Physical education system in the United States

/kloc-at the end of 0/5, after the Atlantic waterway from Europe to America was opened by Columbus, Europeans came to America one after another. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the first British immigrants arrived in North America, where they opened up their own "Garden of Eden"-New England. Among the immigrants, there are more than 65,438+000 Puritans who received classical higher education at Oxford and Cambridge universities. In order to enable their descendants to receive such education in their new homes, they established Harvard College, the first institution in American history, on the Charles River in Massachusetts in 65,438+0636. 1780, the fourth year after the founding of the United States, Harvard College with a history of 140 years was upgraded to Harvard University.

When the founder of Harvard College transplanted the model of Cambridge University, the original name of the college was "Cambridge College". 1639, in memory of John Harverd, the founder of the college and the main donor of the school-building expenses, the Massachusetts legislature passed a resolution to rename the college "Harvard College".

On the emblem of Harvard University, which has been used since the time of Harvard College, the words VERITAS are written in Latin, meaning "truth". The original motto of Harvard University was also written in Latin, meaning "take Plato as your friend, Aristotle as your friend, and more importantly, take truth as your friend". The words of the school emblem and motto all show the purpose of Harvard University-to pursue and worship the truth.

Conant, a famous American educator who has been the president of Harvard University for 20 years (1933 ~ 1953), once said: "The honor of a university lies not in its architecture and quantity, but in its quality passed down from generation to generation." Only by adhering to high standards and high quality of talent selection and education can Harvard University become a first-class prestigious school with a large number of talents, which has had a great impact on the economy, politics, cultural science and higher education of American society and has great attraction to learners all over the world.

Strive for the first place in the competition

1693, William and Mary College (now the first college of the University of Virginia), the second institution of higher learning in North America, was born. 170 1 year, Yale college (now the first college of Yale university) was established. The emergence of these two colleges has enabled Harvard College to have partners and competitors. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/8th century, nine colleges were established in North America. Although the newly-built colleges generally follow the model of the old British universities, after all, the times are different. Influenced by the European Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, mathematics and natural sciences gradually squeezed into the teaching fields of these colleges. Harvard College, deeply influenced by the tradition of ancient British universities, is facing a strong challenge. 1727, Harvard College established a professor's lecture on mathematics and natural philosophy, which is in line with the changes of the times. At this time, the momentum of the industrial revolution in North America is rising, and the demand for applied science from emerging industries and businesses makes Harvard face a major choice: either stick to the rules, which will lose its leading position in North American institutions of higher learning; Only by bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new can we continue to take charge of North American universities. Harvard chose the latter.

After the lectures on mathematics and natural philosophy were held, Harvard College also purchased a batch of scientific instruments and equipment, and professors taught students astronomy, physics and chemistry by experiment. In the field of mathematics, technical disciplines such as measurement and navigation have been established. 1780, the establishment of medical professors' lectures promoted the research of botany and chemistry. Professors have carried out various scientific research and published the research results in academic journals in North America and Britain. Natural science finally established a solid position in Harvard and had an impact on other colleges.

1775- 1783, an independent war against British colonial rule broke out in North America 13. Harvard College conforms to the trend and stands on the side of sympathy and support for the just cause of the War of Independence. In Massachusetts, almost all famous revolutionaries are Harvard graduates, including john adams, one of the drafters of the American Declaration of Independence and the second president of the United States. 1July 3, 775, George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the North American Revolutionary War Army in Cambridge, where Harvard College was located, and his headquarters was also located in Cambridge. 1776 After the birth of the United States of America, Harvard College awarded honorary doctor of laws degrees to George Washington, Thomas Jefferson (the main drafter of the Declaration of Independence, the third president of the United States), john jay (the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court) and alexander hamilton (the first treasury secretary of the United States federal government).

By 1780, Harvard College had successively set up lectures on theology, mathematics, natural philosophy and medicine, and the college was upgraded to a university. According to the tradition of medieval universities in Europe, only a consortium of three colleges can qualify as a university. At that time, the Massachusetts legislature unexpectedly recognized Harvard College as a university, which was both a love and a spur. Harvard University continues to pay attention to its own construction. 18 16 set up a seminary, 18 17 set up a law school. Together with Harvard College, which was originally dominated by arts and sciences, there are three colleges, making it a truly justified university. /kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, the influence of Harvard University has surpassed Massachusetts and reached the central and southern parts of the United States.

