fearing that the capital was too strong and would harm the poor, he issued an edict: Among the cities, the Yin Dynasty was the noblest. He wanted to turn the nine levels into prosperity and prosper together in a hundred blocks.

According to the inspection report, because there was random shooting of the land, regulations were set up to return the value. As long as more houses were built and the houses were added, the price would make the Chinese people look magnificent. For the sake of the prosperity of the country, the imperial court sent a messenger to Khotan. The government officials feared that they would be impoverished because of the price of the gardens, so they prepared a detailed report and asked Yu to agree to it. If there are powerful households and ministers in various houses in Beijing who have already lived outside their homes, and they have purchased vegetable gardens elsewhere or in their houses, they can ask the owner of the garden to lease or lease it to others, and sell it according to the price specified in the previous imperial edict. Do not violate the rules at any time. If the household is actually poor and unable to afford it, and has owned a garden for many years, irrigated the garden by hand, and sold vegetables by himself to provide food and clothing, then the special value will be added to his rank, but the buyer is not allowed to occupy a wide position, and everyone must consider their ability. When it comes to building a camp, one must make the right choice, and there is no way for the common people to overstep the mark.

This record is very important for studying the recovery of Luoyang in the Later Tang Dynasty. It can explain the following issues:

(1) In the past, households were allowed to build houses on idle land. , due to blindness and lack of planning, house builders invaded too much land and occupied the original streets, making the roads narrow from wide to "even closed to traffic", causing traffic difficulties.

(2) In response to the above situation, corresponding measures should be formulated. When building a house, the width of the road should be preserved and "must be passed by vehicles and horses." If it does not comply with this system, it will be demolished.

(3) The principle of "the land of Yiluo, the residence of the emperor and king, is the place where Yixia returns to its heart, a land for non-agriculture and mulberry harvesting", and announced that the fields and vegetable gardens that were originally cultivated for cultivation, None of them are included in the protection. The original owners can build their own houses with conditions, and those who build houses without conditions are allowed to sell the land. Only the land prices of poor vegetable farmers are given appropriate care.

(4) According to the needs of urban construction, the government of the Later Tang Dynasty ordered the Yushitai, Liangjie Envoys, and Henan Prefecture to coordinate and plan, so that Luoyang gradually entered the planned recovery stage.

(5) After the previous efforts, the bureaucracy took charge of Caosi and powerful households, and built residences in Luoyang, adding to the grandeur of the city. In order to prevent them from occupying too much land, some corresponding restrictive measures had to be put forward, and they were not allowed to have vegetable gardens elsewhere or in their houses.

(6) The so-called "Yin Fan is noble among cities", follow this guiding ideology, try to be better in construction, "nobleness makes the Chinese nation magnificent", "make sure the "parallel Khotan" and so on, all reflect the characteristics of Luoyang City in the late Tang Dynasty.

However, judging from the actual construction at that time, it is impossible for the Later Tang Dynasty to completely restore the Luoyang street system of the Tang Dynasty. Until the Northern Song Dynasty, when Song Minqiu wrote "Henan Chronicles", he quoted the Luoyang streets recorded by Wei Shu and said with emotion: "The old system is no longer the same." [1] The actual meaning of this sentence is that during the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, The streets in Luoyang have changed from wide to narrow, which should be the inevitable result of the late Tang Dynasty's urban planning failing to keep up with the development of the situation.

During the Jin, Han, and Zhou dynasties, Luoyang was the capital, and many bureaucrats settled here. Although there were no major innovations in the city, the bureaucrats were enriching their families and building comfortable homes. This means that the city continues to strengthen its construction, its population has increased, and its economy continues to recover.

