Various psychological effects and meanings

Various psychological functions and meanings are extracted from: interesting (U 148. )

35 common effects

Wallach effect

Otto wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success is legendary. When wallach was in middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, after a semester, the teacher wrote him this comment: "wallach is very diligent. But it is too rigid to create literary materials. " After that, his parents asked him to paint oil paintings instead, but wallach was neither good at composition nor polishing, ranking first in his class. Faced with such a clumsy student, most teachers think that he has no hope of success. Only the chemistry teacher thinks that he is meticulous in doing things and has the quality to do chemical experiments well, and advises him to learn chemistry. In this case, the spark of wallach's wisdom was suddenly ignited and finally succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates the truth that students' intellectual development is unbalanced, and they all have their own strengths and weaknesses. Once they find the best place to play their wisdom, they can achieve amazing results. Later generations called this phenomenon "wallach effect".

2. Threshold effect

The so-called threshold effect means that a person will gradually accept higher-level requirements after accepting lower-level requirements and being correctly guided. This effect was put forward by American social psychologists Friedman and Freese in 1966 "Field experiment without pressure submission: door-to-door technology".

3.*** Effect

There is a phenomenon in nature: when a plant grows alone, it looks short and monotonous, but when it grows with many similar plants, it is deeply rooted and full of vitality. People call this phenomenon of mutual influence and promotion in the plant kingdom "* * * effect". In fact, there is also a "biological effect" in our human group. From 190 1 to 1982, there were 25 Nobel Prize winners in the British "Kadiwen Laboratory", which is a prominent example of the "* * * effect".

4. Stereotype effect

Social psychology believes that the influence of looking at people with old eyes is called "stereotype effect", which is a fixed and general view of people, thus producing a stereotype. This phenomenon can often be seen in schools. Teachers often show affection for those students who are talented and have excellent academic performance, and they are valued and favored. However, students with poor academic performance are often discriminated against, teachers show impatience and boredom, and depressed words are often on their lips. Practice has proved that students who often receive this kind of "treatment" will suddenly feel cold water poured on them, lose confidence in learning, lose courage to overcome difficulties, and even have decadent emotions.

5. First cause effect

The first cause effect, sometimes called the function of first impression, refers to the influence of the first impression left by the perceived object on social perception. Specifically, it is the first contact with people or things, which psychologically produces a stereotype with emotional factors for someone or something, thus affecting the evaluation of that person or thing in the future. Therefore, we can see that this influence is not conducive to the analysis of collecting correct information in decision-making. The first impression is that good or bad is one-sided, which is not conducive to comprehensive understanding and analysis.

The effect of first impression is called the first cause effect. Judging a person by his first impression is often biased. If we only rely on the first impression in the recruitment examination and employee performance appraisal, we will be blinded by some superficial phenomena.

There are two main aspects in the recruitment process: one is to judge people by their appearances. Handsome and personable candidates can easily win the favor of examiners, followed by judging people by their words. People who are eloquent and quick to answer often leave a good impression. Therefore, when selecting talents, we should not only listen to their words and look at their appearance, but also observe their actions and test their achievements.

6. recency effect

Recency effect refers to someone or something whose recent performance has an advantage in his mind, thus changing his consistent view of the person or thing. Recency effect and the first cause effect are two corresponding effects. The first cause effect usually has an impact in unfamiliar situations, while recency effect usually has an impact in familiar situations. Both of them are subjective assumptions about people or things, which makes the decision-making information distorted.

7. Halo effect (Halo effect)

Halo effect means that someone or something leaves a deep impression on people because of its outstanding characteristics, while ignoring other psychological and behavioral qualities. Sometimes there will be a "positive aura" and sometimes a "negative aura", which will interfere with the evaluation of information. To overcome the halo effect, we must adhere to objectivity and not mix subjective elements.

