What is public service?

Question 1: What are the basic public services? 1 content 5 points

The so-called basic public service refers to the basic social conditions based on certain social knowledge, according to the stage and overall level of a country's economic and social development, in order to maintain its economic and social stability, basic social justice and cohesion, safeguard the most basic rights of individuals to survive and develop, and realize the all-round development of people. Basic public services include three basic points. First, to ensure the basic rights of human survival (or the basic needs of survival), in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary for * * and society to provide everyone with basic employment security, basic old-age security, basic living security, etc. The second is to meet the needs of basic dignity (or dignity) and basic ability, which requires * * * and society to provide basic education and cultural services for everyone, and the third is to meet the needs of basic health, which requires * * * and society to provide basic health protection for everyone. With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the scope and level of basic public services in a society will gradually expand.

China * * * put forward the goal of equalization of basic public services, but the content of basic public services must be made clear at the operational level. From the reality of China, it can be defined by four criteria: basic, extensive, urgent and feasible. The so-called foundation refers to those public services that have an important impact on human development, and their lack will seriously affect human development. The so-called extensiveness. Refers to the public service supply that affects every family and individual in the whole society. The so-called urgency refers to public services that involve the most direct, realistic and urgent interests of society. The so-called feasibility means that the provision of public services should be adapted to a certain level of economic development and public finance capacity.

Judging from the above standards, compulsory education, public health and basic medical care, basic social security and public employment services are the most concerned and urgent public services for urban and rural residents. They are the public services that must be provided to establish a social safety net and ensure the basic rights to subsistence and development of all members of society, and have become the main contents of basic public services in China at this stage.

2 basic public service evaluation

The evaluation index system of basic public service capacity is divided into subjective evaluation and objective evaluation. Comprehensively and systematically investigate the level of local basic public services from two dimensions: public subjective feelings, objective input and results. Subjective evaluation mainly examines the satisfaction of urban residents with basic public services in fairness, convenience and integrity, and also focuses on the feelings and views of urban residents on the level of public services; The objective evaluation mainly examines the local government's financial investment in basic public services and the objective effects achieved.

At the operational level, subjective evaluation is more difficult and requires a large-scale independent, objective and fair social investigation. Third-party organizations have advantages in this respect. To this end, China Academy of Social Sciences and Tu Hua? The Red Collar Government Letter evaluated the basic public service capacity of the city from 20 10 to 20 1 1, which successfully entered the blue book of public services and opened a new era of basic public service evaluation.

3. Equalization of basic public services

The 12th Five-Year Plan of the National Basic Public Service System, which was released in July, 20 12, formulated the national basic standards of basic public services from the practical level, and defined the four main goals of effectively expanding supply, balanced development, convenient service and people's satisfaction, and finally realized the equalization of basic public services.

Expanding effective supply is the premise of equalization of basic public services. From an economic point of view, this includes not only expanding supply, but also increasing investment in basic public services (total amount and proportion) and effective supply, which requires optimizing and adjusting the allocation of social resources. From a political point of view, the goal of expanding the effective supply of basic public services is to maximize the value of representativeness, responsiveness and responsibility. With the transformation and development of society, * * * realizes its representativeness and responsibility to a greater extent through various systems or public policies, and responds to the growing demand of multi-stakeholders for basic public services. It is necessary to take the needs of all members of society as the guide, improve the national standard system for basic public services, and constantly improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism of standards. From the perspective of management, expanding the supply of effective basic public services is the basic measure and important way to change from a management-oriented society to a social management-oriented society. On the whole, the focus of social management lies in the result of expanding the supply of effective basic public services. In order to achieve the expected results, we can properly use various market competition mechanisms when providing products and services. We can use >>

Question 2: What are the public service facilities? Public facilities refer to various public and service facilities that provide public service products. According to the characteristics of specific projects, they can be divided into education, medical care, culture and entertainment, transportation, sports, social welfare and security, administrative and community services, post and telecommunications and commercial and financial services.