In the early days of the North American War of Independence, Harvard College's funds, including real estate rent, were insufficient 1700. After 1793, Harvard's fund has exceeded 182000 dollars. /kloc-In the 9th century, due to the sponsorship of alumni, the fund of Harvard University rose steadily, reaching $242,000 in 1800 and $2.25 million in 1869.

During this period, the curriculum of Harvard University has undergone great changes. From 65438 to 0790, Harvard University offered Latin, Greek, mathematics (including astronomy), English writing and philosophy (including metaphysics, morality and politics).

Theology, natural science, Hebrew and French are two courses that students can choose. The change of Harvard university curriculum is largely influenced by the reform of German higher education. During this period, wilhelm humboldt, a famous German educator, put forward three famous principles about the reform of university education: independence; The principle of unity of freedom and cooperation; The principle of unity of education and research and the principle of scientific unity. Humboldt not only put forward the ideal of university reform, but also put it into practice in Berlin University he advocated, advocating academic freedom and combining education with scientific research. Berlin University has become a model of new universities in Germany. Some young professors who taught at Harvard University studied in Germany and were influenced by German universities. They demanded to change the mode of British universities, take Germany as the teacher and follow the system of German universities. 1825, four young professors jointly put forward four reform suggestions: reducing the proportion of classical literature courses; Attach importance to the study of foreign modern literature; Establish a postgraduate degree system; Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. None of these four opinions was adopted at that time.

1829, J. Quincy became the president of Harvard University. He drastically reversed the direction of Harvard University and strongly advocated attaching importance to scientific teaching. He worked in16 (1829-1845) and established a school of science and an observatory at Harvard University. 18th century and19th century, with the development of Harvard University, the curriculum scope of the school has been expanded and the focus has changed, and natural science has received great attention.

1869- 1909, chemist Charles. William Eliot was the president of Harvard University. He served for 40 years and built Harvard University into a large modern university. He injected new vitality into law schools and medical schools, and established new schools of business administration, dentistry and art. The number of registered students increased from 1000 to 3,000, the number of teaching staff increased from 49 to 278, and the school funding increased from $23 million to $225 million.

1909- 1933, Albert Lance Lowell was the president of Harvard University. He reformulated the undergraduate course plan and implemented the system of combining centralized and decentralized courses, so that students could receive a good basic education. Lowell's tutorial system is still used by Harvard University. Lowell's most outstanding contribution is to implement the boarding system at Harvard University. With the implementation of this system, undergraduates in large comprehensive universities have a small college environment. Freshmen live in dormitories on or near Harvard campus in their first year. A year later, students moved into 12 dormitory, and 13 dormitory was set up for a few days. Each dormitory building has resident teachers and tutors to guide students' study and life. In addition, each dormitory also has a restaurant and a library. In the dormitory area, various interesting sports, social and cultural activities are often carried out.

In recent years, several presidents, such as Conant, Nathan Marsh Puxi, Derek Bok and the current president Lu, have made great efforts for the construction of Harvard University. On the one hand, they strive to improve the education quality of undergraduate and graduate students, and at the same time, they strive to play the prominent role of Harvard University as a research institution.

Conant was a professor, dean and president of the Department of Chemistry of Harvard University in191953. He implemented the off-campus special committee system at Harvard University to evaluate the qualifications and tenure of school teachers. He also created a general education program to provide all undergraduates with a wide range of research fields besides the main courses.

1953- 197 1 year, with Puxi as the president. Under his auspices, Harvard University conducted the largest fund-raising activity in the history of American higher education, raising 825 million dollars for Harvard University. This activity has increased the salaries of Harvard university teachers, expanded the financial aid for students, established new professorships and enriched teaching equipment.

Since 197 1, Bok has been the president. He seriously dealt with some major issues in higher education, including administration, educational opportunities for ethnic minorities and women, and technological transformation between academia and industry. President Bok also reorganized the management organization of Harvard University, and introduced modern management science and procedures into various graduate schools and departments of Harvard University.

199 1 year, Lu became the 26th president. As part of better coordinating the relationship between colleges and teachers, he launched a centralized academic plan for the whole school to determine the most important and priority parts of Harvard. In addition, Lu also emphasized the responsibilities of universities: excellent undergraduate education, the doors of universities are always open to people of different economic classes, and how research universities can adapt to the era of rapid information growth and serious financial constraints and meet challenges in a freely expressed society.

