What are the advantages of China manufacturing? What are the disadvantages of manufacturing in China?

Adjust and optimize to create new advantages of industrial structure

In the study and practice activities, Huaneng Group deeply understands the development law of electric power enterprises under the new situation, and clearly puts forward the strategic orientation of "building Huaneng into an internationally competitive comprehensive energy group with electricity as the core, coal as the foundation, finance as the support, science and technology as the guide and industrial synergy", further strengthens the development of renewable energy and clean energy, accelerates the development pace of coal-fired power bases, and achieves new results in the "going out" work. Huaneng used overseas resources to build the largest hydropower station in Myanmar-Ruili River I Hydropower Station by BOT, and 80% of the electricity was sent back to China, which accumulated experience for China enterprises to "go global" to develop resource points. Xi Thermal Energy Engineering Research Institute signed the principle agreement of coal gasification technology license for IGCC project with American Future Fuel Company. This is the first time that dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification technology, the key technology of clean coal power with independent intellectual property rights in China, has entered the western developed countries and the international energy market. On June 4th, 65438, Huaneng Haimen Power Plant 1 unit, the first ultra-supercritical energy-saving and environmental protection unit with the largest single unit capacity in China, was successfully connected to the grid for power generation. This is another exploration and practice for Huaneng Group to implement Scientific Outlook on Development and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society after successfully building Huaneng Yuhuan Power Plant, the first ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant in China.

Reform and innovation, and create new advantages in system and mechanism.

In terms of mechanism innovation, Huaneng Group actively explored and achieved initial results. First, improve the three-level management system of group companies, regional companies (industrial companies) and grass-roots enterprises. The implementation plan and work plan for strengthening the headquarters construction of the group company were formulated and issued, and the management efficiency and ability of the headquarters were gradually improved, and the headquarters construction achieved initial results. Further strengthen the construction of grass-roots enterprises and team building, and the team activities of "double innovation and double Excellence" and "learning, teamwork, safety, management and innovation" are fully carried out in grass-roots enterprises throughout the system. Second, the performance management mechanism was further rationalized. Guided by development strategy and centered on economic benefits, we should improve the "trinity" incentive and restraint mechanism of indicators, assessment and salary, mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprise leaders and cadres and employees, and enhance employees' concern for enterprise development. The third is to strengthen information construction and management. Vigorously promote the "Information Planning of Huaneng Group Company" and give better play to the role of service management in risk early warning and decision support of information work.

Lay a solid foundation and create new advantages in enterprise management

After the study and practice activities entered the second stage, Huaneng Group completed the analysis and inspection report with high quality, and did the following work in creating new management advantages: First, strengthen strategic planning management. The "Twelfth Five-Year" industrial development planning outline of the group company has been basically completed, and the draft "going out" strategy of Huaneng Group has been formulated. The second is to further strengthen system construction. Clean up and revise the company's various systems, and study and formulate system planning. Third, carry out benchmarking management in an all-round way, speed up the establishment of benchmarking management system and long-term benchmarking mechanism, introduce performance appraisal management system, and form a pressure transmission mechanism. Fourth, strengthen safety production management, greatly improve the health level of equipment, greatly reduce the number of non-stop machines, and further reduce energy consumption indicators. Fifth, increase the monthly analysis and benchmarking of energy conservation and emission reduction, carry out special energy conservation rectification activities, and achieve new low-energy consumption indicators.

Improve the ability of independent innovation and create new advantages led by science and technology

For a long time, Huaneng Group has made unremitting efforts to improve its independent innovation ability, and in the study and practice activities, it takes science and technology to create new advantages as the top priority. First, accelerate the construction of enterprise innovation system and integrate scientific and technological resources. The second is to improve the technological innovation system, revise the scientific and technological development plan from 20 10 to 2025, and do a good job in the pilot work of national innovative enterprises. Third, actively promote the research and application of cutting-edge power generation technology. Accelerate the construction of green coal-fired power generation and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor power generation demonstration projects, and build and operate a large-scale coal-fired power plant CO2 capture and treatment demonstration device with a capture capacity of 654.38+10,000 tons/year. Fourth, actively carry out energy saving and consumption reduction of active units and design optimization of new units, and study and build demonstration projects of ultra-high parameters, ultra-large capacity and high efficiency generating units, so as to keep the technical and economic indicators of generating units ahead of the industry.

People-oriented, creating new advantages in team building and party building.

