The origin of the Mulao nationality How did the Mulao nationality come from? What are their cultural beliefs?

Mulao people are mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province. In Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, most people live in Dongmen, Siba, Huangjin, Longan, Tianhe and Xiao Chang 'an in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County. So, do you know the origin of the Mulao nationality? How did the Mulao people come from? What is cultural belief? Let's take a look at the history of the Mulao nationality.

Historical source

The ancestors of Mulao nationality, like other nationalities, created splendid prehistoric culture. 1958, a complete skull, missing mandible, four thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae and five ribs. They were all excavated in the cave next to Tongtianyan, an emerging farm in Liujiang County, belonging to the ancient humans in the late Paleolithic period 50,000 years ago, that is, "Liujiang people". Judging from the cultural relics found nearby at the same time as "Liujiang people", primitive people at that time lived in caves near mountains and rivers, collecting plants and catching animals for a living, and had entered the stage of cooking with fire. Everyone works together, distributes equally, and lives in a primitive commune centered on the matriarchal clan.

1965 to 1973, archaeologists unearthed 18 human bones in zengpiyan, Dushan, southern Guilin, which were called zengpiyan people. The burial methods include squatting burial, lateral bending burial and secondary burial. In the 2.6-meter-thick cultural accumulation layer, there are fire pits, ash pits, stone axes, pumice, Shi Mao, perforated stone tools, millstones, clay pots, clay pots, bone darts, bone trowels and bone cones. And a large number of snails, mussels, pottery fragments and animal bones. With the technology of grinding stone tools, it shows that Zeng Piyan people are in the new era. The cultural relics unearthed in Zengpiyan show that people at that time had pottery, which could cook food better and was beneficial to people's health and longevity.

Livestock were raised and 67 pig bones were unearthed. Judging from the age combination and tooth wear, these pigs were all slaughtered after feeding. Primitive hoeing agriculture appeared: stone axes and spears were agricultural tools; Stone knives and clam knives are harvesting tools, and stone mills are grain processing tools. After multidisciplinary comprehensive research, experts believe that Zeng Piyan has a close relationship with Liujiang people; The indigenous people in Guangxi are Mulao people, whose ancient ancestors are Zeng Piyan people and their ancestors are Liujiang people.

At the end of the Warring States Period, the ancestors of Mulao people living in the west of Lingnan belonged to the Yue people in Luo Ou. Year: "There are West Ou in the west, barbarians in the west, half victory, and the south is king." Then he said, "Luo Yue and his son bathed in the same river and learned to drink water through their noses." The Qin Dynasty established and unified the ancestors of the Mulao nationality in Lingnan, and joined other ethnic groups in Lingnan to enter the big family of the motherland, collectively known as "Liao". A large number of Han Chinese entered Lingnan area in Han Dynasty, which brought advanced production technology and accelerated the political and economic development of Lingnan area.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the central government implemented a closed-door policy in Lingnan minority areas, set up dozens of closed-door counties, and appointed local minority leaders as chiefs. The central government's policy towards these officials is that as long as they recognize the power of the central government, obey orders and fulfill their obligations, they can serve for generations, enjoy relevant treatment and retain the local social system and economic structure. During this period, the social economy of Liao, the ancestor of Mulao nationality in Lingnan, developed further and began to appear, and rice cultivation techniques were improved. The technology of smelting, gold panning, pottery making and copper mining in handicraft industry has reached a fairly high level, and "wingman" cloth for the exchange of agricultural and sideline products has also been produced.

The ancestors of Mulao nationality in Jin Dynasty were called "Puliao"; During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, some of them were also called "wooden cages". The Song and Yuan Dynasties were a period when the Mulao people were divided from directors and directors to a single nation. According to historical records, Song Taizu started to treasure for five years and settled in Luocheng County, Lindong, Guizhou. it is

By the Yuan Dynasty, there were more records about the activities of the Mulao people. "Mule", "Mule", "Mule" and "Zhang Lao" recorded in history books all refer to Mule. In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Muliao, Mulao and Gelao. Han Dynasty and Republic of China: "Majiang County is called Mahachang lawsuit, Yuan is called Gelao village, and Lepingchang lawsuit is called Gelao village."

According to historical records and legends, it can be inferred that the Mulao people lived in Luocheng area at the latest in Yuan Dynasty or early Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty inherited the system of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to set up floating officials in the Mulao inhabited areas such as Luocheng, Tianhe and Yishan, and set up Li and Jia at the grassroots level. At the same time, under the county officials, there are additional organizations, such as soil patrol, villages and towns, stockades. Let local leaders take office and combine the rule of Han officials with that of local officials.