Facilities include infrastructure and ancillary facilities, in which infrastructure refers to the physical engineering facilities that provide public services for social production and residents' lives, and it is a public service system used to ensure the normal social and economic activities of a country or region. It is a general material condition for social survival and development. "Infrastructure" includes not only public facilities such as roads, railways, airports, communications, water, electricity and gas, commonly known as infrastructure, but also social undertakings such as education, science and technology, health care, sports and culture, and is called "social infrastructure".

infrastructure

Infrastructure includes transportation, post and telecommunications, water supply and power supply, commercial services, scientific research and technical services, landscaping, environmental protection, cultural education, health services and other municipal public works facilities and public life service facilities. They are the foundation of national economic development. In modern society, the more the economy develops, the higher the requirements for infrastructure; Perfect infrastructure plays a great role in accelerating social and economic activities and promoting the evolution of their spatial distribution. It often takes a long time and huge investment to build a perfect infrastructure. For new and expanded projects, especially major projects and base construction far away from cities, priority should be given to the development of infrastructure, so that benefits can be brought into play as soon as possible after the project is completed.

subsidiary facilities

Accessory facilities are supporting facilities, which enable infrastructure to get better service, play a greater role and realize the function of maintaining and increasing value.

Question 3: What basic public services are included in China's public service system? There are three basic points. First, to protect people's basic right to subsistence (or basic needs for survival), in order to achieve this goal, the public and society need to provide everyone with basic employment security, basic old-age security and basic living security. The second is to meet the needs of basic dignity (or dignity) and basic ability, which requires * * * and society to provide basic education and cultural services for everyone, and the third is to meet the needs of basic health, which requires * * * and society to provide basic health protection for everyone. With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the scope and level of basic public services in a society will gradually expand. Public services can be divided into basic public services, economic public services, social public services and public safety services according to their contents and forms. Basic public service refers to providing basic services for citizens and their organizations to engage in activities such as production, life, development and entertainment through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as providing water, electricity, gas, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications and meteorological services. Economic public service refers to all kinds of services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit and so on. Public security service refers to the security services provided to citizens through the intervention of state power or the input of public resources, such as military, police, fire fighting and other services. Social public service refers to the service provided to meet the direct needs of civil society development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment. The fields of social development include education, popularization of science, health care, social security and environmental protection. Social public services are the direct social needs to meet the survival, life and development of citizens, such as public education, public medical care and public social welfare.

Question 4: What kind of public services does a city mean? It is the core concept of public management and public reform in the 20th century, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, developing public utilities such as education, science and technology, culture, health and sports, and participating in social economy, politics and culture for the public. Public service is based on cooperation, emphasizing the service of * * * and the rights of citizens.

Public * * * services refer to problems that cannot be solved by the market and need to be managed by * * *, products that the market does not provide, and * * * * products, all of which are called public * * * services. * * * Public * * services mainly include compulsory education, social security, health, urban public * * * infrastructure, transportation, fire protection, etc. , not privately provided. There are also some quasi-public fields. For example, the quasi-public sector needs to charge some fees, but the subsidized sector, such as the urban public transport system, is called the quasi-public sector.

Question 5: What specific public services are available in Shanghai, including Shanghai CAE technology public service platform, Shanghai R&D public service platform, social insurance and settlement of points, as shown in the following figure.

Public services are classified according to professional attributes.

According to the major attributes, it can also be divided into: national defense construction, public assistance and disaster relief at home and abroad, laws, regulations and policies, cultural and economic industry development and construction, spiritual and material civilization construction, information construction, standardization construction, industrialization construction, urbanization construction, characteristic industry construction, financial insurance and consumption construction, and professionalization and specialization construction and development.

According to the attribute classification of engineering specialty

According to the engineering specialty, it can also be divided into: national defense engineering, public facilities engineering, people's livelihood engineering, housing engineering, rule of law engineering and so on.