Huaneng Group took learning and practice activities as an opportunity to extensively carry out the theme practice activities of "party member Demonstration Action". Party member, the headquarters of Huaneng Group, is a secondary unit and a grass-roots enterprise. With the theme of "I contribute to the construction of the headquarters", "connecting the preceding with the following to strengthen the quality" and "Three Ones", the study and practice activities are implemented at the grass-roots level, reflected in the team and reflected in the post. Huaneng Group takes the activities of creating "four good" leading bodies as the carrier, and the assessment of leading bodies is normalized and the management of reserve cadres is dynamic. For the first time, Huaneng Group conducted an open recruitment of deputy department-level cadres in the headquarters department for the company system. Huaneng and Xi Jiaotong University jointly trained nuclear power professionals smoothly. Taking medical assistance for serious illness as a breakthrough, Huaneng Group is studying to further establish and improve the medical security system of Huaneng System. Huaneng Group also incorporated the construction of corporate culture into the enterprise development strategy, vigorously integrated corporate cultural resources, and promoted the deep integration of "three-color company" culture in the company system, which effectively promoted the scientific development of the company. Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of China's Manufacturing Industry According to the calculation of the net export value of China's manufacturing industries in recent years, the comparative advantages of China's manufacturing industry are mainly reflected in the following industries:

Clothing industry, textile industry, food industry, stationery industry, leather and furniture manufacturing industry, rubber and plastic products industry, metal products industry and other light industries.

Comparative disadvantages are concentrated in the following industries:

General machinery manufacturing, iron and steel industry, transportation equipment manufacturing, electronics industry, paper and paper products industry, petroleum and petrochemical industry, instrumentation and other industries.

First, the comparative advantages and disadvantages of China's manufacturing industry

Analyzing the comparative advantages or disadvantages of China's manufacturing industry, we can find the following characteristics.

First, industries with comparative advantages are all labor-intensive industries with shallow processing and low technical level and added value. The reason for this industrial pattern is that China is rich in human resources and low in labor cost. The biggest advantage of these comparative advantage industries lies in their cost advantages, but their advantages in foreign marketing and product brands are relatively weak. Therefore, the comparative advantage of existing industries has not played an obvious role in cultivating the competitive advantage of enterprises in China.

Second, all industries with comparative disadvantages are technology-intensive or capital-intensive high value-added industries, except for the paper industry which is short of resources. Moreover, some pillar industries in China are also at a comparative disadvantage. Judging from the present situation of China's manufacturing industry, capital-intensive or technology-intensive industries are not only China's industrial advantages (accounting for a large proportion in the manufacturing industry), but also industries supported by the government, such as pillar industries and high-tech industries. However, these industries do not have comparative advantages in the world at present, and will bear the brunt of the impact after joining the wto, which will be a very severe challenge to China's manufacturing industry.

Thirdly, combining the comparative advantages or disadvantages of China's manufacturing industry with the competitive advantages of enterprises, the industrial distribution of China's large enterprises is mostly concentrated in China's comparative disadvantages industries, mainly in petroleum and petrochemical industries, steel industries, automobile industries and electric power industries, except textile and clothing industries. From the perspective of developed countries, multinational companies with obvious competitive advantages in international competition are mostly concentrated in some oligopolistic or monopolistic competitive industries, and the imperfection of competitive industries or market environment is the main source of their emergence. However, these industries in China are still at a relative disadvantage. Therefore, it is still a difficult road for China enterprises to form the ability to compete with international multinational companies in international competition.

Second, the textile and garment industry: the biggest beneficiary in the manufacturing industry

China's textile and garment industry ranks first in the world, and it is one of the most mature industries in China at present, and it is also the industry with the most comparative advantage in domestic manufacturing. Generally speaking, the impact of China's entry into WTO on China's textile and garment industry will outweigh the disadvantages, especially in the long run.

After China's entry into WTO, China's textile exports will increase. In recent years, the proportion of China's textile and clothing quota exports to total exports is not very high, which has not yet had a significant impact on the textile and clothing industry. In addition, China's textile and clothing exports to the United States and the EU countries that implement export quotas to China are implemented according to their bilateral agreements, and the growth rate is relatively low. Therefore, it is expected that China's accession to the WTO will not have an immediate impact on China's textile and garment industry.