The continuous reform and renewal of the curriculum

The history of Harvard University for more than 360 years is a history in which development and change advance each other.

Harvard College, founded a century and a half ago, has always been based on two universities in Britain, Oxford and Cambridge, with the goal of cultivating priests, lawyers and officials, paying attention to humanities, and students are not free to choose courses. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, the horn of higher education curriculum reform sounded in Harvard, advocating "academic freedom" and "lecture freedom".

The stereotype of "fixed academic year" and "fixed curriculum" has been impacted, and the system of free elective courses has gradually emerged. Some people at Harvard College also advocate the implementation of elective courses. This demand for innovation was opposed by traditional conservative forces, and the initiative was not realized at Harvard.

However, the call for higher education to adapt to social development and students' individual needs is growing. 1839, Harvard University started the curriculum reform again. 184 1 year, Harvard officially implemented the course selection system, but it quickly regressed under the opposition of conservative forces.

/kloc-In the 1960s of 0/9, the American Civil War broke out. The civil war paved the way for the development of American capitalism. The productivity is advancing by leaps and bounds, and the status of scientific and technological workers is gradually improving. Engineers, natural scientists and industrial technicians can keep pace with lawyers and officials. The change of the situation is very beneficial to the curriculum reform in colleges and universities, and the elective system has risen again, and Harvard has once again taken the lead in reform.

1869, Eliot became the president of Harvard University at the age of 35. After that, he served as president for 40 years, and he was the main commander of the electoral system. Under his leadership and promotion, Harvard University fully implemented the elective system. By 1895, only English and modern foreign languages are compulsory courses, and others are optional courses. Many colleges and universities in the United States have followed the footsteps of Harvard University, reducing or canceling compulsory courses and increasing elective courses.

According to the requirements of the free elective system, students can take 16 courses to pursue their degrees. As long as you meet the requirements, you can get the corresponding degree. This method breaks the fixed four-year academic system, and those with excellent grades can get corresponding degrees within three years, which can be called "eclectic talent reduction". Thanks to Eliot's efforts, Harvard University hired celebrities and scholars to teach, offering more elective courses than other universities, expanding students' knowledge and giving full play to their learning potential. Eliot's educational thought and curriculum reform have had a far-reaching impact on the development of American higher education. He stressed that colleges and universities should give students three magic weapons: first, give students the freedom to choose in their studies; The second is to give students the opportunity to display their talents in the subjects they are good at; The third is to change students' learning from passive behavior to independent behavior, and liberate students from dependence and subordination to teachers.

1909, Lowell became the principal. On the premise of retaining the advantages of free course selection system, he put forward a new teaching reform plan. From 19 14, the system of "centralization and decentralization" was implemented. The so-called "concentration" means that in 16 elective courses, six specialized courses of the department must be taken to ensure the key points; The so-called "distribution" means that two of the other six courses are selected from three different knowledge fields to ensure that students' knowledge is broader. The rest of the courses are freely chosen by students. This system can not only ensure the depth of specialized courses, but also broaden students' horizons and leave appropriate space for students' personal hobbies.

1933, chemist Conant served as the principal, and he made great efforts to set up a special Committee to study the curriculum reform of 1940. After five years of repeated research, a special report was put forward, which advocated strengthening general education. According to the recommendations of the special report, Harvard University conducted experiments for another five years, and formally implemented the "general education" system in 195 1. According to the provisions of the general education system, students in the first, first and second grades should take 6 specialized courses from their own departments, and then choose 1 general education courses from humanities, society and nature, with 3 courses and at least 3 courses from other departments; Second, there are also general education classes in the third and fourth grades. Those who have not studied general education in grade one or two may not attend general education in grade three or four. Third, students studying for master's degree and doctor's degree can take some general education courses in the third and fourth grades; Fourth, students are not allowed to take two courses belonging to the same examination group. In this way, general education and professional education are closely integrated, connected and developed in an orderly manner. This method absorbs the advantages of the former system and synthesizes them, forming a free course selection system based on exchange education and oriented to centralization and decentralization.

There are generally four grading methods for Harvard students' grades: First, according to the five grades of A, B, C, D and E, A is the highest score; Second, pass and fail; Third, satisfaction and dissatisfaction; Fourth, there are credits and no credits.

The curriculum reform of Harvard University has not stopped. They then study which courses are the core courses or basic courses in general education. They deeply realize that no matter what major they study, they must have profound basic knowledge. Harvard university's concept of "deep roots and lush foliage" is very clear.

