China Modern Unequal Treaty and Its Specific Contents

*** 13, the main contents are:

First, declare the war over. The relationship between the two countries has entered a state of peace from a state of war.

Second, five trading ports. The Qing government opened five trading ports, namely Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai, allowing British consulates to stay and allowing British businessmen and their families to live freely.

Third, compensation. The Qing government paid compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars to Britain, including 6 million silver dollars for burning opium, 0/0.2 million silver dollars for British military expenditure, and 3 million silver dollars for repaying merchant debts. The payment will be paid in four years. If it is not paid in full and on time, it will be deemed that the interest of 5 silver dollars will be added to 100 yuan per year.

Fourth, cut the ground. The Qing government ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.

Five, China customs tax should be agreed with Britain.

6. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen and China businessmen to trade freely. ?

2. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

*** 15, the main contents are:

1. The eastern border between China and Russia is bounded by Heilongjiang and Wusuli River, and the north of Heilongjiang and the east of Wusuli River belong to Russia. People of the Qing Dynasty who used to live in this area are still allowed to stay.

Second, the western border between China and Russia, which has not yet been demarcated, should follow the trend of mountains, rivers and the existing permanent Karen route in Qing Dynasty, that is, from Sabinda Baha 'i jiepai, through Zhaishan Lake, Tunol, timur and Hao Han.

3. Russia has consular officials in Ili, Talbahatai and Kashgar. "In case of large and small cases, consular officials and local officials from different countries should not take, stay and check with each other."

Fourth, the new border area in the northeast of China allows free trade between the two peoples.

3. Sino-British Tianjin Treaty

***56, with special bar 1. The main contents are:

First, British envoys to China and their families and attaché s "can live in the capital, or live for a long time, or come and go at any time", and they can rent land, rent houses and hire husbands in Beijing. Britain has consular officers at various trading ports.

Second, the Qing government should protect all those who preach Christianity. British people can travel and trade in the mainland.

3. In addition to Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, Niuzhuang, Dengzhou, Chaozhou and Qiongzhou in Taiwan Province Province will be opened as trading ports; From the Hankou section of the Yangtze River to the coast, in addition to opening a port in Zhenjiang, at most three places will be opened; Xu Ying merchant ships sailed into the Yangtze River to do business in ports along the Yangtze River; British warships will also enter various trading ports. British people have the right to hire China people, and they can rent land to build houses, set up board houses, and build churches, hospitals and cemeteries in various ports and places.

4. For disputes involving Britain, all British parties and property belong to British officials; British officials punish the British for breaking the law; China harassed the British and was punished by China officials; Lawsuits between China people and British people that cannot be persuaded to settle disputes should be tried by China magistrates and British consuls.

5. After the signing of Tianjin Treaty, China and Britain should discuss new tariffs in Shanghai as soon as possible; The "secondary tax" payable by British businessmen for importing and exporting goods in the Mainland shall be paid in one lump sum at the rate of "225 taels of silver per kloc-0/20".

6. If other countries are given privileges in the future, "Britain will get its beauty without discrimination".

Seven, compensation for British business losses and military spending * * * 4 million liang. Guangzhou will only return it after payment.

Since then, according to the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, Gui Liang and Erjin signed the Sino-British Trade Charter Aftermath Treaty: Shanghai Customs Tariff 165438 on June 8, which redefined the tax rates of various import and export goods, established the principle of "5%" for items with undetermined tax rates, and allowed opium to be legally taxed in the name of "foreign medicine".

4. Treaty of Ahern

***3, the main content is:

1. The territory of more than 600,000 square kilometers of the Great Qing Dynasty, north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains, was placed under Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of Gyeonggi Province (now Jieya River in Russia) on the other side of Aihui (hereinafter referred to as Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun) retained the permanent residency and jurisdiction of the Great Qing Dynasty;

Second, the Qing territory east of the Wusuli River is divided into Qing Russia's * * * tube;

Three, Heilongjiang, Wusuli River, originally the inland river of Qing Dynasty, only allowed Qing and Russian ships to sail.