The favorable influence of China's entry into wto on China's textile and garment industry is long-term. First of all, China's textiles and garments have a strong competitive advantage in the international market, and their product grades are constantly improving. In the international competition of labor-intensive industries, competitiveness depends not only on the level of science and technology and the cost of raw materials, but also on the cost of wages and the quality of labor to a great extent. At present, the clothing marked "Made in China" has become one of the top-grade clothing markets in the world. Secondly, China's accession to the WTO has given us a ticket to participate in the discussion and formulation of world trade rules, which is conducive to reducing the discrimination of developed countries against China's textile and clothing exports. If developed countries restrict China's textile and garment exports by anti-dumping, they will be restricted; It can partially offset the negative impact of NAFTA on China's textile and garment exports to the US market; It can also reduce the adverse impact of EU regional trade liberalization on China's textile and garment export to the European market.

Third, the steel industry: challenges outweigh opportunities

There is a big gap between the overall level of China's iron and steel industry and the world's advanced level. Although it is a "steel power", it is not a "steel power". In the international trade of steel, China has always been a net importer of steel. Since 1984, China's steel imports 10 million tons, mainly high-performance and high value-added varieties, and exports are mainly ordinary steel.

Compared with international iron and steel enterprises, China's iron and steel enterprises are large in number, small in scale, low in specialized production, low in industrial concentration and low in quality. The number and variety of plates cannot meet the domestic market demand, and the self-sufficiency rate of high-quality and high-value-added steel products is low. Judging from the variety structure of China's steel industry at present, the steel products that are in short supply on the market are mainly hot-rolled plates, cold-rolled plates, galvanized plates, tinned plates, stainless steel plates, cold-rolled silicon steels and medium plates.

Generally speaking, the impact of China's entry into WTO on China's iron and steel industry is that challenges outweigh opportunities. After China's entry into WTO, tariffs will be gradually reduced, and more importantly, import restrictions will be abolished, and steel trade barriers will no longer exist, which will have a great impact on steel enterprises that produce high value-added products. Due to the serious overcapacity of global steel production, the international steel market price is close to the production cost of international steel enterprises, and ordinary steel will face competitive pressure in terms of price, quality and service. At the same time, China's short-board, high-tech and high value-added products, such as tinplate, oil well pipe, automobile cold-rolled plate, color-coated plate and special steel, will be severely challenged by market competition. Of course, China's accession to the WTO is also a new development opportunity for China's iron and steel industry. After China's entry into WTO, China should enjoy preferential import tariffs on raw materials, improve the low quality of iron ore in China and enhance the competitiveness of its products. At the same time, strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in science and technology and talents, transform or eliminate backward production equipment, and improve the utilization rate of funds, equipment, manpower and raw materials. After China's accession to the WTO, the domestic and international steel markets will be fully integrated, and the prices of all kinds of steel will be integrated with the international market. Due to the high production cost of China iron and steel industry, the economic benefits of the whole industry will be greatly affected.

Fourth, the automobile industry: the field of open investment has far-reaching influence.

The most direct impact of China's entry into WTO is tariff reduction, which is a gradual process. The existing domestic cars are mostly middle and low grade, and their current prices will be affected, but the impact will not be very serious. Domestic manufacturers can maintain a certain price advantage through downward adjustment. In the long run, the far-reaching influence on China's automobile industry is the opening of investment field, which means that foreign capital can penetrate into the core of China's automobile industry. In the market-oriented environment, the advantages of domestic enterprises such as labor force can be obtained as quickly as foreign capital, but the weaknesses of domestic enterprises in technology, financing and management are difficult to change in a short time, which may "erode" the core competitiveness of China automobile industry, including production and research and development. The obligations and rights undertaken by WTO members are equal, and China enterprises can obtain the same rights in other countries' markets. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, this influence is obviously more common and prominent than benefiting from foreign markets.

Because different sub-industries and different enterprises have different characteristics and situations, the degree and direction of their influence are very different. Generally speaking, China's automobile industry is at a disadvantage in scale and technology, but now we still have a slight advantage in labor cost, distribution network and market applicability of some products. Therefore, it is expected that products with large capital investment and high technology content will be greatly impacted, mainly including middle and high-end cars, light buses, some parts (such as electronic components such as automatic transmission) and other sub-industries. Large and medium-sized buses, trucks and some parts will be less affected, and may even benefit from a more open international market. If some economical cars with lower absolute prices can expand the scale of production and sales as soon as possible and reduce costs, it is expected to reduce the impact and maintain development.

It should be noted that no matter which industry, there are enterprises that may be affected and benefited. In a more open and free market, they have lost all kinds of "protection", and "internal strength" such as system and internal management will play a more important role in the business performance of enterprises.

China's automobile industry is in a transitional stage from the introduction period to the growth period, and the growth period is characterized by a high development speed based on a large total. If domestic enterprises can maintain their existing competitive position in the market, they will have good prospects.