Derek Bok became president in 197 1. He attached great importance to undergraduate basic education and took effective measures. At the beginning of the 20th century, liberal arts courses in American universities were set according to the principle of combining depth with depth, which not only allowed students to have a deeper understanding of a certain field, but also required students to have a wider range of dabbling in other fields. By the middle of the 20th century, students are required to have a general and basic understanding of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences in terms of knowledge breadth. In the 1960s and 1970s, the above curriculum model was challenged again. Due to the unprecedented expansion of human knowledge, the boundaries between traditional disciplines have been broken, which makes the traditional liberal arts curriculum structure in a situation of having to be reformed. 1973, President Bok appointed Henry Rosovsky as the dean of Harvard College of Arts and Sciences, entrusted him to study the goals of Harvard College of Arts and Sciences and various problems existing in undergraduate education, and called on teachers to make suggestions, brainstorm and reformulate the goals and methods of university teaching. Rosovski appointed Professor Wilson to study the same basic courses, and put forward a reform plan in 1976, namely "Wilson Report". This report advocates the compulsory basic course of * * *. After repeated discussion and revision, Dean Rosovski personally presided over the further revision. Results 1978 put forward a report on the basic course of * * *, and decided to put it into practice the next year.

From the above process, we can see that Harvard University is constantly adapting to the requirements of the times and constantly innovating. This reform is not carried out in a hurry with pure enthusiasm, nor is it carried out in isolation. These are of great significance to our educational reform.

Institutions of Harvard University

The governing bodies of Harvard University are the Board of Directors and the Board of Supervisors of Harvard University.

Harvard university board of directors

The board of directors of Harvard University is responsible for managing the financial affairs and affairs of the school. Major issues concerning educational policies and institutional setup shall be discussed and decided by the principals and directors of each department to the board of directors. The dean and dean of the graduate school of Harvard University are appointed by the President.

School affairs supervision Committee

The supervisory committee of Harvard University consists of 30 members. Most of these members are elected by alumni who graduated from Harvard College and Radcliffe College for a term of six years. The school affairs supervision committee holds regular meetings to investigate and study the work of the university, put forward suggestions on the educational policies and practices of the university, and support major activities of the university.

Long-lasting vitality is always new.

Among the world famous schools, Harvard University is an immortal pine tree. Exploring the lasting relationship of this famous university is a topic of interest to higher education researchers all over the world. The reason why it can endure and keep pace with the times is worth learning in all universities.

First, innovation. When Harvard College was founded, it was only the size of a rural school in rural China. Now it has developed into the first university in the United States with large scale, advanced equipment, outstanding achievements and far-reaching influence. This is not a gift from God, nor is it spontaneous, but the result of Harvard people's hard work and constant innovation. Facts have proved that metabolism and innovation are universal laws of the development of things. From imitating Britain and Germany to independent innovation system, from learning only fixed courses to adopting free course selection system, centralized and decentralized system and general education system, Harvard has formed a free course selection system based on general education and oriented by centralized and decentralized system, and so on, all of which are the results of innovation and have not stopped today. This is the vitality of a thriving school.

Second, pay equal attention to quality. When Harvard was founded, there was only one teacher and four students. Now, the number of teachers has exceeded 2000, and the number of students is nearly 20,000. The development of numbers is amazing. Harvard did not neglect the improvement of quality in its development, and insisted on paying equal attention to quality. In addition to clear guiding ideology, there are two more important measures to ensure the quality of education: First, enrich and improve the equipment, "workers must sharpen their tools first if they want to do a good job", and Harvard's teaching facilities, laboratories, libraries, museums and so on. Are first-class; Second, pay attention to people's quality. Teachers should be creative and students should be selective. Harvard is very strict about the admission of students. About 65,438+00-20% of the applicants were admitted, and most freshmen got A grades in middle school before entering school. Due to the strong faculty, high starting point for students and other conditions such as material facilities, Harvard's education quality is quite high, ranking among the best universities in the United States and even the world.

Third, the combination of teaching and scientific research. World-famous institutions of higher learning have become "two centers", which are both teaching centers and scientific research centers, among which Harvard is the best. Facts show that no matter how high the level of teachers is, they need to continue their studies. Teachers in Harvard all have scientific research tasks, and senior students or students with excellent grades in Harvard also engage in certain scientific research work while studying. Harvard library and museum not only serve teaching and research, but also engage in teaching and research. Harvard university has achieved the combination of teaching and scientific research, which promote each other and complement each other.

