Types of folk crafts in Guangdong

1. Stone carving \ ` & ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carving has a long history in Guangdong. In the long Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age, stone processing was a means for primitive ancestors in Lingnan to make a living. Many rock paintings, mainly complex abstract patterns, have been found in Hong Kong, Macao and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Estuary, especially in Gaolan Island, Nanshui Town, Zhuhai. The largest one is 3 meters high and 5 meters long, with clear lines, from which people and ship carvings can be identified. According to textual research, the stone carvings here date from about 1000 BC, and are works of the Bronze Age. Many octagonal prism stone railings with square bases have been found in the office site of Nanyue Palace, which is the earliest known stone railing in the architectural history of China. Nanyue Royal Garden Site is the first site in China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The stone ponds, winding stone canals and stone chambers built by huge stone slabs and various stone components are all carefully paved with ice joints. The tomb of Zhao Mei, the king of South Vietnam, is the largest stone tomb known in Lingnan, weighing 2.6 tons. 244 pieces (sets) of jade unearthed in the tomb, including 7 1 piece of jade wall, 2 sapphire round carving dancers, L pieces of blue-and-white jade carving claw cup embossed cirrus patterns, as well as silk carving jade clothes, dragon and tiger jade belt hooks, dragon and phoenix patterns, animal heads, etc., are exquisite treasures, reflecting the superb technological level of processing jade at that time, indicating that South Vietnam mastered cutting. Talc stoves, ear cups, pigs, pillows, inkstones and grindstones were also found in the tomb of Nanyue King. Sharpen the stone, sharpen the stone axe. This shows that stone carving is also a valuable craft. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone is strong and resistant to weathering. Therefore, in Lingnan architecture, besides stone pagodas, stone bridges, stone workshops, stone pavilions and stone tombs, they are more used in building components and decorations. Generally, it can be divided into three categories: first, as building components, door frames, railings, drums, steps, column bases, beams, wells and so on. Second, stone tablets, stone lions, stone watches and stone statues as accessories of buildings; Third, as furnishings in buildings, such as stone incense burners and stone five offerings. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Guangdong stone carving technology is better in eastern Guangdong, and Chaozhou stone carving is more exquisite. The stone balustrade of Tang Dynasty in the verandah of Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou, and the sumeru waist carving style of the ancestor tomb tower of Tang Dadian in Lingshan Temple in Chaoyang are elegant and simple. The Shijing Building of Kaiyuan Temple in Tang Dynasty is a rare large Shijing Building in China. The stone warrior figures in front of Wang Dabao's tomb are 2.33 meters high. Magnificent, the stone lion is 1.46 meters high, with its head held high and its shape exaggerated. The stone relief of rare birds and animals in Chaozhou Mingjian Phoenix Tower still maintains a rich and concise style. In the Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou's stone carving style changed from simple to exquisite, from shallow relief to the combination of deep relief and general carving, and the technological level was greatly improved, which was unique for dining halls, houses and halls to compete for stone carving. The Qing Dynasty Chaozhou Rat Litchi Grape Stone Carving, now in Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, is a superstructure with a height of 78 cm and is carved from cyan granite. Through the combination of light and dark carving, a group of mice were carved to steal the fruits of litchi and grapes. The mice are full of movement, lively and interesting, with vines winding and superb skills. Caitang Town in Chao 'an was built from Xigong Temple by overseas Chinese Chen Xunian. It cost 260,000 yuan and took 14 years to complete, which concentrated the essence of stone carving art. The Gongtong gatehouse is equipped with a pair of big drum stones and a pair of stone lions. The roof truss is a stone bucket arch, and the two ends of the beam Fang are hollow stone carvings with flowers and insects. People and beasts are the theme. The two spray columns were polished as smooth as mirrors. The hanging column in front of the eaves is exquisitely carved with upside-down flower baskets, which is complicated and exquisite. There are four stone carvings on the wall, with the themes of fishing, farming, firewood, reading, flowers and birds, insects and fish. In one of them, 25 characters from local agriculture, industry and commerce haunt the winding paths and pavilions of the mountain village, with different expressions, scattered and gathered, full of life breath. Among them, carving stone net rope and stone ox rope by hollowing out method is extremely clever. There were more than 1 10 stone archways built in Chaozhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 47 in the section of Taiping Road which was more than 1000 meters away. They are tall and exquisite in workmanship. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carvings in central Guangdong are mainly stone pillars, stone workshops and stone lions. South Han Stone Pier was exhibited in Guangzhou Museum, with a square base, a round upper part and a diameter of about one meter. Around the circular surface, more than a dozen lions were carved, with their heads facing outward and rough images. The artistic style is obviously influenced by the art of West Asia. In his later years, Liu Long, the master of the Southern Han Dynasty, "The pillars that pass through the south are all carved with stone, and each furnace burns incense, so it is energetic and invisible." Such a huge and vividly carved pier, you can imagine the grandeur and craftsmanship of the building at that time. There are 13 sandstone sentries on the back porch platform of Guangxiao Temple, which are 45cm high and have a wide ribbon on the chest. The clock is hanging in the middle, and they sit with their chests out, their forearms standing on hydrangeas or stroking little lions. Their postures are different, their hair is fluffy, their tails are covered with fine hair, and their hind limbs are curled up. Their shapes are still deeply influenced by the north. In front of zhenhai tower, there is the largest red sandstone stone lion in Ming Dynasty. This pair of stone lions was originally placed in front of a double door. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the city was demolished and moved to this site, with a height of 224 meters and a height of 2.86 meters. Fat body, carved lion hair, like a toad, sharp ears, grinning, not strong enough, not gentle enough, very Gu Zhuo, very strong folk art atmosphere. The stone lions in front of Zhengci Temple in Xianqiao, Jieyang are all in the Ming Dynasty, with lively artistic attitude and superb carving skills. The lion is slender, stroking its cubs, and its posture is high, showing a beautiful outer contour curve. By the Qing Dynasty, the stone lions in Lingnan had formed a unique style, with decorative images and more romantic colors. Compared with the stone lions in the north, they are naive, less dignified and more festive. In Guangzhou People's Park, there are a pair of stone lions carved from Xing Yanbai in Zhaoqing during Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. They were originally the objects of King Mi of Jingnan, and were excavated by senior craftsmen. The lion stepped on the ball; The lioness is playing with a young lion on her chest and back. The stone lion is 1.9 meters high and stands on a stone pedestal 1.62 meters high, which is very imposing. A pair of Xing Yan Baishi stone lions in the Governor's Mansion of Qing Dynasty are as tall and as big as those in Wangmi, south of Beijing. On the body of the round carving, it is engraved with depth, money and lines, and the overall shape is simple and vigorous, which is quite different from the beautiful and exquisite style of the common Lingnan stone lions in the later period. At the entrance of Yuehai Hotel, a pair of lions in the late Qing Dynasty moved from Gong Yan Street, Tiancheng Road. Lions have a big colored ball in their arms, a string of bells hanging on their shoulders and three arcs carved on their mouths. The lioness's right forelimb caresses a lion cub standing and twisting its head, and a lion cub crouching, which is affectionate. This French style, \ `&; ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Common in Guangdong Shishi in the late Qing Dynasty. The fine carving of stone carvings in Qing Dynasty, with smooth lines, dense but not chaotic, is absolutely exquisite, which is vividly displayed on the pedestal of Baishi Pagoda in front of Hualin Temple. There are many ancient stone lions with distinctive features all over Guangdong. In front of Nanxiong Museum, a pair of Song Dynasty red sandstone carved stone lions, each 1.2 meters high, are slender in shape. The lion opened his mouth and stepped on a stone ball with his left front foot. The lioness is very kind, caressing a little lion with her right front foot, which is vivid and unconventional. This is a treasure carved in the Song Dynasty. Longchuan has a Song Dynasty stone lion, which is 16 meters high, tall and rough. There are a pair of mashi lions in the courtyard of Gong Xue, Deqing. They are dark in color, with their heads held high, showing the heroic spirit of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Now there are many stone lions in Qing Dynasty, Wuchuan. The stone lions in Foshan and other places are exquisite in craftsmanship and mature in style. Stone carvings also have other animal images. Ancient stone dogs, turtles, monkeys and stone lions can be seen in Xuwenqian Mountain Fair. There are many stone dogs with characteristics. The big one is taller than others, the small one is like a cat, fierce or docile, all the same. Stone dogs can be seen in almost every village in Leizhou Peninsula, with different numbers. Many of them have 10 and 20 pieces in a village, which are placed at the entrance of the village, under the tree, in front of the door, in the sky and even on the floating board at the top of the residents' windows. They were first carved in the Song Dynasty and should be the legacy of totem worship in the contemporary era. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carvings are also found in other categories. Luoding Fenjie Town carved a round face with a diameter of 0.97 meters on a stone exposed from the ground, and chiseled out eight lotus petals, which is probably the stone seat of the Buddha statue. In the former site of Ziyun Temple in Li Anping, there are 13 Luohan stone carvings in Ming Dynasty, which are beautifully carved and accurate in scale. The relief patterns on the foundation of Zhaoqing Chongqiu Pagoda, Gaozhou Baoguang Pagoda and Chaozhou Phoenix Pagoda and the stone carving patterns on the room of Chao 'an Sanyuan Pagoda are rich in themes and beautifully carved. Xingning learns the imperial stone carving in front of Dacheng Hall of the Imperial Palace, and the high relief Youlong winds over the cliff, which is ingenious in conception. The stone relief of the Chenghuang Temple in Wangrao Ancient City, Raoping, the flower-and-bird animal image relief of the stone column fence in Shijing Village, Zhenze Town, and the