Is it true that "Chinese and dogs are not allowed in"

Lead: China was invaded and despised by many western countries in modern times. Rumor has it that many foreign hotels have died? People and dogs are not allowed in China? Brand, is this true?

1842 After the Opium War, the Sino-British treaty of nanking was signed, and Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai became trading ports, which were called five-port trading in history. After the closed door was opened, it never closed again. After 1860, many trading ports and several concessions were added in China. At most, there were 26 concessions in China, of which Shanghai accounted for three, namely British Concession, American Concession and French Concession.

The area of Shanghai Concession is 0.5 times that of 65438+ 23 other concessions in China. Xiong Yuezhi, an expert on the history of Shanghai, said that the Shanghai Concession was first established, and other concessions moved the Shanghai Concession system.

Recently, at the summer reading conference jointly organized by East China Normal University Press and Yin Da Bookstore, Xiong Yuezhi shared his research on the emergence and evolution of the Shanghai Concession with the title "The Emergence and Evolution of the Concession".

1898 "New Map of Chengxiang Concession in Shanghai"

At the beginning of the opening of the port, Shanghainese bought tickets and lined up to meet foreigners.

Among the first five open ports stipulated in the Sino-British treaty of nanking, Guangzhou and Fuzhou are provincial capitals, Xiamen and Ningbo are Fucheng, and Shanghai is the county seat. Shanghai ranks the lowest, however, its development is the most outstanding. 1852, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou and became the largest trading port in China. Later, it soared, and other cities developed, but not as good as Shanghai.

Why is there such a difference?

Xiong Yuezhi believes that the primary reason is that the Qing government, Shanghai officials and ordinary people did not have so much resistance to opening ports. At the beginning of the establishment of trading ports, the list of five trading ports was put forward by the British side. During the negotiation, representatives of China, senior citizens and others also bargained with the British representatives on whether to open a port in Fuzhou, but agreed to Shanghai. In the eyes of Jane and others, Shanghai has been occupied by the British army before. Although it has been withdrawn, there are still foreign ships moored at important military ports. If it doesn't agree, Britain will definitely attack and occupy it again. Instead of letting it occupy it, it will belong to my land and its merchants. Since the transaction is allowed, it is impossible to stop it from asking the consul, consulate and family.

Not many foreigners came to China at that time. Shanghainese are not only afraid of foreigners with high noses and deep eyes, but also curious, and they organize groups to visit. Buffel, the British consul who rushed to Shanghai to run a consulate with a trade treaty, was regarded as a peep show by Shanghainese who had never seen foreigners before.

1843165438+1On October 8th, British Consul Pavel came to Shanghai to negotiate on the establishment of the British Concession. Shanghai Daotai Miyagi refused to provide them with houses in the city as consulates on the pretext of crowded cities. In a rage, Baffour said that he would find his own house. So Gong Mujiu arranged for a businessman named Yao in Guangdong to approach Baffo and rent his house to Baffo, so as to monitor the British Consulate. The businessman surnamed Yao is very business-minded. While monitoring, he has developed a sideline of visiting foreigners. He treats these foreigners as exhibits and sells tickets to visit. In the first few days, a large number of residents came to visit their homes. And they are all curious. We should carefully observe foreigners eating, drinking, scraping, washing hands, reading and sleeping.

Xiong Yuezhi thought the plot was too bizarre to be passed on by word of mouth, but he did see the historical materials about selling tickets and even found a proof. Jun Fu, a British biologist, recorded in his diary that he visited Shanghai from 65438 to 0843, and every time he went to a place, he told him to get off the boat and show it to the people around him, so as to earn extra money. Shanghai is a port, and Shanghainese have two characteristics for foreigners. The first is curiosity, and the second is never to forget the opportunity to make money.