Public * * * service is the core concept of public administration and public * * * reform in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, developing public utilities such as education, science and technology, culture, health and sports, and providing guarantee for public participation in social, economic, political and cultural activities. Public services are based on cooperation, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, emphasizing the service of public services and civil rights.

Question 6: What are the urban public services? Public * * * services include public * * * infrastructure construction, creating jobs, improving the social security system and social welfare departments, and promoting the development of public * * * undertakings such as education, science and technology, culture, health and sports. Public * * * services also include * * * management, such as economic macro-control, market supervision and public * * * information release.

At present, China's public services include four categories: first, basic public services, such as infrastructure, water, electricity, highways, telecommunications, etc.; Second, economic public services, such as planning, standardized supervision, macro-control, fund mobilization and distribution; Third, social public services, including education, health, science and technology, culture and population; Fourth, the safety of public services, such as national defense, police, fire control, etc. Used to maintain the security and stability of the whole society. By providing public services, all members of society can enjoy the fruits of development and reform equally.

Question 7: What are the public service majors? property management

Main courses: engineering drawing, public relations, etiquette, property management law, property management practice, property management finance, property management science, accounting foundation, property electrician, computer drawing, computer network technology application, consumer psychology, marketing, intelligent property technology, human resource management, property management, case analysis of property management, etc.

Qualification certificates: property manager, maintenance electrician, intelligent building manager (level 4), etc.

Employment orientation: I can be engaged in archives management, equipment operation management, house repair management, real estate development management and environmental management in property management departments such as residential quarters, cultural buildings and comprehensive buildings, as well as real estate development companies and real estate intermediary companies.

You can continue to study higher vocational specialty: property management.

Similar majors: real estate and property management, property management and maintenance, modern property management, etc.

secret

Main courses: secretarial foundation, applied writing, modern office equipment, document management, modern Chinese, speech and eloquence, calligraphy, photography skills, computer application foundation, e-commerce, enterprise management, administrative management practice, exhibition practice, marketing and planning, market research and prediction, business communication and etiquette, accounting foundation, computerized accounting, statistical practice, shorthand, document computer processing integration, etc.

Qualification certificate: English grade certificate, national computer grade certificate, secretarial certificate, customs broker certificate, network editor certificate, office software senior operator certificate, etc.

Employment orientation: I can be a business assistant, administrative assistant, training assistant, secretary, marketing specialist, customer service specialist, public relations and marketing specialist in enterprises and institutions.

You can continue to study higher vocational majors: secretarial, business administration and public relations.

Similar majors: business assistant, business management, business secretary, secretary and office automation, foreign secretary, administrative secretary, etc.

Responsibilities outside of daily work

Main courses: introduction to civil affairs, sociology, social psychology, introduction to social work, social work regulations and policies, social investigation methods, social work methods and skills (youth social work, elderly social work), sign language, etc.

Qualification certificate: assistant social worker certificate.

Employment orientation: social welfare institutions at all levels, public welfare institutions, civil affairs institutions, community neighborhood committees, social service institutions, etc.

You can continue to study higher vocational major: social work.

manpower management/scheduling

Main courses: labor law theory and practice, human resource management, salary management, recruitment interview and employment management, secretarial practice, etc.

Qualification certificates: Putonghua level certificate, human resource manager (level 4) certificate, etc.

Employment orientation: I can engage in administrative and personnel work such as recruitment, training, attendance, social security and personnel information management.

You can continue to study higher vocational major: human resource management.

enterprise management

Main courses: Mandarin and Cantonese training, modern etiquette, computer and office software application, secretarial practice, official document writing, file management, interpersonal relationship and communication in the workplace, etc.

Qualification certificate: Putonghua grade certificate, secretary qualification certificate, human resource manager (level 4) certificate, etc.

Employment orientation: I am engaged in business administration and office clerk work in enterprises.

You can continue to study higher vocational major: business administration.

Similar major: business administration, etc.

New career

Professional information analyst

Definition of occupation: A professional information analyst refers to a person who is engaged in the collection, collation and analysis of labor security and related information.