In the early Song Dynasty, there were two Fuguo counties in Henan Prefecture of Luoyang. One was Henan County, which was in charge of 4 townships and 54 squares; the other was Luoyang County, which was in charge of 3 townships and 43 squares. Excluding the villages to which they belong, there are 93 squares in the two counties, which generally reflects the restoration of the Xijing square system. [7] (Volume 3) In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 120 shops in Xijing, 88 of which were under Henan County and 32 under Luoyang County. The formation of these squares, "Since the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, they have been like thorns, but they still remain the same after renewal." Due to the vastness of the city of Luoyang, it was impossible to fill it up in a short period of construction. It was not until the second year of Emperor Yu's reign (1050) that Zhang Kui learned about the affairs of Henan Province and felt that "there has been no list for a long time" and "ordered it to be listed", [1] " According to the streets of Tangjie, the streets are divided into various streets." [8] (Volume 32) It can be seen from these records that the establishment or restoration of many squares was generally based on the streets and lanes of the Tang Dynasty to divide the squares. As for the ranking of squares, it was not until the Northern Song Dynasty that It was not unified until 90 years after its establishment.

About the "city" of Luoyang during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it gradually disappeared by the Song Dynasty. For example, in the Sui Dynasty, Fengdu was renamed Nanshi in the Tang Dynasty. It originally occupied two squares, but by the ninth year of Zhenguan (935), it occupied half of the square, and the other half was named Tongli Square.

After the chaos in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhang Quanyi governed Luoyang and changed Nanshi to the temporary seat of Henan Prefecture, making Nanshi and Tonglifang the residential areas of the two cities in the north and south. It was impossible for the Song Dynasty to restore the "separation of city and city" here. "City" can only continue to be old. Shitai Fang in Luoyang during the Song Dynasty was originally the Tongyuan City of the Sui Dynasty. On Saturday, this city was adjacent to Luoshui in the south. It was later abandoned. In the Tang Dynasty, the old city was renamed Datongfang. In the Song Dynasty, there was Beishifang in Luoyang, which was originally adjacent to Defang. It was created as Beishifang in Tang Xianqing. Later, the city was abolished and renamed as Beishifang. Including Lingdefang, they were all originally Beishifang. By the Five Dynasties, the area of ??the city had been greatly reduced. Although in the later Tang Dynasty, Executions were still carried out in Beishi, [3] (Volume 40) and it still retained the name Beishi. In fact, it was quickly abandoned by bureaucrats to build houses and temples, and in the Song Dynasty it became Yingtianyuan. [1]

It can be seen from the above that from the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang's original special "city" was no longer mentioned. It was divided into squares, buildings were added, and it became a residential area. This historical fact shows that the city of Luoyang in the Song Dynasty has evolved from the original system of separation of districts and cities into a new system of integration of districts and cities. Residents in the districts lived facing the streets and formed markets along the streets. This was a major factor in the evolution of Luoyang city. progress.

Two or three city walls and imperial palaces

According to the records of "Geography" in Volume 85 of "History of the Song Dynasty", Luoyang in the Song Dynasty had three levels: palace city, imperial city and capital (outer city) , are all inherited from the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but have slightly different circumferences.

The palace city, with a circumference of nine miles and three hundred paces, is located in the northwest of the capital. In the Sui Dynasty, its old name was Ziwei City, which was derived from the Tang Dynasty. It had a circumference of thirteen miles and two hundred and forty-one feet and a height of four feet and eight feet. "The city is four miles and one hundred and eighty paces from east to west, two miles and fifteen paces from north and south, and thirteen miles and thirty paces from east to west", Volume 38 of "New Book of Tang Dynasty" and "Geographical Records" are written as "Circumference is four thousand." Nine hundred and twenty-one feet, its height is four feet and eight feet, and the total length is thirteen miles and two hundred and forty-one feet." The circumferences of the palace city recorded by the two are different from those in the Song Dynasty, which shows that the Luoyang palace city in the Song Dynasty may have shrunk. Therefore, "Henan Chronicle" records in the "Song City Quegu⑧" part: "The palace city is three hundred steps around Jiuli." The annotation says: "It is suspected that the west and north routes have been lost." This is correct). There are three gates in the south of Song Palace, the middle one is called Wufeng Tower, the east gate is called Xingjiao, and the west gate is called Guangzheng; the east gate is called Canglong, the west gate is called Jinhu, and the north gate is called Gongchen. There are Jiacheng on the east and west of the palace city. , more than three miles each, with two gates in the east, called Binyao in the south and Qiming in the north; two gates in the west, Jinyao in the south and Qantong in the north.