The favorable factors that China's entry into WTO may bring to domestic enterprises are shown in two aspects: ① It provides opportunities for domestic enterprises to use global resources more economically to upgrade themselves. Import tariffs, especially those on imported parts, have fallen sharply. Domestic enterprises can purchase some core parts through globalization, thus improving product quality, enhancing market competitiveness and keeping lower costs. At present, for domestic enterprises, market share may be the most important; (2) The deepening of industry marketization provides conditions for the real integration of domestic enterprises. The government's fading out of industry and enterprise management makes it possible to reorganize the industry according to economic principles, and the cost of reorganization will be greatly reduced, which is conducive to concentrating resources and rapidly improving the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Relatively speaking, this change may have a longer-term significance for the development of China's automobile industry.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Pharmaceutical industry: Facing a big impact in the short term.

China is a big producer of chemical raw materials. For a long time, chemical raw materials have been the export pillar of the pharmaceutical industry. China's accession to the WTO will further promote the overall export of chemical raw materials. Preparation is the main drug imported from China. At present, the average tariff of imported drugs is 12%, which will be gradually reduced after China's entry into WTO, which will have a certain adverse impact on domestic drug production, and will have a great impact on semi-synthetic antibiotics and cephalosporins and related intermediates. The internal quality of traditional Chinese medicine is unstable, and there are also problems in pharmacology, dosage form, standardization and standardization of traditional Chinese medicine products. The low degree of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine has hindered the promotion to the international market. From June to July this year, China's total export value of traditional Chinese medicine was US$ 302 million, down 2.2% compared with the same period last year. Among them, exports to Japan and South Korea showed a substantial recovery growth, but exports to America, Europe and Oceania continued to decline, with the decline rate of 33.9% for America, 1 1.7% for Europe and 28.3% for Oceania. Therefore, if the fundamental problem of Chinese medicine, that is, modernization, is not solved well, the benefits brought by China's accession to the WTO will be difficult to show. At present, China's medical device products are mainly concentrated in middle and low-grade medical devices, while the production of high-grade products is less and the technical level is backward. After the tariff reduction, it can promote the export of conventional instruments and have a greater impact on unconventional medical instruments, such as B-ultrasound.

1992 China promulgated the Regulations on the Administrative Protection of Drugs, which stipulated in 1986 65438+ 10/0, 1 993 65438+1 0. New drugs after 1993 65438+ 10/month 1 are protected by China's patent law. After joining wto, the original protection regulations will automatically become invalid, but the patent period of many drugs will also expire. The patent rights of recombinant drugs such as recombinant human erythropoietin (epo), recombinant human interferon α-2b, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) and recombinant hepatitis B vaccine will expire before 2005. Therefore, joining wto has little effect on many existing recombinant drugs. In addition, after China's accession to the WTO, the protection of intellectual property rights is more stringent. At present, the vast majority of chemicals produced in China come from imitation of foreign drugs, and the patented drugs needed for clinical treatment in China mainly rely on imports. After China's entry into WTO, the domestic chemical and pharmaceutical industry, which takes imitation of new drugs as the main means of development, will be impacted and new products will be scarce. In the future, only drugs whose patent period has expired can be copied, with fierce competition and meager profits. Advantageously, China's entry into WTO will accelerate the process of China's pharmaceutical industry from imitation to independent development.

In the long run, joining wto is beneficial to the development of China's pharmaceutical industry. Conducive to China's drug management system in line with international standards; It is beneficial to the transformation of management mechanism and system innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises in China; Conducive to the research and development of new pharmaceutical products and the protection of intellectual property rights; It is conducive to further expanding the international market share of chemical raw materials, traditional Chinese medicine and conventional medical device products with comparative advantages in China.

Petroleum and petrochemical industry: facing great pressure.