8. Butterfly effect

1960, Lorenz, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, encountered a difficult problem when studying the problem of "long-term weather forecast": she used a simplified set of data to simulate the evolution of the weather on the computer, originally trying to improve the accuracy of the weather forecast by using the high-speed operation of the computer. However, contrary to expectations, many calculations show that small differences in initial conditions will lead to wrong conclusions. The same is true of psychological emotions. A group of cartoons shows that a person was scolded by the leader at work, and he was very angry. He went home and lost his temper with his wife. His wife was scolded for no reason, and she was very angry and slammed the door. Walking in the street, a pet dog stopped the way and barked, making his wife even more angry. She kicked, and the puppy was kicked and ran past an old man, which scared him. It happened that the old man had a heart attack and was frightened by the puppy that suddenly rushed out. He had a heart attack on the spot and died.

Lorenz discovered the great contrast caused by small differences. She used an image metaphor to express this discovery. A small butterfly flapped its wings over Brazil, and the small vortex it incited merged with other air currents, which may cause a storm in Texas in the United States a month later-this is the famous "butterfly effect" in chaos.

In human resource management, if the personnel manager flexibly uses the psychological effect of personnel, he can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of subordinates or talents, make people give full play to their talents and achieve optimal work efficiency.

9. Rosenthal effect

Rosenthal, an American psychologist, visited a school and randomly selected three students from each class *** 18, wrote them on a form and handed them to the principal. He said seriously, "These 18 students have passed scientific tests and have high IQ." Six months later, Roche came to the school again and found that these 18 students really performed exceptionally well.

Rosenthal effect is a phenomenon in expectation psychology. When applied to personnel management, leaders are required to put their feelings, hopes and special incentives on their subordinates, so that subordinates can give full play to their initiative and creativity. When a leader assigns tasks, he might as well say to his subordinates, "I believe you can do it well" and "I want to hear the news of your success as soon as possible." In this way, subordinates will develop in the direction you expect, and talents will be produced in expectation.

10. Bell effect

Bell, a British scholar, is extremely talented. Some people say that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will win many Nobel Prizes. But he willingly took another road, put forward groundbreaking topics one by one, and guided others to the peak of science. This move is called the Bell Effect.

Bell effect requires leaders to have the spirit of Bole and ladder, to put units and collectives first, to have an eye, to let go of their talents, to dare to promote and appoint people who are better than themselves, and to actively create opportunities for talented subordinates.

1 1. Catfish effect

Once upon a time, after the Norwegians caught sardines at sea, if they arrived in Hong Kong alive, the price would be several times higher than that of dead fish, but only one fishing boat could bring live fish back to Hong Kong. Later, it was found that there was just one more catfish in the fish tank of this ship. It turns out that when a catfish is put into a fish tank, it will swim around because it is unfamiliar with the environment, and sardines will swim faster because they are nervous when they find this "alien". In this way, sardines prolong their life. This is the "catfish effect".

It is in line with the operation mechanism of talent management to play a competitive role in the group through the catfish effect and individual's "midway intervention". At present, the open recruitment and competition for posts implemented by some government agencies and units are good examples. This method can make people feel a sense of crisis and work better.

12. Tidal effect

13. Business card effect

14. Heterosexual effect

15. Decentralization of responsibilities

16. Jason effect

17. Psychology of "sour grapes" and "sweet lemons"

The "sour grapes" mentality refers to what we try to do but can't get, and it is said to be "sour" and not good. This method can relieve some of our stress. For example: others have a good thing, I don't have it, I really want it, but in fact I can't get it. At this time, we might as well use the "sour grapes" mentality to try to find something bad in our hearts and say "bad words" about it to overcome our unreasonable needs.

The psychology of "sweet lemon" means that your own lemon is sweet, and "sweet lemon" means that everything you have and can't get rid of is good, so learn to accept yourself. Everyone has his own advantages, and everyone has his own characteristics. Don't say that you are not good, so you are not as good as people. Try "sweet lemon", learn to accept yourself and gradually enhance your self-confidence.

18. "south wind effect"

19. Barnum effect in psychology

20. Fruit extraction effect

In some TV programs, people do so-called strange memory performances. Generally, a blackboard is set up on the stage, and then the audience can say some words, numbers, program names, formulas, foreign language words, etc. at will and write them on the blackboard in order. In this process, the performer does not look at the blackboard, but can accurately say any content according to the requirements of the audience, and even recite it backwards.