As for the Wufeng Tower, it has gone through many vicissitudes of life, which can well reflect some changes in the palace city during the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. The Wufeng Tower built in the Tang Dynasty no longer existed at the end of the Tang Dynasty. When Zhu Wen forced Tang Zhaozong to move east to Luoyang, he ordered Luo Shaowei and others to rebuild the Wufeng Tower and Chaoyuan Hall. "The huge wooden craftsman did not own it at that time, and it was erected on the ground. The sù⑨ stream was erected on the old site, and the embroidery was displayed, all with replicas." [3] (Volume 14) "New History of the Five Dynasties? Luo Shaowei" also records : "Shaowei took Wei Liang's materials to build the Wufeng Tower and Chaoyuan Hall, floated them up the river, and established them as the capital." Luo Shaowei was the governor of Wei Bo at that time. He was strong and had a group of skilled craftsmen to complete part of the construction tasks of Luoyang Palace. .

The buildings of Luoyang Palace City were relatively less damaged during the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, so Zhu Wen lived here for a long time after building the Liang Dynasty, and it was slightly restored in the later Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Kaibao in the Song Dynasty (975), in order to welcome Taizu Xi Xing, a major renovation was carried out from October of that year to the spring of the following year. Wang Renguī, the envoy of Zhuangzhai, and Jiao Jixun, the governor of Henan Prefecture, made the palace "magnificent" after the renovation. Song Taizu was very satisfied. [9] (Volume 17) The Luoyang Imperial Palace at that time had more than 9990 areas, [9] (Volume 16) and there were more buildings than the Kaifeng palace. There is a Jiacheng in the palace city. The inside of the Jiacheng and the north of the Jiacheng are the military barracks, where the imperial guards on the left and right are located. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the long-term disrepair of the palace and its "destruction over time", Zhang Kui, the prefect of Henan Province, "intensified the renovation". [8] (Volume 324) In August of the second year of Jingde (1005), Zhenzong was about to go to Gong County to pay homage to the mausoleums, and ordered the Eight Divisions of Xijing to repair the palace and the buildings of various divisions (11). [10] (Fangyu 1-24) In the second year of Xining of Shenzong (1069), the Secretary of the Xijing Transport Department said that the buildings in Xijing were damaged, with more than 4,000 rooms missing. When he asked for repairs in the following spring, " Every two rooms will be demolished and built, and one room will be built."

[10] (Fangyu 1-24) It can be said that before Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, the buildings in the Xijing palace basically followed the old system, or were slightly repaired without construction, or were even seriously damaged and unable to make additional repairs. The original palace complex here was large in scale, but the emperor rarely went to Luoyang. As time passed, he had no intention of repairing it, so the method of repairing the old building was to fold it in half, which made the palace buildings shrink day by day. It was not until the first year of Zhenghe (1111), when Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was preparing to pay a visit to the mausoleum, that he ordered Song Biàn (12), the transfer envoy to the west of Beijing, to "administer the palace city, which is 16 miles wide, and creates 440 corridors and houses, which is extremely expensive." [8] (Volume 356) Also, "Geographical Records", Volume 85 of "History of the Song Dynasty" records that this time Dauchi was built, "thousands of shared houses were all decorated with real lacquer, and workers were It’s so big that it’s not worth the expense.” When painting, "the ashes must be used as the ground, and the price of ashes increases day by day, rising to thousands." There are not enough animal bones, and "the ashes are made of human bones, which are worth thousands per kilogram." In the ancient tombs within 20 miles of the suburbs outside Luoyang City, "most of them have been violently excavated." [8] (Volume 356) It can be seen from this that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty carried out a major renovation of the Luoyang Palace, and the city wall was expanded to 16 miles, exceeding that of the previous generation. At the same time, hundreds of new gallery rooms were built, bringing the number of palace buildings to thousands, and the paint and decoration were more sophisticated than in the past. Judging from historical records, the decoration of buildings and even the ancient tombs of Dafa caused a catastrophe to the underground cultural relics, and the losses were quite serious.

The architecture of Luoyang Palace City is not very important in the history of urban development in the Song Dynasty, but as far as Luoyang City itself is concerned, it should be taken seriously. This is a necessary condition for it to serve as a companion capital. The quality of its construction shows the importance the Song Dynasty paid to Luoyang, which must be discussed.