The world petroleum and petrochemical industry has experienced a period of rapid growth and is becoming more and more mature. /kloc-after the 1990s, the capacity and output of world petroleum and petrochemical products increased too fast, and the market was in oversupply. Especially affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the global petrochemical industry has entered a trough. At this time, in order to enhance their competitiveness, the major petroleum and petrochemical enterprises in the world have set off a new wave of mergers, alliances and restructuring, which has more advantages in industrial restructuring and scale. Although China initiated the integration and reorganization of petroleum and petrochemical industry in 1998, the internal business integration needs to be further deepened. Therefore, after joining the wto, China petroleum and petrochemical enterprises will deeply feel the competitive pressure from global petroleum and petrochemical giants. Judging from the development history of China's petrochemical industry, its rapid development has been protected and supported by policies. Before the reform of petroleum and petrochemical integration, the price of crude oil was depressed by the policy to ensure that the petrochemical industry has considerable profits and support the development of China petrochemical industry. At the same time, the petrochemical industry also restricts the import of crude oil and refined oil in the domestic market by means of quota system, licensing system, high tariff barriers and market access system, restricts overseas oil developers from exploring and exploiting oil on land, and restricts the wholesale and retail business of crude oil and refined oil more strictly. China's domestic market has not been fully opened to overseas petroleum and petrochemical manufacturers, and China's petroleum and petrochemical enterprises will be infiltrated by overseas competitors after China's entry into WTO.

Judging from the policy impact of China's entry into wto on the petroleum and petrochemical industry, the changes in the future market environment are mainly reflected in the following three points; (1) The import quota system and licenses for crude oil, refined oil and petrochemical products will be phased out within a certain period of time; (2) In the future, overseas manufacturers will be gradually liberalized to engage in oil wholesale and retail business in China; (3) Gradually reduce the tariff level. Therefore, it can be considered that China's petroleum and petrochemical industry will face more severe challenges under the global environment of slowing growth of petrochemical industry.

The oil refining industry may be the sub-industry of petroleum and petrochemical that is most impacted by China's entry into WTO, and its most direct competitor comes from large oil refineries in the Asia-Pacific region. Due to the long-term price tilt policy towards the oil refining industry in history, there are many problems in domestic oil refineries, such as small scale, high processing cost, light processing load, low proportion of low-cost oil products in raw materials, and the proportion of diesel and gasoline in product structure can not meet the market demand. Therefore, the professional quality needs to be improved and the industrial structure needs to be adjusted. Therefore, starting from the present situation of China's oil refining industry and facing the competition from overseas manufacturers, domestic oil refining should improve the processing load and raw material structure through technological innovation, and increase the commodity rate and the ratio of diesel to gasoline; At the same time, it is also necessary to close some small refineries or give policy guidance to their product structure adjustment to improve the overall quality of the industry.

China's entry into wto has great influence on petrochemical industry. At present, the annual production capacity of ethylene in China is only about 4.5 million tons, ranging from 1.5-0.6 million tons per unit. However, the competitive ethylene economy in the world has reached 800,000-900,000 tons/year, and the cost of most domestic ethylene production enterprises is higher than 15-30% due to the uneconomical scale. However, due to the relatively high growth rate of domestic ethylene demand in the next five years or so, some joint venture projects are also stepping up construction, so although it has an impact, it has little short-term impact. In the field of synthetic resin, a few years ago, imported products actually had low tariffs and no tariff barriers, so the overall impact of tariffs on synthetic resin was not great, but the quality and performance problems of synthetic resin affected the popularization and application of domestic synthetic resin. In terms of synthetic fibers, synthetic fiber raw materials will not have a substantial impact because of preferential tariffs, but the cancellation of quotas will pose a great threat. If domestic synthetic fiber and synthetic fiber raw material manufacturers do not improve their competitiveness in time, most polyester filament and acrylic fiber enterprises will find it difficult to survive. In terms of synthetic rubber, domestic styrene-butadiene rubber has a high domestic market share, but its price is still slightly higher than the CIF price of products; Cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber has a strong price advantage, and tariff preference has little influence on it. At present, domestic synthetic rubber will be in a difficult situation because of the variety and quality gap. Therefore, some petrochemical fields that are currently at a disadvantage will face a severe situation after joining the wto.

Seven, machinery industry: some products have been greatly impacted.

At present, the gap between the overall level of China's machinery industry and the international advanced level is very obvious. After China's entry into WTO, the reduction of trade barriers will make it easier for foreign products to enter the China market.

Entering the China market, most domestic mechanical products and enterprises will inevitably be impacted. However, for different products and enterprises, the degree of influence varies greatly. Generally speaking, the following industries are obviously affected: high-tech products, finishing and deep processing industries, industries without scale advantages, etc. CNC machine tools, machining centers, distributed control systems, large precision scientific research instruments, multicolor offset presses, large turbo compressors, high-precision special bearings, high-pressure oil pumps, high-pressure hydraulic valves, advanced seals, hydraulic excavators, etc. All fall into this category. Other products will not obviously or even benefit from the impact, such as industries with obvious advantages in production scale and cost, products with absolutely low prices that meet the current domestic consumption demand, engineering hoisting machinery, power tools, bearings, chains, motorcycles, agricultural vehicles, tractors, electric fans, sewing equipment, etc.