By consulting historical materials, Xiong Yuezhi found that all five trading ports were surrounded by foreigners, but they were different from place to place. Guangzhou has a very exclusive attitude towards foreigners. 1843 after the opening of the port, foreigners rented a little place to sell goods in the thirteenth line, and Guangzhou people threw stones at them again and again, opposing it for more than ten years. Later, the foreign concession in Guangzhou was located in Shamian Island on the Pearl River, and there was only one road leading to the shore. I went to Guangzhou specially to visit this place. European architecture has obvious scenery, and it is also a good western architecture. However, in modern history, Guangzhou Shamian Concession had little influence. In Fuzhou, the British met with soft resistance. Liu Yunke, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang Province, not only created various inconveniences for the British in renting houses, but also tried to block British trade.

Liu Yunke gave a memorial to Daoguang, saying that these foreigners came mainly to do business and make money. As long as we blocked the business, they would naturally go back. The most important reason why the British demanded to open Fuzhou as a commercial port was Wuyishan black tea. Liu Yunke managed to block all the intersections leading to Fuzhou, and tea merchants were not allowed to pass. The British want to buy tea from Fuzhou to do business, but no one sells it to them. After the opening of Fuzhou, there was not much business for almost ten years. Outsiders don't know these inside stories, but only see that business in Fuzhou is very bad after the transaction.

The other two trading ports, Xiamen Concession on Gulangyu Island, are not very popular. Ningbo is close to Shanghai, and a lot of commercial trade eventually flows to Shanghai.

In the end, of the five, only Shanghai is the most successful.

On French National Day, pidgin was decorated with colorful flags. Pidgin is the dividing line between the British and French Concessions.

The concession in Shanghai used to pay rent.

Judging from the overall situation after the signing of the Opium War "treaty of nanking", if we compare Shanghai with Fuzhou and other places in Guangdong, I think Shanghai's approach is most in line with China's long-term interests. Xiong Yuezhi believes that trade is beneficial to both sides. China can't eat so much tea. It's good for China to exchange it for other things and earn foreign exchange. Trade cannot be regarded as unilateral aggression. If only a piece of land is rented out in this place for foreigners to live and trade, is the concession really equivalent to a colony?

First of all, the so-called concession is to rent a place to foreigners to live and do business. Concession is not cession. The sovereignty of this place belongs to China. Second, it is clear that local administrative power also belongs to China. Third, foreigners live, China people don't live, and China and foreign countries are separated. Fourth, there is rent, which is charged no matter when. The rent in Shanghai is per mu 1500 yuan per year, and the rent will expire before China Lunar Calendar1February 15. Xiong Yuezhi believes that from these four points, the so-called concession was originally rented to foreigners for special residence and trade, and in today's words, it is a special trade zone.

After the establishment of the Concession, from 1843 to 1845, the Qing government negotiated with foreigners one after another, and in 1845, the Shanghai Land Charter was formulated, which restricted the area and use of land leased by foreigners. For municipal and public security management, the Concession Land Charter also has specific measures, which can be said to be the beginning of Shanghai's modern urban planning.

The establishment of the British Concession embodies the geographical concepts of China and the West. The British believe that the Bund area near Huangpu River is convenient for ships to forge ahead and has convenient transportation. Shanghai Daotai believes that the Bund, far away from the city, is originally a barren beach and swamp, with poor crops and some graves, which are of little value. So both sides are satisfied with the choice of this place. British Concession will become an important area for the development of Shanghai Concession trade in the future.

Comparatively speaking, French business interests in China are few, mainly missionaries, so they want a place close to the county seat. The American Concession was put forward by American missionary William Jones Boone in 1848, and the Daotai verbally agreed, but the boundary was not demarcated until 1863.

Vietnam patrolled the concession.

After the Daoshe Uprising, China began to take shape.

The concession evolved from a trade zone closer to the special administrative region to a country within a country, and the Knife Uprising had a great influence. Shanghai Concession was once a branch of Huayang. During the eight years from 1845 to 1853, there were not many people in Shanghai Concession and there was no great development.

If this trend continues, concessions will not have much impact. But after the Daohui uprising, Daohui occupied the county seat of Shanghai. Xiong Yuezhi said that before the war, according to statistics, there were 350,000 people inside and outside the county seat of Shanghai, and the war lasted 17 months. By February 1855, the Qing army had suppressed the Knife Club, and there were only less than 40,000 people left in the county seat of Shanghai. Many of them fled to the countryside, but a considerable number of them went to the concession, and the population of the concession soared.