Fourth, internal and external cooperation. The internal units of Harvard University are closely linked, and many students can register and study across departments and disciplines. Harvard also cooperates with famous universities and influential scientific research institutions such as MIT. Internal and external cooperation enables Harvard University to maximize the mobilization of human and material resources, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and give full play to the best benefits.

Yale:

170 1 year, in Connecticut, New England, North America, an English missionary named James pierpont donated 40 books on behalf of his mission, hoping to establish a school aimed at training young people to learn science and art and serve the church and society. The idea was conceived in Connecticut 170 1, 10. Craftsman flash I? In July18, Mr. elihu yale, a senior official of the British East India Company, donated the portrait of King George I of England and some books and articles to this little-known school. As a result, he was lucky enough to rename the school after himself. This is the "Yale University" which has been famous for 300 years and is associated with the names of countless outstanding people.

Yale was founded by 1 and 40 books.

Piak Bay was settled and gradually developed into a prosperous New Haven port. Reverend John Davenport thinks that education can make European civilization take root in the United States, so he proposes to establish a university here. Although his plan was frustrated many times, his ideas influenced many local people. At 170 1, a group of congregational missionaries, led by James pierpont, persuaded the Kangzhou court to agree to establish a religious school, so that young people could "learn art and science" ... and serve the church and the country. 10 The pastor entrusted to manage the school took out 40 books from their small library as the capital of the school. 170 1 10 In June, the clergy elected Abraham Pearson, a graduate of Harvard University, as the first principal, and the missionary school was formally established. But it was not until the following March that the school had its first student, Jacob Hemingway.

1707 The first batch of students 18 received their bachelor's degrees. There were no school buildings at the beginning, and students were scattered in six cities in Connecticut. 17 16, the trustee voted unanimously to move the school to new haven. 17 18, Mr. elihu yale, a senior official of the British East India Company, donated nine bundles of goods with a total price of 562 pounds, 12 shillings, 4 17 books, and the portrait and coat of arms of King George I of England to this missionary school. These items look ordinary now, and Yale was a baby at that time. In order to thank Mr. Yale for his donation, the school was officially renamed "Yale College", which is the predecessor of Yale University today. Later, the development of Yale benefited greatly from the continuous improvement of the relationship between the school and the Connecticut government and the help of Yale alumni. Plants? In 763, in order to keep the school private and get rid of the government's control, the school parted ways with the state government and had to be self-reliant for 40 years. 1792 after the war of independence, the school once again persuaded the then governor of Connecticut to join the Yale school board, and the state government re-injected funds into Yale. However, because the development of the school is increasingly deviating from the purpose of the missionary school, the democratic thought is increasingly strong. 18 17, the state government ordered schools to "stop cooking". Therefore, Lu Ye had to ask the graduates for help. 1827 set up an alumni association, relying on alumni donations for tenacious development.

65438+ From 1930s to 1980s, with the unremitting efforts of Bishop Berkeley, Reverend stiles and President Porter, Yale College gradually developed from a college into a university. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the rapid development of American education, Yale University developed to an amazing scale. Not only that, Yale students also left Yale and founded many famous American universities, such as Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University and University of Chicago. Yale pioneered the residential college of American universities and laid a solid foundation for the rapid development of universities. Harkness, a Yale student, under the influence of angell, then president, donated more than $0.5 million to the school in 1930, built eight residential college and purchased teaching equipment. The rise and development of residential college attracted a large number of celebrities, including famous politicians, critics, writers, artists and journalists. , contributed to the prosperity of Yale and expanded its influence in the world.

2. The most important management feature of Yale University, which is dominated by professors, is that professors govern the university, which has a great influence on American higher education. At the beginning of the school, with the efforts of three generations of presidents, Yale gradually formed a law that the board of directors did not specifically participate in the management of school affairs, but professors would run the school. There was a saying in the United States at that time: "Princeton directors are in power, Harvard presidents are in power, and Yale professors are in power." Because professors have the right to work, they pay special attention to the interests of students, pay special attention to the reputation of the college, and have strict requirements on teaching quality. At the same time, the school has a strong independence, so that the school board system and the off-campus authority system initiated by Yale have been adopted by many universities established later. In the past 300 years, no matter how the management system of Yale evolves, the tradition of attaching importance to and trusting professors has been passed down from generation to generation, which in turn has prompted professors to give full play to their talents and abilities, pay attention to their own moral cultivation, enhance the prestige of professors' associations and strengthen the independence of teachers. Yale University has neither a huge team of administrative staff divorced from teaching nor a special administrative building. If you ask the president of this world-famous rich university where he works, people will tell you that the president's office is in the smallest and most inconspicuous building. Since professors play an important role in Yale, the quality of teachers themselves must be excellent, and Yale teachers need to be strictly selected. The teacher is super knowledgeable and the students admire him. However, because the requirements for students are not very strict, students are also in awe of teachers, and privately give many image nicknames to those strict teachers. However, Yale students are very lucky. They can be taught by respected teachers in person very early, which is one of the reasons for the high quality of Yale students.