This kind of performance looks amazing, but in fact it just uses the memory of Peggotty and produces the "Peggotty effect". Actually, this method is not difficult. Is to create a set of memory codes, such as (1)- hat, (2)- glasses, (3)- scarf, (4)- clothes, (5)- belt, (6)- pants, and skillfully write them down, and then associate them with the materials to be memorized through association. For example, you are required to remember the following words: (1) elephant, (2) pump up, (3) take a bath, (4) electric fan, (5) bicycle, (6) water ... so that you can associate the elephant with the number one hat with a fixed code, and associate it with wearing a hat on your nose. When you think of the sixth word "water", associate it with your pants-water makes your pants wet.

Through such coding association, it is not difficult to remember. Because when we associate, we will consciously enlarge what we associate, and the appearance is clear and unfamiliar. For example, remember the fourth word-when the electric fan is associated with clothes, it is common if the appearance is that the electric fan blows away the clothes, but it is strange if you imagine that the electric fan is wearing a down jacket, which makes it easier to remember this object.

Pego's mnemonic method has many fixed codes, such as numbering by the upper and lower parts of the body, coding by what you see after entering the door, numbering by the names of relatives and friends, and so on.

When we master this method in the process of learning, we can avoid boring and monotonous memories and become interesting. Of course, this method cannot be mastered overnight. It requires us to exercise regularly to make our association as unique and eye-catching as possible.

2 1. migration effect

In learning psychology, the influence of prior learning on subsequent learning is called "transfer effect". It has three functions:

The effect of learning A ahead of time to promote learning B later is called positive effect. The effect that the first learning A interferes with and hinders the subsequent learning B is called negative effect. Learning A first has no effect on learning B later, which is called zero effect.

22. Feedback effect

Feedback was originally a concept in physics, which refers to sending part of the energy from the amplifier output circuit back to the input circuit to enhance or weaken the effect of the input signal. Psychology borrows this concept to explain learners' understanding of their own learning results, which strengthens the understanding of the results and promotes learners to study harder, thus improving learning efficiency. This psychological phenomenon is called "feedback effect".

23. Matthew effect

The term "Matthew effect" was put forward by American scientist robert merton. In this way, he summed up a social phenomenon-more and more honors are awarded to the contributions made by scientists with considerable reputation, while those scientists who have not yet become famous refuse to admit their achievements.

24. The barrel effect

The capacity of a barrel is determined by the shortest board, so in a team or group, the inferior is extremely harmful. This is what people often call the "barrel effect".

25. Rising effect

This is a positive effect, which is opposite to the meaning of the broken fall effect: after encountering great setbacks, the frustrated not only did not feel discouraged, but also stimulated the will to change the status quo and strive for progress, thus achieving rapid success, that is, the psychological effect of rising.

26. Candy effect

I really appreciate the concept of "candy effect" that Salle got through experiments.

Salle is four for a group of people.

18 years old, he said, "Put two pieces of sugar on the table. If you can hold on for 20 minutes, I'll give it to you when I come back from shopping. " . But if you can't wait that long, you can only get one, and you can get one now! "This pair of 4.

It is difficult for a child aged 18 to choose-all children want two pieces of candy, but they don't want to stay up for 20 minutes; And if you want to eat it in your mouth immediately, you can only eat one piece.

Experimental results: Two-thirds of children choose to wait for 20 minutes.

You have two minutes.

A piece of sugar. Of course, it is difficult for them to control their desires, and many children have to; Close your eyes and wait stupidly, in case you are tempted by sugar, or hold your head with your arms, and don't watch sugar, sing or dance. Other children just lie down and sleep-to live past 20.

Minutes! 1/3 The child now chooses to eat a piece of candy. As soon as the experimenters left, they stuffed the candy into their mouths within 1 second.

After a follow-up of 12 years, all the children who survived for 20 minutes (already 16

Years old), all have strong self-control, self-affirmation, full of confidence, strong ability to deal with problems, strong, willing to accept challenges; And the children who choose to eat 1 candy (also 16

Years old), characterized by indecision, paranoia, jealousy, nervousness, trouble-making, willfulness, depression and fragile self-esteem.

This small experiment of self-control, judgment and self-confidence as a child can predict the effect of his personality when he grows up, which is called candy effect.