The rapid population growth in a short period of time has brought great problems to the concession. At this time, Yuan Zude, the magistrate of a county in Shanghai, was killed and Daotai Wu was arrested in September. 1853. Later, he was released. His main energy was to help the Qing government collect taxes, provide funds for the Qing government and suppress the Taiping Army. He can't manage the local public security in Shanghai.

1In July, 854, the meeting of British Concession was held. The British consul and the British government opposed the destruction of the original articles of association and advocated letting China people out. However, the meeting of land lessees in the British Concession decided the number of votes according to the amount of land rent paid, but in fact it was the wealthy businessmen who made the decision. The arrival of refugees has greatly promoted the economy. Businessmen built many houses and sold them to refugees, making a lot of profits. The earliest Shikumen was built in this period. Therefore, all businessmen voted for China people to live here. As a result, the Chinese and foreign branches of the concession have become a place where Chinese and foreign people live together.

When the number of concession increases to tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands, there must be a management level government, police, armed forces, courts and everything related to the government. Then, after July 1854, the land contract in Shanghai changed and the nature of the concession in Shanghai changed fundamentally.

Xiong Yuezhi believes that the change of concession nature is the result of complex influence of many factors under special historical conditions. After 1855, the concession became what people call a country within a country today. The most prominent feature of colonial color in Shanghai Concession is that China cannot enter the Concession to arrest people.

Public telephone booths in the concession area.

Is it true that people and dogs are not allowed in China?

One of the most popular stories about the concession insulting China people is that there is a sign hanging at the entrance of the Bund Park in the concession, which says that China people and dogs are not allowed to enter.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, people and dogs in China were always in dispute. Zhou Zuoren was the first to provide evidence. He said that he saw a sign that dogs and China people were not allowed to enter the Bund Park. Later, many people said they saw it, but the specific statements were different.

There is this brand, but there is no brand that writes these eight words. Xiong Yuezhi has specially studied this problem, and the conclusions are as follows: first, there are signs that mean that China people and dogs are not allowed to enter; Second, we have not found a sign that says "Chinese and dogs are not allowed in". Thirdly, the signs we saw, meaning that China people and dogs are not allowed to enter, contain many clauses, including seven and sometimes six, including China people, dogs and unaccompanied children. China people and dogs are not allowed in, which are scattered in different clauses.

Although there is no such blatant discrimination, the status of Chinese in the concession is really not high. More than 97% of the concessions in Shanghai are owned by China. China people pay taxes here, but they have no right to vote and political rights. The people of China have waged a long struggle for political rights. In the French Concession, the consul has the most say. The French consul thinks that there can be a director from China, so you can see the image of director China in the TV series "Shanghai Beach". However, in the British and American Concessions, the establishment of Chinese directors requires voting, and most people with voting rights disapprove. It was not until very late that director China began to be established.

1943, after the Pacific War of World War II, the Japanese occupied two concessions in Shanghai, but they wanted to make a friendly gesture towards China and hand over the concessions to the puppet government of Wang. The United States entered the war because of the outbreak of the Pacific War, and because it was in the same camp as China, Britain and the United States also indicated that they would return the concession to China. The concession at that time was not in their hands, and the so-called return was just to win international public opinion.

Therefore, in any sense, the concession legally completed its mission in 1943. However, it was not until the Japanese defeat in 1945 that the concession really returned to China's own management. Legally speaking, the concession has existed for 98 years, from 1845 to 1943, but the actual life span is exactly one hundred years, that is, from 1845 to 1945.

Shanghai has a tradition of doing business since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Xiong Yuezhi believed that the concession was established under very special circumstances. The big aspect is globalization and communication between China and the West. The small aspect is that every place handles things differently. Shanghai has a tradition of dealing with and trading with foreigners. Therefore, after foreign businessmen come, Shanghainese feel that doing business with foreign businessmen is the same as doing business with foreign businessmen. Location advantage, vast hinterland and humanistic tradition determine that Shanghai is the best place to communicate with the outside world.