The Imperial City of Luoyang has a circumference of eighteen miles and two hundred and fifty-eight steps. [8] (Volume 85) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called Taiwei City, also known as Nancheng. It was three feet and seven feet high. According to "New According to the "Geographical Records of the Tang Dynasty", the circumference of the imperial city is 4,930 steps, which should be 13 miles and 250 steps. It seems to be smaller than the imperial city of the Song Dynasty (note: "Henan Chronicle" says: "Imperial City, Palace City The circumference of the city is eighty miles and two hundred and fifty-eight steps..." This is obviously wrong, because the imperial city is within the capital, and the circumference of the capital is only more than fifty-two miles.). The imperial city is a sandwiched city outside the palace city, and of course it is also located in the northwest of the capital. There are three gates in the south: the middle gate is called Duanmen, and the east and west gates are called left and right gates. The east gate is called Xuanren. The third west gate: the south is called Lijing, which is straight to Jin Yao; the middle is called Kaihua, which is straight to Qiantong; the north is called Yingfu. "Every department is in charge of it." [8] (Volume 85)

The outer city has a circumference of fifty-two miles and ninety paces. There are three gates to the south, the middle one is Dingding, the east gate is Changxia, and the west gate is Houzai; there are three gates to the east, the middle gate is Luomen, the south gate is Jianchun, and the north gate is Shangdong; one gate to the west is called Guanmen; and two gates to the north are called east gate. Anxi is called Hui'an in the west. This city was built in the first year of Daye of the Sui Dynasty (605) and was named Luoguo City. It was added to the city in the second year of Changshou (693) after Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty and was named Jincheng. The city is eight feet high. According to archaeological measurements, the circumference is 27,165 meters, or 27.52 kilometers. [11](p46) This should be an accurate number, but it is not completely consistent with the Tang City records, and there are also contradictions in the Tang City records and historical records, which need further research (Note: Volume 3 of "Old Book of Tang" The "Geography" of the 18th century states: The capital is fifteen miles and 280 paces from north to south, fifteen miles and seventy paces from east to west, and sixty-nine miles and three hundred and twenty paces around it. Based on the total of the four sides, it is actually only sixty-one miles and three hundred paces. Forty paces is inconsistent with the total number. According to "Geographical Records" in Volume 38 of "New Book of Tang Dynasty", the perimeter of the outer city of Dongdu is 25,050 paces, which is 69 miles and 210 paces, which is slightly less than the total number recorded in the old chronicles. There are differences. "Henan Chronicle" quotes Wei Shu as saying that the east side of the city is fifteen miles and two hundred and ten paces, the south is fifteen miles and seventy paces, the west is twelve miles and one hundred and twenty paces, and the north is seven miles and twenty paces. , Zhou Hui sixty-nine miles and two hundred and ten steps, this total is consistent with the new records, but it may be different from the total of the four weeks. It can be seen that the records in each book are different, or the copying and printing are wrong, or the recorded time is different, which needs to be verified. ).

The outer city of Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty was much lower in height than the palace city and the imperial city. After the war in the late Tang Dynasty, it was "completely destroyed" and the damage was extremely serious. During the reign of Emperor Shizong of Zhou Dynasty, "the head of Luoyang city was missing. Order to repair it." At that time, Wu Xingde, who was also ordered by Zhongshu, "led more than ten thousand people to complete the city."

[8] (Volume 25) How did you go about cultivating this time? "Henan Chronicle" said that it was "very ugly", and even part of the south wall was not built at all. Until September 15th, the first year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1034), Prime Minister Wang Zeng still had this to say: "Xijing's water south is vast and far away. There are many residents, but there is no city, so I ordered it to be built gradually." Therefore, the Song court An edict was issued, and Li Jungu, the magistrate of Henan Prefecture, was appointed to handle the matter. [10] (Fangyu 1-24) According to the "Henan Chronicle", the result of this repair is: "The city pheasant is only completed." In the eighth year of Yuanfeng of Shenzong (1085), Sima Guang once said that the outer city of Luoyang was "Humble and decadent, dogs and pigs can be yú⑦". [12] (Volume 48) Obviously lacks the grandeur of the past.

