Fuzhou art introduction

Fuzhou Art —— Three Treasures of Fuzhou and Three Musts of Rongcheng

Traditional handicrafts such as bodiless lacquerware, horn comb and paper umbrella are called "three treasures of Fuzhou". Shoushan stone carvings, bodiless lacquerware and cork paintings with a history of more than 1500 years are known as "three wonders of Rongcheng".

Fuzhou horn comb

Among the handicrafts in Fuzhou, streets and alleys can be seen everywhere, and the only one that still maintains the true color of civilians is the horn comb. Walking into an ordinary handicraft shop, most of them sell horn combs, and the price is not expensive. Up and down in 20 yuan, Fuzhou people enjoy their daily life. It is said that combing hair with claw comb can avoid dirt, relieve itching and pain, moisten hair, accelerate scalp blood circulation, enhance immunity, diminish inflammation, cool blood, relieve pain and itching, prevent static electricity, prevent alopecia, remove dandruff, protect hair, relax muscles and tendons, promote blood circulation, soothe the nerves and strengthen the brain, and promote hair growth. An ordinary comb, carefully made by Fuzhou people, has created dozens of varieties, including a half-moon Beijing comb, a Yuanyang comb with a wide tooth and a narrow tooth, and a perm comb with a handle. There are various styles, such as western style, heroic spirit and juvenile style. There is also a set of combs, which are shaped by animals such as pangolins, dogs, cats and tigers, or matched with musical instruments such as guqin and pipa. They are seamless, beautifully painted and lifelike, attracting foreigners from other provinces to buy them. Fuzhou horn comb is very particular about its material selection and production technology. Only the horns of "Southern Buffalo" (Southern Buffalo, Yellow Cattle) and "Northern Sheep" (Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia sheep), which are solid in texture and not easy to bend and crack, are selected, and only the hooves of natural buffaloes are selected, and the initial blank is made by sawing, opening, splitting, chiseling, flowing and beating.

Shoushan stone

There is no sufficient evidence to prove that Shoushan Stone began in Han Dynasty. The existing old tomb stone "lying pig" (round carving) unearthed from the tomb of Taohuashan in the south bank of Minjiang River in Fuzhou is simple in carving and realistic in modeling, which proves that Shoushan stone was carved in the Southern Dynasty more than 500 years ago. The Qing Dynasty was the prosperous period of Shoushan stone carving. According to historical records, Shoushan stone carving was included in the scope of government taxation during Yongzheng. Carving art is based on materials, and seals, stationery, figures, animals and jade are embedded in various utensils. The buttons of the seal are more exquisite and diverse, and there are techniques such as intaglio engraving and chain engraving in the expression techniques. A set of "Bao Xi" used by Emperor Qianlong is three seals carved with a piece of Tian Huang and connected by two chains.

Fuzhou bodiless lacquer ware

One of the three treasures in Fuzhou, which has a history of more than 200 years, has the advantages of strong and light texture, elegant and unique shape, magnificent and bright color, exquisite decoration, firmness and durability, unique national style and strong local characteristics, and is not easy to break, not easy to break, resistant to paint and not fade. Together with Beijing cloisonne and Jiangxi Jingdezhen porcelain, it is also called the "three treasures" of Chinese traditional handicrafts.

Fuzhou lacquerware began in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is said that during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the painter Shen Shaoan found in a temple that the plaque at the gate was rotten, but the bottom embryo of the lacquered gray summer cloth was intact. Careful Shen Shaoan got inspiration from it. After returning to China, he constantly pondered and experimented, inherited and carried forward the traditional lacquer art, and created the earliest bodiless lacquer ware. Therefore, Shen Shaoan became the originator of Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware. The production methods of bodiless lacquerware are divided into bodiless lacquerware and wood lacquerware. Bodybuilding is a green tire made of clay, gypsum and wood mold. And then put it on the green tire layer by layer with summer cloth (linen) or silk and raw lacquer. After drying in the shade, it is broken or taken off from the original tire, leaving the shape of lacquer cloth, and then after dust removal, polishing, painting and decorating various patterns, it becomes a bright and gorgeous "bodiless paint". Wood tires are mainly hardwood such as nanmu, camphor wood and beech wood, which are directly painted without bodiless. The process is the same as the bodiless cloth blank. There are as many as forty or fifty processes in a handicraft, and some even reach more than one hundred.

