The specific work of the minister of the three fairs and nine fairs

The central administrative organs of the Qin Dynasty implemented the system of three public officials and nine ministers.

While establishing the title of emperor, the Qin Dynasty also summarized the bureaucratic systems of various countries since the Warring States Period, and established a set of central government institutions to meet the needs of the feudal unified country, that is, the system of three officials and nine ministers. Three fairs, namely, Prime Minister, Qiu, and Cure Too much. Jiuqing, namely Fengchang, Tingwei, Su Zhi Civil History, Dianke, Langzhongling, Shaofu, Weiwei, Taifu and Zong Zheng. The duties of Sangong are: prime minister, assisting the emperor in handling state affairs, and being the emperor's assistant. Since the Qin dynasty, the prime minister has officially become an official position, and is the highest official below the emperor in the central government; Qiu, to assist the emperor in charge of the national army; As the assistant of the prime minister, the physician is the emperor's eyes and ears, in charge of books, records and chapters, and supervises officials. The three fairs are not unified, but directly subordinate to the emperor, which is convenient for the concentration of imperial power. The duties of the next nine ministers of the three public houses are: Ting Wei, in charge of justice; Governing the internal history of millet, in charge of national finance and taxation; Serve Chang, in charge of the ceremony of the ancestral temple; Point branch, dealing with domestic minority affairs and foreign relations; LangZhongLing, in charge of the emperor's retinue guards; Shaofu, in charge of the special needs of the royal family, the land income of mountains and seas and the handicraft industry of the government; Wei Wei, in charge of the palace guards; Too servant, in charge of the palace chariots and horses; Zong Zheng was in charge of the emperor's family affairs. However, whether it is Sangong or Jiufu, it is the appointment and dismissal of the emperor, and it is not allowed to inherit.

Emperor Han Jing changed many official names. Change "Fengchang" to "Taichang"; "Wei Wei" was changed to "Chinese medicine doctor's advice"; "Pavilion Guard" means "Dali"; "Point customers" are "big orders"; "The History of Treating Millet" is called "Imperial edict of Taiwanese farmers", and it was changed to "Big Sinon" during the reign of Emperor Wu. Liang Wudi changed "Daling" to "Dahonglu" and "Langzhongling" to "Guangluxun".

Most of the above renaming of Jiuqing did not affect their functions. As for the motivation, it may be that language changes seek the accuracy of official names. Coincidentally, the names of Sangong have also changed a lot. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed Tai Wei to Sima, when Han proclaimed himself emperor, he changed from an ancient prose writer to a great scholar, and when Han mourned the emperor, he changed from a prime minister to a great Stuart.

The above name change was not a name change at that time, but for other reasons.

For example, for the position of Fu, Huo Qubing and Wei Qing originally crusaded against the Huns, bringing 140,000 horses, while when Banshi entered the customs, there were less than 30,000 horses, so they were all Fu. The former Qiu Tianfen was dismissed by Dou Taihou, and the post of Qiu was vacant for a long time. In addition, Huo Qubing and Wei Qing fought against Xiongnu for a long time, with many soldiers under their command. Over time, Qiu's authority gradually shifted to Fu. In addition, it should be understood that autumn was not permanent in the early Han Dynasty. The appointment and removal of Qiu's post is mostly related to conquest or the current situation. For example, in the third year of Emperor Wendi, he was demoted to Taiwei and returned to the Prime Minister. In May of this year, Guan Ying led an army to counter the Xiongnu invasion. When Emperor Jingdi arrived, Qiu's title was restored for four years. In this context, it is relatively easy for Fu to replace Qiu.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reformed the central official system and divided the central official into foreign officials and internal officials. Foreign officials include the Prime Minister and 600 officials below the Prime Minister. Officials in the inner dynasty, or officials in China and North Korea, include Fu, Left, Right, Generals before and after, Shangshu, as well as officials, scattered riders, officials, Zhulang and doctors. The so-called officials of the inner or middle Korea are directly sent by the emperor and have no full-time administrative duties. Compared with administrative officials, they are called foreign officials.

Among the three public places, the official rank of the imperial historian is the lowest, and his functions are vague. On the one hand, he is the deputy of the prime minister, on the other hand, he is sent by the imperial palace.