The impact on the machinery industry is obvious, but it is not without benefits. First of all, China's accession to the WTO is conducive to the further opening and marketization of industries (including industrial management), promoting the complete transformation of enterprise management mechanism and enhancing the vitality of enterprises. Secondly, improving the export environment and promoting the diversification of export markets are conducive to stabilizing and expanding export trade. In addition, the introduction of foreign capital and advanced technology is conducive to industrial upgrading.

Any industry may have enterprises that are very different from the development of the industry. In the fully market-oriented environment, the role of the enterprise's own operating ability is much greater and more important than that in the planned economy environment. In the same environment, some enterprises may be able to seize the opportunity and make full use of favorable conditions to strengthen themselves, while some enterprises that are not bad today may be eliminated without making progress. Therefore, judging a company now, we should pay more attention to the investigation of its internal management mechanism than before.

Eight, communication equipment manufacturing industry: both influence and advantages.

The competition in the high-end market is more a contest of technical strength. Due to the late start and lack of financial strength, domestic manufacturers of communication equipment mainly rely on internationally commercialized equipment, and the trial production of communication equipment usually takes one to two years to be commercialized. This is the main reason why national communication equipment manufacturers can't keep up with the world trend and occupy the high-end market. At the same time, after joining the WTO, the protection of intellectual property rights is more stringent. According to the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights, it is a serious violation of the intellectual property agreement to imitate foreign products by purchasing similar products from foreign companies and relying on reverse engineering. The infringed company can bring a lawsuit, and the infringing company must bear the burden of proof to prove that it is not at fault. This will obviously hit the usual research and development methods of communication equipment manufacturers in many countries. National communication manufacturers have to start from a new stove and start from basic research and development; Or buy patented technology from foreign manufacturers. Therefore, domestic communication equipment manufacturers will lag behind in introducing new equipment and increase costs. In the long run, with the improvement of intellectual property protection in China, more and more foreign manufacturers will also bring the latest technology to China and gradually set up R&D centers in China, which will provide more opportunities for domestic manufacturers to learn and improve.

The competition in the low-end product market is mainly the competition of price and service. National communication equipment manufacturers have lower production costs and staff salary costs, and have sales and after-sales service teams familiar with the China market, so they have greater advantages in the competition of low-end products. Taking the access network market in 2000 as an example, Huawei's market share reached 46. 1%, while ZTE's was 23. 1%, while utstar? Com is only 4.6%, and Lucent is only 2.3%. After joining wto, the cost of importing communication chips and components from abroad by domestic communication equipment manufacturers will be reduced, and the cost advantage of their low-end products will be more prominent. At the same time, due to the reciprocal development of WTO members, the cost for China manufacturers to explore foreign markets will be greatly reduced, thus effectively promoting the export of low-end products.

Nine, computer manufacturing: technology-intensive products are affected.

After China's entry into WTO, China will implement international information technology agreements, and the tariffs on information products will be gradually reduced. Domestic manufacturers' pc-centered low-end computer hardware products are not affected much. The competition in the domestic market of low-end computer products is very fierce, and the profit is very thin, so foreign businessmen do not have much advantage here. On the contrary, the domestic market share of domestic manufacturers' low-end servers, low-end routers and other products is on the rise. Due to the low labor cost in China, low-end servers, low-end routers and other products will show certain advantages in the international market competition.

In high-end products, such as high-end servers, the technical level of domestic and foreign manufacturers is very different. After China's entry into wto, the ability of foreign manufacturers to protect intellectual property rights has been strengthened, which is a challenge for domestic manufacturers to upgrade their technology. Domestic parts manufacturers are greatly affected. After China's entry into WTO, China cancelled the policy of "local content requirement" for foreign-funded enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises can choose and purchase parts all over the world more flexibly. As for key technologies, such as cpu, memory and other large-scale integrated circuits, after China's entry into WTO, due to the restrictions on patent technology protection in the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights, the future development path of domestic manufacturers will be very difficult.

Computer hardware products have low added value, low profit and relatively low price. The common practice of multinational companies is to control the lucrative R&D and sales links and transfer the manufacturing links with low profit margins to developing countries with low labor costs. China's low labor cost and huge market capacity have attracted many foreign computer hardware manufacturers to invest and manufacture in China. After joining the WTO, China's various policy barriers to foreign investment will be removed, and China's attraction to foreign investment will be further enhanced.