27. Qi Gannick effect

Ciganik, a French psychologist, once did a meaningful experiment: he divided volunteers into two groups and asked them to complete 20 tasks. In the meantime, Ciganik intervened in one group of subjects, making them unable to continue their work and fail to complete their tasks, while in the other group of subjects, they were allowed to successfully complete all their work. The experiment got different results. Although all the subjects showed nervous state when accepting the task, those who successfully completed the task disappeared. Those who fail to complete the task are in a state of constant tension, and their minds are always troubled by unfinished work, and their psychological tension is hard to disappear. This kind of psychological tension caused by work pressure is called "Qi Gannick effect".

28. Hobson selection effect

163 1 year, Hobson, a businessman from Cambridge, England, rented horses to customers for selection, but on one condition, only the horses closest to the door could be selected. Obviously, adding this condition actually means that you are not allowed to choose. This so-called "choice" without choice was ridiculed by later generations as "Hobson's choice effect". Social psychologists point out that if anyone falls into the dilemma of "Hobson's selection effect", it is impossible to study, live and work creatively. The reason is simple: good and bad, good and bad, are all produced in comparative selection, and it is only reasonable to draw up a certain number and quality of programs and make comparative selection and judgment. If a judgment only needs to say "yes" or "no", can it be judged? Only by studying a lot of comparative antipathy and being able to make a judgment on the basis of understanding can it be regarded as a judgment. Therefore, having no choice is tantamount to killing creation.

29. Set the effect

Stereotype is a fixed attitude. For example, in the sketch "Supporting Role", Zhu Shimao said that Peisi Chen: "You look like a villain …" and then said to himself: "Look at my outfit, at least I am an underground worker …" This is the stereotype effect produced by my appearance. The same is true of "suspicious people stealing axes", which is a setting effect obtained through logical reasoning. In interpersonal communication, we should avoid the stereotype effect and treat people with a developmental and dialectical perspective. For a person who has made a mistake or is ignored, if he wants to change the stereotype effect of others, he should properly publicize his achievements or good deeds, change the bad stereotype effect in others' minds and establish a new good stereotype effect.

30. Push your luck effect

Friedman, an American social psychologist, did an interesting experiment: he asked his assistant to visit some housewives and asked the respondents to promise to hang a small sign on the window, and they agreed. After half a month, the experimenter came to the door again and asked to put a big sign in the yard. This brand is not only big, but also ugly. At the same time, the experimenter also made the same request to housewives who had never let go of the little sign before. As a result, 55% of the people in the former agree, while less than 17% of the people in the latter agree, and the former is three times higher than the latter. Later, people called this psychological phenomenon "push your luck effect".

3 1. Broken window effect

It has a very important reference significance in education. If a student is labeled as "poor student" or "bad student" because of poor grades or some bad behavior habits, then people will look at him with colored glasses. As long as he makes a little mistake, he will hold on to it and label him indiscriminately, because since it is broken, he can break some more. That's what the so-called "wall down and everyone pushing" means.

32. Psychological effects of touch

Psychologist Fuld conducts a 45-minute touch experiment on premature babies every day. It is generally believed that premature babies should live in an isolated and uterus-like environment, and touching will only bring them a sense of oppression and hinder their growth. However, he touched 20 premature babies three times a day, 15 minutes. In 10 days, the touched babies were 47% heavier than those who were not touched, and their sleep and agility were also greatly improved. By the eighth month, their physique and intelligence have improved significantly. Most notably, the touched baby left the incubator six days earlier than other babies on average. Fuld said: "Touching can regularly secrete growth hormone, thus promoting digestion and absorption."

33. Authority effect

American psychologists once did an experiment: when giving lectures to students in the psychology department of a university, they introduced a German teacher invited from another school to the students, saying that the German teacher was a famous chemist from Germany. In the experiment, the "chemist" took out a bottle filled with distilled water and said it was a newly discovered chemical substance with some odor. Please raise your hand when you smell the smell. As a result, most students raised their hands. Why do most students raise their hands when they think distilled water has no taste?

This is because there is a common social psychological phenomenon-"authority effect". The so-called "authority effect" means that if the speaker has high status, prestige and respect, what he says will easily attract others' attention and believe in its correctness, that is, "people speak lightly and people speak highly."