It can be seen from the above facts that although Luoyang City in the Song Dynasty maintained the layout of the triple city of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was actually far from the old view. This not only simplified many buildings in the city during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also the outer city was quite simple. Fundamentally, it lacks defensive functions. Judging from the height of the triple city, the palace city is four feet and eight feet, the imperial city is three feet and seven feet, and the outer city is only one foot and eight feet. The middle is high and the outer is low. This mainly shows the royal majesty. This is from the function of the entire city. , can no longer be compared with Song Tokyo City. However, as far as the country is concerned, Luoyang Outer City is the largest city. Other cities in the Northern Song Dynasty could not compare with it, and they were fully qualified as companions. At the same time, Luoyang City still occupies an important position overall, and maintains many of its own characteristics, which is worthy of careful study.

Three Luoyang gardens are the best in the world

The prosperity of Luoyang gardens in Song Dynasty is a major feature of this city, which is unmatched by other cities. There are many reasons for this. There are natural factors, that is, superior conditions in terms of water, soil and climate, as well as historical and political reasons. That is, the area has been popular in gardens since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, many important officials settled in Luoyang, so the gardens were restored. The speed is extremely fast. Su Che once said:

In the ancient imperial capital of Luoyang, the people were accustomed to the customs of Han and Tang Dynasty clothing. They maintained gardens at home, built pavilions, and planted vegetation, thinking that it was a good time to visit during the year. Its mountains and rivers are beautiful, Qingming is prosperous, and it is a happy place to live. The extension of Pingchuan is hundreds of miles from east to west. There is a young room in Songgao and a royal house in Tiantán (13). Attached map is the winding mountain gate, and you can look around in all directions. The Yiluo Tu {Picture} stream flows out of the plains, so its mountains and forests are beautiful and its springs are clean, even though the people of Lu Yan and their princes and princes are in conflict with each other. The palace covers an acre, with views of green mountains above and flowing water below. Strange flowers and bamboos line the left and right, and its noble ministers, huge rooms, and gardens and pavilions are the most prosperous in the world. [13] (Volume 24)

Su Che is from Sichuan. He has served as an official in many places and is well-informed. He believes that Luoyang gardens are "the best in the world", which is not an exaggeration. The "ancient imperial capital" and "relics of the Han and Tang Dynasties" mentioned in the article can be regarded as historical factors; while the so-called "mountains and climate" refer to natural factors; as for the "rich ministers and wealthy families" mentioned in the article, they are related to politics. factors are related. It was the combination of these factors that enabled Luoyang gardens to rapidly recover and develop in the Song Dynasty, and it has remained in decline for a long time and continued to maintain its leading position in the country.

As for the aforementioned historical factors, the advantages are quite obvious and important. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, "Between Zhenguan and Kaiyuan, the officials and nobles who opened offices in the Eastern Capital had more than a thousand titles." [14] (Volume 25) Although most of these bureaucratic residences were burned down by the chaos of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the original sites still exist, especially the many relics such as garden stones, which have become considerable cultural heritage. , many gardens in the Song Dynasty were built on this basis. Therefore, Li Gefei asserted in "Luoyang Famous Gardens" that the gardens of the Song Dynasty were "mostly due to the antiquity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties." This is an undeniable fact. In terms of natural factors, in addition to what Su Che mentioned above, Li Fu from the Song Dynasty also said: "The springs are sweet, the soil is fertile, and the wind is gentle and comfortable. People have been happy to live here since ancient times. The green mountains come from the house, the water flows around the house, and the bamboo The trees are luxuriant (14).” [15] (Volume 6) It can be seen from this that the most important characteristics of Luoyang’s natural factors are mountains and water, fertile soil and peaceful atmosphere, which are suitable for the growth of flowers, plants and trees. In terms of political factors, Luoyang was the Xijing of the Song Dynasty. Since the Five Dynasties, many bureaucrats had settled here and formed their own comfort zone. By the beginning of the Song Dynasty, many bureaucrats were serving as officials in Kaifeng, and their families were still settled in Luoyang. It can be said that the degree of bureaucratic settlement , second only to Kaifeng.