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" actually had the shadow of modern constitutional monarchy. The prime minister is the main minister in charge of governing the country. There is a Guanbai Zhaohui Hall in the Prime Minister's House. The emperor sometimes went to Zhaohui Hall to discuss state affairs with the Prime Minister, or the Prime Minister presided over the proceedings and then led the performance. In Japan, the Prime Minister is responsible to the Emperor, who only listened to politics after the Meiji Restoration more than 1000 years later. But unlike this constitutional monarchy, Fu in the Western Han Dynasty was still responsible to the emperor.

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the position of prime minister was so high that even the emperor was disrespectful. Where the prime minister entered, the emperor had to leave; The prime minister was seriously ill, and the emperor had to ask for illness in person and send envoys to send medicine; After the death of the Prime Minister, he moved to a private place, the emperor rode cranes, gave coffins, buried places, funerary objects and so on. During the Western Han Dynasty, the conflict between the emperor and the prime minister reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Wudi. Originally, Liang Wudi obeyed Tian Fen, but Tian Fen pushed his luck.

According to Zi Zhi Tong Jian, every time Tian Fen went to court for a long time, he recommended people to be officials, and some of them took up two thousand stones, depriving the emperor of all his rights (appointing officials is the right of the emperor). The emperor said to him, "Have you finished your appointment?" I also intend to appoint officials. "Tian Fen had asked to delimit the land of the imperial examination office to him, in order to expand the private residence. Emperor Wu was furious: "Why not just ask for an armory?" Since then, Jennifer Tian has exercised a little restraint.

Because the prime minister's power was too heavy and threatened the imperial power, the emperor was very uneasy. Therefore, since Liang Wudi, the reading and deliberation of Zhangzou has been transferred to Shangshutai (Order). Since then, the prime minister, Qiu, and although they are all heads of political power, the actual power has been transferred to Shangshutai. The prime minister was at fault and was impeached by the ministers.

Compared with the Qin dynasty, the biggest change in the functions of the three fairs is the physician. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty wrote a letter: "The imperial edict is set, and the corporal punishment is removed." Since then, Yushi has become the country's highest judge and supervisor. When he mourned for the emperor, he changed the name of the ancient emperor to Dasikong, and he was no longer a judge.

The reform of the central official system in the Western Han Dynasty focused on the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. This reform began in the period of confrontation with Empress Dowager Tai. It is a reform aimed at political struggle and is part of a package of reforms called "great unification" by historians. The reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fundamentally strengthened centralization, highlighted imperial power, weakened relative power, divided central officials into internal and external dynasties, and further strengthened the function of central institutions to serve the emperor. After that, there is nothing worth talking about except changing the names of Ai Di and Cheng Di to Physician and Prime Minister as mentioned above.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang became a Fu, then an official, and gradually gained real power. Later, he established himself as emperor and obtained a new title. Wang Mang does not take "new" as the concept, and Jiuqing's names are all based on the articles in Shangshu. Why did Dasi Nong change? Later, he was satisfied. Dali changed to a scholar; Too often change the rank of zong; Dahonglu changed to classical music; Less government work; And "Guang Lu Xun" was changed to six supervisors. Even the official, palace and county have changed their names. However, these are just "words to change the ancient times", which is different from "the system to change the ancient times".

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the period from Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor to Cao Pi's abolition of *** 197 was short-lived, and then the Eastern Han Dynasty experienced the disaster of consorts and eunuchs, the rebellion of ethnic minorities to the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, and finally the so-called' princes' separatist era in the Three Kingdoms, and civil strife continued. Therefore, in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the official system of the Western Han Dynasty was basically inherited and slightly reformed, but in the middle and late period, due to the situation of civil strife, the status of military attache was gradually improved, and several people dominated the world with civil servants.

When Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, Fu, Da Situ and Da San were officials. It was only after 27 years that Fu was changed to Tai Wei, and the word "big" was removed and renamed as Situ He. The function of Sikong has changed from the previous supervision to the management of "building towns, digging ditches and repairing graves".

Compared with the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty strengthened the imperial power even more. When Emperor Guangwu was in power, he expanded the rights of Shangshutai, and all posts were unified. "General Examination and Official Examination" said: "By the end of the Han Dynasty, (Shangshu) was the best, and the cashier ordered Wang to play various machines, announce the decree, decide on the election, and punish the righteous, which was Wenchang Tianfu, full of troubles, compromised at home and abroad, and admired far and near."