Fuzhou lacquer painting

Painting with natural paint as the main material. Lacquer painting in a broad sense refers to all paintings that use lacquer substances. Lacquer painting has a variety of materials. In addition to lacquerware, there are gold, silver, lead, tin, eggshells, shells, stone chips, sawdust and so on. In addition to cinnabar, paint pigments include stone yellow, titanium white, titanium blue, titanium blue and so on. The techniques of lacquer painting are rich and varied. Lacquer painting can be divided into different varieties according to its different techniques, such as engraving, folding, carving, embedding, painting and grinding. Lacquer painting has the dual attributes of painting and technology. Its production can be done independently by painters, or designed by painters and made by workers. It is not only a work of art, but also a practical ornament closely related to people's lives. It has become a manifestation of wall decorations, screens and murals. China is the country that produces and uses the most lacquer in the world, and lacquer painting has a long history. The vermicelli bowl unearthed in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province has a history of 7000 years. Lacquerware unearthed in Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan Province, has a history of more than 2,000 years. There are also famous lacquer paintings on lacquer coffins of Han Dynasty unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, lacquer screen paintings on Sima Jinlong's tomb in Datong, Shanxi, and a large number of screen lacquer paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

China modern lacquer painting is a new kind of painting developed on the basis of traditional lacquer painting, and it has participated in all previous national art exhibitions since 1960s. 1986, the first Chinese lacquer painting exhibition was held in Beijing. In the same year, the Ministry of Culture organized China's lacquer paintings to be exhibited in the former Soviet Union. The authors of modern lacquer paintings in China are mostly concentrated in Fujian, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Beijing.

Fuzhou cork painting

One of the three treasures in Fuzhou, made of cork bark, painted with a sharp knife, carved and glued into hanging screens, screens and large and small ornaments such as pavilions, flowers and trees, bridges, cloisters, figures, birds and animals.

Fuzhou cork painting came out at the beginning of this century, which originated from Xiyuan Village in the eastern suburb of Fuzhou. It is said that in 19 13 years after the Revolution of 1911, someone brought back a painting similar to "woodcut painting" from Germany. Inspired by this, local folk sculptors Chen Chunrun, Zheng, etc. Taking cork layer of Quercus variabilis imported from Spain, Portugal and Arabia as the main raw material, this soft, elastic and fine-grained cork is sliced, and by using various traditional carving techniques in China, a knife is used instead of a pen, and it is skillfully carved by hand to make a complex picture with fine texture, which is used in a picture frame.

Cork painting is simple in color, vivid in image, like Song people's brushwork, profound in artistic conception, far from lofty and ancient, unique and lovely, and has the artistic effect of "a hundred miles of mountains and rivers in one frame".

There are many kinds of cork paintings, including magnificent screens, hanging screens, large ornaments, small ornaments, practical products and tourist souvenirs. Reach 2300 specifications and 4500 colors. Works are sold all over the country and more than 30 countries and regions such as Europe, America, Japan and Southeast Asia.

Fuzhou paper umbrella

One of the three treasures in Fuzhou. It is rainy in the south, and umbrellas have become one of the necessary tools for Fuzhou people to live at home. There is a saying in Fuzhou called "luggage umbrella", which means that Fuzhou people must have an umbrella in their luggage when they go out, which shows their concern for umbrellas and Fuzhou people's lives. The paper umbrella industry in Fuzhou was very prosperous in Qing Dynasty. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were more than 300 paper umbrella shops in the city at most, among which the "Yang Changli" umbrella shop located in Zhong Ting Street was the most famous. Yang Changli's umbrella can not only keep out the scorching sun without foaming or bursting, but also resist the downpour without shedding bones or leaking water. Even the color of the pattern on the umbrella surface will not change. There are many kinds of paper umbrellas in Fuzhou, including flower umbrellas and glossy umbrellas. Like other handicrafts, even a small paper umbrella cannot be made casually. The umbrella rib must be Qingshan old bamboo, more than 5 years old in northern Fujian. It has great toughness and elasticity. After special treatment, it can resist mildew, corrosion and moth. The umbrella cover is made of refined cotton paper unique to this province, which has strong tension. It is made of pure pollution-free persimmon oil, and then coated with sticky tung oil, painted with flowers and birds, figures, landscapes and other patterns, commonly known as "flower umbrella." An umbrella has to go through more than 80 processes to complete. No matter the sun, rain or wind blows, it will not break, fade or deform, and it can also prevent lightning strikes. Fuzhou traditional umbrella making is divided into five parts: rib making, umbrella making, umbrella head, umbrella handle and flower painting, which are independent of each other. If one of them can be completed, it can be called "all-round art", which shows the degree of technical expertise. In Fuzhou paper umbrella industry, Houzhougang's umbrella ribs are of the best quality. The most famous umbrella handle is the dog house in Yangzhong Pavilion, and the most famous umbrella painters are Cheng Jiabao, Lin and Liu.

Nowadays, Fuzhou paper umbrella has quietly left the busy and realistic city life because of its complicated craft, but it is still deeply loved by people as a fine handicraft, appreciated and collected by people.

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