34. Marginal effects

Marginal effect is originally an economic concept, which means that the value of the same thing is directly proportional to the demand it meets, which is why giving timely help is more touching than icing on the cake.

35. Projection effect

It means that in interpersonal communication, when forming an impression on others, the cognitive always assumes that others have the same tendency as themselves, that is, projecting their own characteristics on others. The so-called "there is a villain's heart and a gentleman's belly" reflects one aspect of this projection effect.

There are a lot of answers, and because of the limitation of words, some are cut in the middle. Hope to help you, hope to adopt!

What is the psychological eggshell effect? An eggshell with a complete shape becomes a fragment when touched lightly. Once a lively and lovely child leaves the care of his parents, it is difficult to adapt to the difficult environment and can't support it with a little setback. This is what psychologists call the "eggshell effect".

What is the "halo effect" in psychology? The so-called halo effect is that in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing obstacles to interpersonal cognition.

Whether the psychological function is regular is indeed a law, but most of them are only laws with narrow scope of application. For example, they are usually only psychologically regular, and most of them are not applicable beyond this range. Unlike the law of 1+ 1=2, it is universal.

What is the specific meaning of "sunk cost" in psychology? Sunk cost refers to the cost that cannot be changed by any decision now or in the future because the past decision has already taken place. When people decide whether to do something, they should not only look at whether it is beneficial to them, but also whether they have invested in it in the past. We call these irrecoverable expenses, such as time, money and energy, "sunk costs". The concept of "sunk cost" will be used in the process of economic and commercial decision-making. Sunken cost refers to the cost that has been paid and cannot be recovered. Sunken cost is often compared with variable cost, which can be changed, but sunk cost cannot be changed.

What is the significance of sleep in applied psychology? What if sleep is explained by psychological knowledge? After sleep, the body changes the most, and the most studied is the change of EEG. When people are awake during the day, the most common brain waves on normal EEG are α(alphaα and β(beta. When a person is sleepy, there will be a θ (θ) wave. The general trend of EEG changes after people fall asleep is that the frequency slows down and the amplitude increases. Sleep is generally divided into four periods, and brain waves have different manifestations in each period. People's sleep can be divided into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep.

4. What's the difference between "perception effect" and "perception effect" in psychology? Few people understand psychology. .

What is the significance of hypnosis in psychology? The definition of hypnotic LZ can be found in Baidu Encyclopedia.

Simply put, hypnosis is the most typical consulting technique of psychoanalysis. Through language induction, visitors can lay down their defenses on the conscious level and reveal the most authentic voice in the subconscious.

The simplest metaphor is that he can let you express yourself without considering "face"

Sometimes hypnosis sounds mysterious and terrible, but it is actually a very common and practical psychological counseling method. Moreover, before hypnosis, both parties must have established very good trust and obtained the consent of the visitors before hypnosis. In other words, no one can hypnotize you as long as you don't want to.

Hypnosis can be learned in training institutions in major cities in China, but hypnosis is only a means of psychoanalysis. Personally, if you don't have advanced psychoanalytic skills, then you are undoubtedly fooling someone and failing him.

The significance of crisis circle and comfort circle in psychology 19 At the end of the year, American psychologists once did a famous frog experiment: they threw a frog into boiling water, and the frog miraculously jumped out of the water at a critical moment and successfully escaped. Half an hour later, the psychologist used the same pot again, mostly cold water. After putting the frog in the pot, heat it a little slowly. At first, frogs enjoyed warm water leisurely. After a while, the water was too hot to stand, so I couldn't jump out anymore and was buried in boiling water.

When the frog is put into hot water, it can't accept this environment that is too different from its own living environment, and its extreme inadaptability to high temperature makes it quickly escape from danger;

When the frog was put into cold water to warm up slowly, it first adapted to the cold water. I feel very comfortable when the water temperature rises, and I am gradually numb to the rise of water temperature in comfort. When the water temperature is too high for it, it has tried to escape.

In psychology, the first situation is called "crisis circle". It is an environment with a sense of crisis for survival and environment, striving for innovation and change. The second situation is called "comfort zone". It is a comfortable environment that is adaptive to all the existing feelings, which makes people stick to the rules and make no progress.