What does a virtual city mean? Seeking popular science

This kind of market is the most primitive low-level market in the process of commodity exchange, probably originating from the ancient "Japanese-Chinese market". The grass market recorded in the documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties is such a low-level market.

1 National Regular Fair

In Song Dynasty, formal rural fairs developed widely. This market is still called the grass market in most areas, the market in Guangdong and Guangxi, and the market in other places, such as village market, mountain market, wild market, sub-market and morning market. These rural markets have fixed dates, such as "lingnan village market settlement will one day gather vendors, which is called virtual market". The so-called characters in the market are probably the different pronunciations of street characters. Speaking of malaria, it recurs every day, and the city of malaria is an episode every day.

2 country fairs

Rural market is a place where farmers, laborers and small businessmen in surrounding villages buy and sell their agricultural and sideline products in exchange for farm tools and daily necessities, which is called market or fair. After the transaction, they usually go home, and there are no residents in the market. With the development of commodity exchange, many rural markets have become new settlements, bringing together businessmen and businessmen, developing into quite prosperous trading points, and rising to towns and counties. In economically developed areas, these regular rural fairs form a commercial network. The Song government did not interfere with the development of rural fairs, and sometimes advocated it. In the tenth year of Xining (1077), the government allowed the border people of Rongzhou (now Yibin, Sichuan) and Luzhou to "set up a grass market to recruit people to live and work", which facilitated the people of Fan and Han who lived together to buy production and daily necessities. Except for Lingnan market, which was not taxed in the early Song Dynasty, most rural markets were taxed. However, the business tax of these fairs was contracted by the local rich. In the national commercial tax, the commercial tax of rural fairs accounts for a certain proportion.

3 the development of the market

The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of development and prosperity of rural fairs. Except Lingnan area, which is still called "city", other areas are often called "city" or "market". The development of rural fairs in the south of the Yangtze River has reached a considerable scale. Hongzhi, there are eleven cities in Shanghai County. Most of the residents in cities are between 100 and 300 households, and there are 500 to 1000 households in individual cities. In addition to commodity production and trading, tea shops and restaurants also appear in large numbers, and the parasitism of town life is increasing day by day. Busy big cities are often not under towns. Yuexi City, Wuxian County, Nagato, has become a "gathering place for merchants from all provinces". Due to the development of commodity economy, some cities are gradually changing to specialization. Yujiang county City, Wujiang County "has hundreds of residents, and more than half of them are ironworkers". Some cities have also developed into towns. Shengze town, which is famous for its silk weaving industry, was a small village in the early Ming Dynasty, and Jiajing was originally called the city. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Shengze has become the largest town in Wujiang County. These widely distributed cities have become regional commercial centers second only to towns, and together with towns, they have initially formed a regional urban system. There are some "Japanese markets" and specialized markets in Lingnan. The northern region is dominated by regular fairs, which is not as prosperous as Jiangnan. After the Qing Dynasty, although some cities declined, the general trend was still developing.