At that time, agriculture had reached a certain level and entered the feudal society. People pay taxes to the court twice a year in summer and autumn. In Qing Dynasty, Mulao nationality areas were divided into "Li" and "Dong" below the county level. There are about ten households in each "winter", and a "winter head" is set up, which is pushed by everyone and is responsible for raising grain and collecting money. "Winter" was originally a geographical unit for dividing grain. Because the Mulao people live together with the same surname, most of them are blood relatives with the same surname in a village. So "winter" was later divided into "house", which actually became the surname and house organization under the feudal clan system. In the early years of the Republic of China, the General Youth League, Dongbao and Jiachang were established one after another. The Kuomintang used the original "Dongtou" as a guarantee, and Jia Chang ruled the Mulao nationality.

After 1933, with the deepening influence of the Kuomintang, the district, township and village Baojia system was established, and the township head also served as the captain of the civilian team and the principal of the primary school, implementing the so-called "trinity" and "five guarantees in one". Some "village elders" and "chiefs" of the Mulao people often go to the government to take over clan power. The masses abide by the "village Covenant", "clan rules" and "family precepts" and try their best to safeguard the feudal patriarchal clan system such as clan power and husband power.

In the Mulao area of feudal society, the land has been quite concentrated. The average land occupied by landlords and rich peasants is about two to four times that of middle peasants, five to six times that of poor peasants, and even more than 10 times that of poor peasants, and they are all fertile fields. A few public fields and mountains, such as Miaotian, Ancestral Temple, Xuetangtian and Chaishan, are mostly occupied by landlords and rich peasants. Landlords and rich peasants exploit the poor and farm labourers by hiring long-term and short-term workers, lending usury and renting land. The exploitation of employees is the main form of exploitation in Mulao area, and short-term employment is the most common one.

Usury is another means of exploitation for landlords and rich peasants in Mulao area. Some landlords exploit more than 10,000 Jin of millet with usury every year. The annual interest rate of loans is generally 50% to 100%, and some are as high as 150% to 200%. The form of land rent is real rent, and the exploitation rate is generally about 60% of the harvest. In some areas, tenants often have to undertake some unpaid work. Cruel exploitation has caused farmers to suffer from poverty and hunger for many years, and they live in dire straits.

The Mulao nationality, together with other fraternal nationalities, waged many struggles against feudal rule. In the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, the nineteenth year, the sixth year of Zhengde, the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the seventh year of Yongzheng, the seventh year of Qianlong and the first year of Daoguang, armed forces of different scales broke out. During the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Mulao people organized secret societies and rose up to respond. In the seventh year of Xianfeng, Li, a peasant rebel, responded to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and established "Dacheng Country". He once occupied Luocheng County and established a peasant regime, which was actively supported by the Mulao people.

After the establishment of the * * * Production Party in China, the resistance struggle in the Mulao area gradually merged under the leadership of the Party. 1930, he army crossed the Mulao nationality areas such as Luocheng and tianhe county in the north, and the Mulao nationality was there.

As the Red Army continued northward, more than a dozen Mulao youths joined the Red Army. The masses lead the way, carry the burden and cover the wounded left behind. In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Mulao people not only joined the anti-Japanese advance team of Liu Bei's Party organization, but also automatically organized an armed team to fight against the Japanese invaders.

After 1946, under the leadership of the party, the Mulao people fought against the Kuomintang's conscription, grain collection, taxation and tax resistance, and some directly joined Liu Bei's People's Liberation Army. More than 70% of the members of the Third Squadron of the First Guerrilla Brigade are children of the Mulao nationality. Together with the people of all ethnic groups, they fought against the attack of the Kuomintang army and finally helped the People's Liberation Army liberate Luocheng in 1949+065438+ 10.

Cultural belief

Historically, folk beliefs have played a very important role in people's lives in Mulao areas, and Taoism and Buddhism have also had a deep influence.

In the 1920s, many large Buddhist temples were built in Mulao area. Only in the vicinity of Luocheng County, there are four major temples: Ben Temple, Kaiyuan Temple, Shuangfu Temple and Wanguang Temple. There are also small temples such as Jilong Temple and Shoufu Temple in the east of the city. These temples are full of cigarettes all the year round, and people who come to pray for disaster relief are in an endless stream. They also hold regular meetings every year, and people from nearby villages come to participate in sacrifices. Relatively speaking, Taoism occupies a more important position in people's daily life. If a person is sick or encounters a disaster, he should ask the mage to do something to worship God, exorcise evil spirits and pray for God's blessing.