The "three publics" are overhead, with only the function of deliberation and no actual rights. Later, Shangshutai became the decision-making body of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the central power of the country was all concentrated in the emperor's palace. Moreover, the "three publics" are often dismissed because of trivial matters, and their status is gradually reduced. The most obvious is (big) Stuart, equivalent to the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty. It is no good luck to be a guest of the emperor in the Western Han Dynasty. For example, Han Xin was Stuart, because he was outspoken and didn't hide anything. Guangwudi couldn't stand it, so he was dismissed, sent back to his hometown and ordered to be responsible. Han Xin was so scared that he and Ziying both committed suicide. Later, Ouyang Yun and Dai She were both great Stuart, both of whom died in prison for their crimes.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tai Fu and Tai Bao were added as worshippers. Guangwudi took Zhuomao as his teacher, praised Dehou, and gave a number of horses and chariots to 2,000 households in the food city. Since then, whenever the new emperor ascended the throne, a teacher has been set up to record the affairs of ministers and take charge of state affairs. After the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, Dong Zhuo claimed to be a teacher, ranking above the teacher and the Pacific Insurance. These official positions are not permanent, and the official names of Taifu and Taibao were removed after death.

The Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty had nine ministers. His position is similar to that of the Western Han Dynasty, but the organization has been laid off and the officials have been streamlined, which is different from before. In addition, Jiuqing in the Eastern Han Dynasty belonged to Sangong respectively. Minister Taichang, Guang Luxun and Wei Yan, led by Qiu; A teacher, Ting Wei and Da Hong are led by Si Tuleideng. Three ministers, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu, were led by Sikong. Aside from practical significance, this is an innovation only from the perspective of official system innovation. It weakened Stuart's authority, and the three governments each exercised some state rights, making the official system more reasonable. However, from the perspective of rights, Si Tuleideng and Dahong are both empty officials. Servants who serve the emperor have no right to participate in state affairs. Dahonglu is in charge of ethnic minorities and foreign affairs, which is of little significance to a country that calls itself China, except that it can be used in some ceremonies. Leaving only one Tingwei in charge of people's heads still has some literary status.

Since Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been frequent wars. Therefore, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, besides Sangong, Jiuqing and Shangshutai, there were also generals at all levels who were also important officials of the central government. There were generals first, then generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariot riding, generals in Wei, and left and right generals. Among them, the general is above the three fairs, and the generals in title of generals in ancient times, chariots and horses and Wei are below the three fairs. The former, the latter, the left and right generals, the following ministers, are not often released. After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager was called the imperial court, and the consorts were in power, often under the guise of military power to show their self-respect. As a result, the general became the main official of the central government, and together with the three officials of the teacher, it was called the Fifth Academy.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the governors were separated, and Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao took control of the central government respectively. Dong Zhuo used to be a teacher, general and prime minister. Among them, Guo Xiang is highly respected, ranking above Sangong. As soon as Cao Cao came to power, he went to Qiu, Situ, and appointed the Prime Minister and Qiu. Cao Cao himself became prime minister until his death. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei, who stole the world from the Han Dynasty, was the strongest, and was also a force in the same strain as the Eastern Han Dynasty. In terms of official system, it also continued to Cao Cao's period of "holding the emperor to make the princes". Shu claimed to be orthodox in the Han dynasty, so the legacy of the Han dynasty was heavier. However, it remains to be verified whether there was a famous book desk when Shu was ruled. The rulers of Wu insisted on proceeding from their own actual situation and made some small moves in individual official positions, but there was nothing worth mentioning. Fang commented: "Sun Wuhe is mostly based on the Han system. Although it is a temporary appointment, there is no old seal. " Most of the real official system innovations in the Three Kingdoms period came from Wei, among which Zhongshu Province had the greatest influence.