3. Yale students who can learn to play are almost crazy to learn, but at the same time Yale people can say that they can learn to play and students can take vacations on their own. As long as students get excellent grades, they can leave the college for a semester or a school year at any time, and take advantage of this opportunity to work, engage in scientific research that interests them or travel to relax. Yale is an open university, which can accommodate all kinds of ideas. Campus life is rich and colorful, pursuing perfection. Yale encourages students to learn all the strange things and try everything they are willing to try. This is not only reflected in academic contention, but also in students' extracurricular life. Yale holds more than 1000 concerts in public every year, and regularly invites famous actors and directors to visit, perform and give speeches on campus. More than 90% students voluntarily participate in sports activities, and the school's sports level is very high. Since 1894 resumed the Olympic Games, Yale has sent hundreds of athletes to participate and won more than 50 gold medals. Yale's baseball team is national, and former US President George H.W. Bush was an excellent baseball player when he was studying at Yale.

Yale is famous for its politicians because its students have a tradition of caring about politics. There are many political organizations in the school, and organizations with different or even opposing views live in peace, such as well-organized "young people and partisans" and "young Democrats", and the most active "Yale Political Alliance". These organizations of Yale students often debate and take an active part in political activities, such as protesting the American invasion of Vietnam in the 1960s and the apartheid policy in South Africa in the 1980s. Yale's political debate is very active, which often attracts great attention from American political circles and public opinion circles. People seem to see the future American political stars from the fierce student debate. Although Yale is a prestigious school that discourages students all over the world, the threshold of Yale is not unattainable. On the contrary, Yale has given special care and consideration to students who are smart and eager to learn but whose families are difficult, such as reducing tuition fees. Yale's philosophy is that excellent students are the guarantee of excellent schools. These students may come from farms or slums, and their parents may be poor, but Yale has the responsibility to find and train them, regardless of their skin color, nationality and nationality. As a result, many aspiring young people from ordinary backgrounds spread their wings from Yale.

Yale, which is full of talents, has experienced a long and glorious history of 300 years. Yale has not only sent a large number of elites to the United States, but also cultivated many pillars for the world. The proudest student of Yale is nathan hale, a student in grade 1773, who is called a national hero by Americans. Nathan hale, a fanatical patriot, was arrested and hanged when he went deep into the British defense line to collect information during the American Revolution. Before he died, he left a strong message handed down from generation to generation: "My only regret is that I didn't give my motherland a second life." Four other American presidents graduated from Yale University. They are the 27th President William Howard, the 38th President Gerald Ford, the 4th President George Bush and the 42nd President Bill Clinton. The current situation of the 54th general election in the United States shows that George W. Bush, a Yale graduate and party candidate, is likely to become the 43rd president of the United States. If George W. Bush is finally elected, Yale will create an amazing miracle: three consecutive presidents are from Yale! In addition, Lieberman, the Democratic vice presidential candidate, and Hillary Clinton, now the first lady of the United States and successfully elected as a senator from new york, are also from Yale. As for Yale students who hold senior positions such as senators and government ministers, it is difficult to list them.

Although Yale is famous for its humanities, its style of attaching equal importance to arts and sciences has also trained many world-class scientists for Yale. For example, David bushnell, a scientist who invented submarines and torpedoes in 1755, Benjamin Silliman Jr., the "father of American education", invented the world's first high-energy particle accelerator, Ernest Lawrence, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939, and John, the former chairman of IBM. China famous university students who graduated from Yale include Zhan Tianyou, an expert on railway bridges, Ying Fo Woo, a hero of the Sino-Japanese War, and Ma Yinchu, a famous demographer. So far, nearly 20 Yale students have won the Nobel Prize, and this year they won this award.