The folk beliefs of Mulao people are in a relatively primitive stage. Sun, moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, electricity, mountains, water, grass, trees, birds and animals, as well as sages, sages and brave people throughout the ages, are all objects of worship. The folk beliefs of Mulao people are chaotic. They not only absorbed the gods of Taoism and Buddhism, but also often wore priests' clothes, which made many gods have both good and evil. For example, Wang Leyan, a god in charge of rain, can not only benefit mankind, but also drown the world and destroy mankind, so people worship him and fear him.

Wang is sometimes the devil in charge of children's life and death books, and sometimes he is said to be the mother of Fuxi, the father of human relations, the brother and sister of Nuwa, and the great mother. The white horse queen is sometimes a vicious goddess and sometimes a kind god. It is said that the Yifan Festival is to commemorate her. Mulao folk belief activities are frequent and diverse. Sacrifice and prayer ceremonies should be held at weddings, funerals, festive occasions, new houses and beams. There are also many religious activities in peacetime. Common ones are:

Sacrifice three realms

There are two altars outside the village, one is Sanjie Altar and the other is Wanglei Altar. Slaughter cows in front of Sanjie altar, pigs in front of Wanglei altar, and donate blood to the two gods.

Ming Jie bridge

If the child is sick and afraid of death, please ask the mage to do something. Make a bridge with sticks and write the names of parents, children and prayers. Put this wooden stick symbolizing the bridge in front of Shiva Temple, burn incense and paper, and pray to eliminate diseases and disasters.

Tianjiaqiao

If a woman is infertile after a long marriage, please ask a mage to do it. Putting a slate on the ditch and letting Zhang Yue and several family members walk across it is called "stepping on a bridge". Then a statue of "Mrs. Hua" was erected on the shrine in the main room. Nail another bamboo bridge on the heir's door, cover it with red and yellow cloth, cut it into 54 flower girl pieces with red and silver paper, and put it on both sides of the bridge, which is called "Door Bridge" to show the introduction of children to go home.

Bury a dog

Female infertility is thought to be caused by dogs. A baby's soul is most afraid of dogs, so it will be reborn in the future. That's why we have to hold a ceremony to bury the dog. Dig 97 pits next to the stone bridge erected to find children, light an oil lamp in the pit, slaughter a puppy, put it head down in the first pit, and then fill all the pits. Fill nine wells or seven wells, thinking that this can drive away dogs and make women pregnant and have children.

Call back the patient's soul

Also known as "the redemption of the soul". When a child is sick, it is considered that the soul is wandering around and needs to be summoned by the mage, and some of them are served by the patient's mother. Use a small basket with a mirror, an egg, a bag of white rice and a child's old clothes in it. Take it to the intersection to burn incense and paper, and call the child's name. After returning home, put the clothes and white rice for evocation on the bedside of the sick child, tie the colored thread sent by grandma on his wrist, and let the child drink a bowl of "Fu Shui". Six horses: old, weak and sick, I think I have lost six horses. Please ask the mage to add six horses. The mage cut down six paper horses, then prayed for six horses to come and put one paper horse in the corner of the old man's bed, head and feet. I believe that six horses can bring vitality and restore physical strength to the elderly.

Anlong location

The Mulao people believe that there are dragon gods in the village, that is, the so-called landscape Long Mai, and there are also dragon gods at home, which dominate the fate of the village and the family respectively. If the whole village suffers misfortune, it is considered to have destroyed Long Mai, and the whole village will hold an Enron event. If the family encounters misfortune, we should hold an Enron activity at home. An Long was held in the village. The mage filled his plate with boiling tung oil and smoked it all over the village. Then, pray for the arrival of the dragon god and slaughter a goose and more than 30 chickens as sacrifices. Three days after the Enron incident, people from other villages were forbidden to enter. Enron's family is similar, but much smaller.

Hold a Taoist ceremony

Also known as Taiping. In case of disaster in the village, the whole village should raise money to fight for it. Hosted by a mage for 3 to 5 days. Set up an altar in the open space outside the village, offer three sacrifices, and the mage chants and dances, asking God to exorcise ghosts. Then give them to the gods and burn paper-cut ingots, suitcases, houses and symbolic coins as a reward for the gods.

Tian Liang

The old man was ill and was thought to have eaten the food brought to the world by heaven. In order to restore the health of the elderly, we must ask the mage to add meals to the elderly. Sacrifice a rooster and two pounds of pork to God. Let the married woman bring back a bucket of rice and two threads. With rice, the mage covered the mouth of the rice barrel with paper, tied it with thread and put it on the shrine. On the fourth morning, open the bamboo tube, pour out the rice and cook it for the patient. Relatives will also bring some rice when they visit, which means adding vegetables.