When Cao Cao was the king of Wei, he ordered the minister first. At the beginning of Cao Pi's reign as emperor, he changed the secretary's order to the province of Chinese books, and set up two ministers, the supervisor and the order, all of whom were literati who understood literature. At that time, literature was now called learning. Under the supervision, there are officials such as assistant minister of Chinese books, general manager and author. Shangshu province is nominally the secretary team of the emperor, but in fact some secret orders are not issued by Shangshu province. Since then, the rights of Shangshutai have gradually shifted to Zhongshu Province, gradually forming a situation in which Zhongshu "holds important matters" and manipulates government affairs. Cao Wei's efforts to strengthen China's calligraphy and expand the official organization were not only a matter for this country, but also a major change in the official system during the Three Kingdoms period, which had far-reaching influence and attracted much attention. In the history of China's official system, it has always been regarded as a sign of the change of central secrets. It turns out that the confidential position in the Qin and Han Dynasties belonged to the prime minister. The confidential position of the Eastern Han Dynasty was returned to Shangshu by Sangong. The status of confidential information in Wei and Jin Dynasties returned from history books to Han books. Although the Western Jin Dynasty inherited the system of Wei State, compared with Wei State's reform of the official system of Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty took a greater step in the reform of the central official system. Although there are still three ladies, you can still hear official names such as Taifu and Taibao. However, the Western Jin Dynasty gradually inherited and developed Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province. This is the prototype of three provinces and six departments made by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.

Since the Qin Dynasty, imperial power and relative power have always been the focus of contradictions among state central organs. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the rights of the prime minister were transferred to Shangshutai, which was even worse in the Eastern Han Dynasty when Shangshutai was above the prime minister. At the beginning of Guo Wei's establishment of Zhongshu Province, the right of Shangshutai was transferred to Zhongshu Province. The establishment of Zhongshu Province in the Western Jin Dynasty was only the emperor's attendant and advisory body, but it was very important because it was close to the emperor. Judging from the functions and powers of the three provinces, they all serve the emperor, who is the direct ruler of the country, which is essentially different from the "three public officials and nine ministers" system. In order to strengthen the imperial power, the emperor tried his best to expand the rights and institutions of the three provinces, and the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" was seriously impacted. Among the three fairs, except that the prime minister has not changed and still has real power, Jiuqing has existed in name only, and even became dispensable in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said, "This matter belongs to Taige, and Jiuqing exists in name only, so it should be merged." Taige is another name for Shangshu Province. There is a saying in the Biography of Zhong Changtong in the Later Han Dynasty: "Emperor Guangwu ... did not take office in politics. Although he set up three places, things returned to Taige." Tang Lixian's Note: "Taige is called Shangshu." Because the Hanshang Bookstore is in the palace, it is called this, and it is against the government.

Eddie saved Lu Xun and senior farmer. Yuan Di saved the servant. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dahonglu had something to do, but there was nothing he could do, so he saved his life. Zong Zheng fell under too much rule, and he also saved several houses. As a result, after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, only three Qing Dynasties were left as a facade. The system of "three publics and nine ministers" exists in name only.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, although dynasties changed and ethnic minorities invaded, the central official system did not prevent the further decline of the three officials and nine officials. Liu Song established the central official system of "three publics", "three divisions" and "two majors". Sangong refers to a teacher, a teacher and a Pacific Insurance. The third division is Qiu, Situ and Sima; The second refers to the general and Fu. But not as light as nine. Sangong is the collective name of the three most distinguished official positions in the ancient imperial court of China. There was this word in the Zhou Dynasty, and the scholars in the Western Han Dynasty thought that these three words refer to Sima, Situ and Li Ji according to the Great Biography of Shangshu and other books. According to Zhou Li, the classical scholars in ancient China believed that teachers, teachers and Taibao were three kinds of public officials. There were no three fairs in the Qin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the Qin system was supplemented by the three fairs.

In order to strengthen centralization of authority, Liu Che weakened the power of the prime minister. During the reign of Emperor Zhao, the position assisted by Huo Guang was General Fu. Later, Zhang Anshi, Shi Gao, Wang Feng and other ministers who enjoyed heavy power all held the post of General Fu. So the great Sima Quanling rode above the Prime Minister. In the first year of He Sui (the first eight years), He Wu's suggestion was adopted, and the imperial scholar was changed to Dasikong, and the method of Fu and Dasikong was raised to be equal to that of the prime minister, thus establishing a three-metric system of Fu, Dasikong and the prime minister. In the second year of Ai Yuanshou (1), the name of the Prime Minister was changed to Da Situ, which is completely consistent with the three names mentioned in this article. And put the original Taifu and the newly added Taifu and Taibao above the three fairs, with high titles and no real power. Although there are three pillars in the Western Han Dynasty, Fu is still the most important, such as Dong Xian and Wang Mang, who are all good at politics. In the new era, it followed the three metric systems of the Western Han Dynasty.