Bureaucrats or their families living in Luoyang took advantage of the desolation and ownerlessness of the land since the late Tang and Five Dynasties to expand their land possessions as much as possible. The method was to build gardens and combine homes and gardens to form a custom and compete with each other. This is where the garden flourished. Fan Zhongyan once said: "The scholar-bureaucrats in the Western Capital looked at each other in their gardens."[16] (Volume 24) Mu Xiu's poem "Passing to Xijing" said: "Xijing has been an imperial palace since ancient times, surrounded by infinitely famous gardens, water and bamboos. I wish I could have seen peach and plum blossoms when I came here. , the city is full of mangroves and the autumn breeze is blowing." [17] (Volume 1) Sima Guang, who has lived in Luoyang for a long time, is very familiar with Luoyang gardens. He also wrote a poem: "Luoyang's famous gardens are countless. The gates and alleys are connected like the teeth of combs. The bamboos and poplars are long and the paths are winding, which makes people feel depressed and uncomfortable. "[12] (Volume 4) There are many such poems, which will not be cited again, which prove that Luoyang's gardens are numerous and prosperous. , is well known to everyone.

Of course, when people think of Luoyang gardens, they will think of Li Gefei's "Luoyang Famous Gardens", which mentions 19 famous gardens, which is particularly eye-catching. Because these gardens are not only prosperous, but also have their own characteristics, which can fully represent the style of Luoyang gardens in the Song Dynasty. Here is a brief introduction.

Among the Luoyang gardens of the Northern Song Dynasty, the garden of Fu Bi’s family, who was the former prime minister, was the first to be considered. Li Gefei said: "The only rich Zheng Garden is the closest one, and the scenery is the most prosperous." The Dong family "dominated Luoyang with wealth", and his family built two gardens, the East and West Gardens. Although they were deserted and not in good condition, their scale was "enough to be praised." The east garden faces north. There is a Chinese oak tree at the entrance, which is ten meters thick, and there are pavilions, fountains, etc. Quy Nhon Garden is named after Quy Nhon Square, which covers an area of ????one square. "There are thousands of peonies and peonies in the north, hundreds of acres of bamboo in the middle, and peaches and plums in the south. The Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty Niu Seng Confucian Garden The seven-leaf juniper is an old tree that now belongs to Li Shilang of Zhongshu, and Fang Chuang Pavilion is among them. There are many gardens in the city of Henan, more than fifty miles away, and this is the crown." There are 120 squares in Luoyang City, and this Gui Nhon Garden occupies only one square. It is said that there are "big gardens" in the city, so the proportion of gardens in the city is quite large.

The Miao Shuai Garden in Luoyang, also known as the "Best Place", was originally the residence of the late Prime Minister Pu Yuan. "The garden is ancient and the scenery is all green. It was restored with full power and decorated with algae, so I want to rely on the mausoleums and gardens." There are two horse chestnut trees facing each other in the garden, more than a hundred feet high, "looking like mountains in spring and summer." There are more than ten thousand large bamboo poles in the garden, all of which cover two or three walls. The other buildings are "very grand and extravagant in system", but they have not yet reached the level of Wang Pu's hometown.

Li's Renfeng Garden was originally the Pingquan Village of Tang Dynasty Prime Minister Li Deyu. It has many kinds of flowers and trees. In addition to local flowers and trees, a large number of foreign flowers have been transplanted, which has become a major feature of the garden. Tennoin Garden was originally a Buddhist temple and famous for its peonies. The pine, cypress, fir, fir, cypress, and oak tree planted in Songdao Garden are all beautiful trees. Luoyang people love tangerines and respect pine trees. There are hundreds of years old pines in Songdao Garden, and the twin pines in the southeast corner are particularly strange. This garden was originally the residence of Yuan Xiangxian in the Tang Dynasty. It belonged to Prime Minister Li Wedding in the Song Dynasty, and later became the Wu Family Garden. After several generations of management, the garden has "many pavilions, pavilions, ponds and swamps, bamboo trees planted, a terrace in the south, a hall in the north, and a pavilion in the east."