Main work contents: (1) Collecting labor security and related information; (two) processing labor security and related information; (3) Analyze labor security and related information, and put forward work suggestions and even policy suggestions.

Entrepreneurial consultant

Definition of occupation: a person who provides consulting services for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs.

Main work contents: (1) Organize training courses to impart entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to help entrepreneurs avoid the blindness of entrepreneurship and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship; (2) Help entrepreneurs to form their own ideas of entrepreneurial projects, and make clear positioning and development plans for their future products, customers, market development prospects and business models; (3) provide advice and answers to the knowledge, policies, regulations and common problems involved by entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurial practice; (4) Providing project demonstration services for entrepreneurs and guiding the development of project market research, project feasibility analysis, risk assessment and investment benefit assessment ..... >>

Question 8: What is public service? Public service is a social production process that uses public power or public resources. The direct needs of citizens and their organizations need to be met through various forms of social production processes. In these social production processes, output is achieved through the distribution and combination of resources. These social production processes are the process of providing services (the services referred to here have nothing to do with whether the output is in physical form). In a society, citizens and their organizations generate total demand for services. The total service supply of this society consists of two parts: civil servants and public services. Public service is only a part of the whole social service as opposed to private service. If a social production process does not use public power or public resources, then it is a pure civil act and belongs to civil service rather than public service. * * * embodies and exercises public power, and public resources are all kinds of resources and funds owned by the state. If a social production process involves * * * in some way, such as financial funds, property rights or concessions, and implements the will of the state to some extent, then it belongs to public * * * services. For example, not only the education provided by * * * and institutions is a public service, but also non-governmental educational institutions are providing public services if they are licensed by * * * or use public resources.

Public services must be what citizens need, meet some direct needs of citizens, and benefit and enjoy citizens. For example, education is what citizens and their ward, that is, their children need. They can get some satisfaction from education and contribute to their life development.

The object of public service is citizens and their organizations. In many cases, the direct needs of citizens are expressed through organizations. Civil economic organizations and social organizations express citizens' economic needs and social needs respectively. Civil economic organizations are various forms of for-profit enterprises, and civil society organizations are various non-profit non-profit organizations. These two forms of organization constitute non-governmental organizations. In China, they are now called private enterprises and non-governmental organizations respectively. * * * The activities carried out and intervened to meet the direct needs of citizens and their organizations are public services. If a * * * institution works for its own needs and serves the * * * organs and staff, then it is not a public service.

Public services meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations. In a society, the needs of citizens and their organizations for services can be unlimited, but all these needs cannot be met by public services. Public services only need to meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, and the direct needs of other parts are determined by the private service supply mechanism. For example, public services should ensure the supply of basic education and basic social security for every citizen and his ward, and other education and social security can be determined by the private service supply mechanism. In other words, it is the goal of public service to protect the basic rights of survival and development of the socially disadvantaged groups or the poor, while the rich can meet their more or higher needs through the private supply mechanism. In a society, the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, the level of public services and the arrangement of priorities are determined by many factors such as the development level, cultural tradition, value orientation, socio-economic system and development strategy of the society.

The types of public services can be divided into: basic public services; Economic public service; Social public service; Public safety service. Basic public services refer to citizens and their organizations engaged in economic and social activities, or activities such as production, life, development and entertainment, which have the basis of intervention, such as water supply, power supply, gas supply, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications, meteorology, etc. Economic public service refers to the services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic or production activities through the intervention of some behaviors, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit, etc. Social public service refers to the services provided for citizens' direct social needs, such as public education, public medical care, public welfare and environmental protection, through the intervention of certain behaviors. Public safety service refers to the safety service provided to citizens through some intervention means, such as military, police and fire service.

Question 9: What are the public service rooms? Public service houses refer to houses that provide public services for teaching and scientific research, such as classrooms, libraries, archives, school history museums, museums, computing centers, modern educational technology centers, auditoriums, gymnasiums, etc. The school will not approve the fixed area of public service buildings for the time being, but further make reasonable planning and effective utilization.