There were three officials in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 5 1 year, Fu was changed to Qiu, and Da Situ and Da Si were changed to Situ,. Each of the three fairs has a history of thousands of stones, and each has dozens of people. Take Taiwei as an example. Cao, Cao Dong, Cao Hu, Cao Zou, Cao Ci, cao thief and Cao Cang are in charge of everything. Sangongfu was referred to as Sanfu for short at that time. Taiwei still ranks first in the three fairs.

Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, carried out a more extreme centralization of imperial power, and did not make power belong to ministers. In name, he set up three senior officials, but the real power gradually returned to Shangshutai. And emperors, imperial envoys, consorts and eunuchs are more authoritarian. Dou Xian and Liang Ji, consorts, are all worshipped as generals, and generals have official positions, ranking three. The three fairs are not only subject to ministers, but also to consorts, eunuchs and some even their confidants. According to scholars, the prime minister assisted the emperor in managing Yin and Yang and arranging the four seasons. If there are various differences, the emperor and the prime minister will blame themselves. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the criminal responsibility of the emperor was transferred to the three public offices, so whenever disasters such as floods and droughts occurred, the three public offices were often exempted. Therefore, Zhong Changtong said that the three fairs exist in name only, and they are just "staff members".

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was the prime minister, ranking above the three fairs. In 208 AD, Cao Cao went to Sangong and set up a prime minister and an ancient adviser, with Cao Cao himself as the prime minister. In the Han dynasty, the three-metric system, which had been implemented for 200 years, came to an end.

Cao Wei restored the system of Ming, San and Gong. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sangong was still in the best position, and the government set up aides. However, the real power was further transferred to the Shangshu institution. In the Sui Dynasty, the three official positions were no longer open, and all the assistants were revoked, which completely became a virtual position or "upper position". After the Song Dynasty, they were often called Taishi, Taifu and Taibao, but the nature of their virtual titles remained unchanged and gradually evolved into adding officials and giving them away. Ming and Qing are the same. Different generations of "Jiuqing" are different. In the Western Han Dynasty, Jiuqing meant Lieqing or other ministers. There is such a saying in the pre-Qin literature, but there is no such system in the Qin Dynasty, and the names of Jiupin nobles are not seen in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. It was only after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that people attached a high-ranking official with a rank of 2,000 stones to Gu Jiuqing because of the influence of Confucian retro trend of thought. In Xuan Di and Yuan Di, the title of Jiuqing appeared in imperial edicts. However, there are more than a dozen honest officials in Hanshu, such as Taichang, Guangluxun, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahong, Dasinong, Shaofu, Wei, Zhijin Wugong, Right Civil History, Left, Lord, Prince and Taifu. If we define Jiuchong as nine official posts and start from scratch, in terms of system, 2000 stones will be clear. That is to say, Fu, Da Situ Sizhi, Da Siruo, He, Zuo Tu, Zhi Zong, Dian Le, * * Gong, and Jiu Qing belong to the three fairs.

Like New China in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the central government had nine official posts. The Book of Continued Han Dynasty defines Taichang, Guangluxun, Wei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu as Jiuqing. After Jiuqing was designated as nine officials, other important officials close to Jiuqing were excluded from Jiuqing. From the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, some people tried to defend this unreasonable phenomenon. Liu Xi's Ming Shi denies that there were nine Qing Dynasties in the Han Dynasty, and thinks it is twelve Qing Dynasties. Zhao Wei's "Argument and Interpretation of Names" thinks that Jiuqing is to correct Jiuqing, and there are so-called foreign ministers besides Jiuqing.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jiuqing was mostly the same as the Eastern Han Dynasty, and only Tingwei was sometimes renamed Dali. Northern Wei Dynasty changed Shaofu into Taifu. Therefore, the Jiuqing in Sui and Tang Dynasties were Taichang, Guanglu, Wei, Tai Fu, Dali, Hong, Sinong and Tai Fu, and had no administrative power. There were many provinces and amalgamations in Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Nine Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers were changed to six ministers, all of whom were imperial envoys, Dali Temple officials and Ren Jiuqing of the General Political Department. The former nine officials may have reservations, but later they all became empty titles or added officials and donated officials.