5. Sino-US Wang Xia Treaty ***34, with tariff. The main content is that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy. In other words, the United States obtained all the special rights and interests obtained by Britain through the Opium War, which was more harmful to China in many ways except ceding land and reparations:

1. agreed tariffs. The treaty stipulates: "If China wants to change the tax rate in the future, it must consult with the American consul and other officials." . This is a further expansion of the scope of "agreed tariffs" in treaty of nanking, which has seriously damaged China's economy.

Second, expand the scope of consular jurisdiction. The treaty stipulates that when a lawsuit occurs between China nationals and American nationals, American nationals should be arrested and tried by American consuls and other officials and handled in accordance with American laws and practices; If there is a dispute between American citizens and citizens of other countries in China, China officials have no right to ask. In this way, the judicial power of the Qing Dynasty to arrest, try, convict and punish American nationals was completely lost.

3. Infringement of China's territorial sea rights. American warships can "inspect trade" at China port at will, and port officials in Qing Dynasty must "friendly" receive them. American merchant ships anchored in China could not be ruled by the Qing Dynasty.

Four. It is stipulated that the contract can be "modified" after 12 years. In addition, the treaty also provides for unilateral MFN treatment. If China gives some concessions to other countries in the future, the United States should share them all.

Extended data:

nature

analyse

Unequal treaties are relative to equal treaties. An equality treaty generally refers to a treaty with equal rights and obligations voluntarily agreed by all sovereign countries on the premise of equality and mutual benefit.

Unequal treaties refer to the treaties finally concluded, and the rights and obligations of all parties are unequal. The most common reason is that one party (or parties) uses force or threatens to use force to intimidate the other party (that is, imposes a treaty).

However, some people think that the conclusion of unequal treaties does not necessarily involve force, as long as the content of the treaty is unequal to all parties. According to this expanded definition, unequal treaties can include the following situations:

1. The content of the treaty was originally equal to both parties; However, due to unforeseen changes, the obligations of both parties are not equal in actual implementation.

2. The content of the treaty is not equal to both parties; Regardless of the actual effect.

3. Use or threaten to use economic pressure or force to achieve the first situation.

4. Use or threaten to use economic pressure or force to achieve the second situation.

The content of the treaty is equal, but it was reached by economic pressure.

6. The content of the treaty is equal, but it was reached by force.

From this definition, many treaties signed by European and American countries and their Asian non-countries before the 20th century conform to the concept of unequal treaties. Moreover, there are many post-civil war peace treaties in Europe and America (such as the Frankfurt Treaty after the Franco-Prussian War and the Versailles Treaty after World War I).

It can also be considered as an unequal treaty. And some modern agreements, although not compulsory, can also be interpreted as inequality.

In the traditional sense, unequal treaties often refer to the imperialist treaties signed by western powers (later including Japan) and Asian countries in the early18th century and19th century.

In modern times, some countries with multi-ethnic unity signed a treaty of imposing force among their constituent peoples, because this is not a problem between sovereign countries, it is regarded as an internal affair between countries, not an unequal treaty.

Differential imposition treaty

Unequal treaty and imposed treaty are two similar concepts, both of which are terms about treaties signed under the coercion of force. The concept of imposing treaty appeared earlier, and similar concepts began to appear in western jurisprudence since 18 and 19 centuries.

The title of unequal treaties was put forward by the Kuomintang of China in the1920s. Originally used to refer to a series of treaties signed by the west with the Manchu and Beiyang governments. Later, the concept of unequal treaties gradually developed and was used by other countries internationally.

However, what is an unequal treaty in law is still inconclusive. Some people think that inequality refers to the use of force or coercion to create a treaty, which leads to inequality. Under this definition, unequal treaties are basically equivalent to imposing treaties.

However, some people think that unequal treaties mean that the nature of treaties is unequal, so they may be caused in more different situations and cover a wider range.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Unequal Treaty