flower-and-bird pattern stone carving in Tianhoumen 16 in Zhelin Town are all lifelike. The balustrade pattern of Mingyuan Bridge in Fengjian Village, Xingtan Town, Shunde, and the stone lion image on the doorpost, as well as the dragon and phoenix peony and the eight treasures of Buddha carved on the balustrade of Airi Bridge in Gufen Village, Xingtan Town, are all exquisite architectural decorative stone carvings in the Ming Dynasty. The red sandstone of Foshan Confucius Temple, which was originally located in the "Zhong Yi First Meeting", is 2.62 meters high and 2.27 meters wide. There are Kirin reliefs, and the engraving age is unknown. The gatehouse, archway, gate and inner courtyard of Long Mu Temple in Yueqing, Deqing are all decorated with stone carvings, which is known as the palace of stone carving art. The granite columns of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty at the mountain gate and the fragrant pavilion are deeply carved and carved through, and the panlong scales are light and transparent. The giant dragon column is a dragon column converted into a Chinese watch in the existing Foshan Museum. Wang Yao Temple in Qianshe Pavilion, height17.8m; The diameter of the column base is 0.9 meters, granite, high relief, partially hollowed out. The Zhong Yi Township Records of Foshan in the Republic of China called it "built by non-modern craftsmen". In front of the Hakka ancestral hall, stone flagpoles are common. The granite lintel of Nanlong Village in Huangshe Township in the plain in the Qing Dynasty, the relief of Huanglong is wrapped around the whole body, and the top of the column is in the shape of an official hat in the Qing Dynasty, reaching 15 meters. Stone flower tables are more common in front of tombs and temples. In front of the Ren Wei Temple, in the Nanhai Temple and in the tomb of the Huanghuagang Martyrs Cemetery, there are stone carvings and Chinese tables. From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the reliefs are dragons, clouds and water sprays, which are very artistic. In addition to the stone pillars, the stone carving of building components also includes the Liang Shi mechanical stone fence, stone pedestal and stone pillar foundation. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the stone railings of Lingnan Temple and the waist-girding sculpture of Xu Mi were rough and simple in style, but in the Qing Dynasty, they became complicated and exquisite, with the railings of Chenjiadao in Guangzhou and the moon beam decoration at the entrance of Nanxiong Guangzhou Guild Hall as typical examples. Stone pillars have different shapes, such as square, round, sub-shaped, octagonal, hexagonal, cylindrical cover, waist drum, flower basket, etc., which fully embodies the creativity of Lingnan craftsmen. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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2. Woodcarving \ ` & ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Lingnan woodcarving, as a handicraft, began to appear on wooden boat models and rowing figurines unearthed from Han tombs in early Han Dynasty in Guangzhou. Wooden boats are made of logs, and only a few knives can show the eyebrows, eyes, nose and cheeks of characters' faces in a three-dimensional way, vividly outlining the scene of rowers bending over to exert their strength. It shows the superb woodcarving skills of Lingnan ancestors. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Guangdong wood carving is divided into Guangzhou wood carving and Chaoshan wood carving. Guangzhou woodcarving is mainly practical, mainly used for architectural ornaments (flower beds, flower covers, doors and windows) and mahogany furniture. The main producing areas are the Pearl River Delta and Xijiang River Basin represented by Guangzhou. Chaoshan woodcarving is most famous for its golden lacquer woodcarving, which is mainly used to decorate halls, shrines and cabinets. The beams and eaves of ancestral halls, halls, temples and evil officials are the key decorative parts of Guangzhou woodcarving and Chaoshan woodcarving. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Chaoshan woodcarving originated in Tang Dynasty, developed in Song and Ming Dynasties and prevailed in Qing Dynasty. At present, in Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou, there is a wooden fish in the Tang Dynasty, which was used to hang a bronze bell in the fourth year of the Song Dynasty (114). There are three groups of railings on Zhenhai Tower, the main entrance of Chaozhou House in Ming Dynasty. There are 108 wooden pillars and 108 woodcarving monkeys with different shapes. After zhenhai tower was burnt down, the monkeys in the mansion couldn't escape. Now there are only three monkeys left. 1 Only collected by provincial museums. Collection of Chaozhou Museum, a picture of knees folded and meditation closed; One left hand holds the knee and the other right hand digs the ear, which is lively and realistic. The red lacquer wood carving incense burner cover of Chaozhou in Qing Dynasty, now in Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, is 35.3 cm high and square. The three sides of the cover and the base are carefully carved, while the hunting scenes of generals and princes are shown. The cover is engraved with "squirrel bodhi", "cicada gourd" and "bat pumpkin". Lions and lotus flowers are carved on the pillars around the base, and various flowers and birds are carved on the fence. Fine and complex decorative patterns, clever combination of various techniques and careful layout of complex scenes in a limited range have reached a perfect artistic situation. After the Ming Dynasty, Chaozhou gold lacquer wood carving rose on the original basis. Gold lacquer wood carving is divided into deep, shallow relief, through carving and round carving, and pays attention to multi-layer hollowing out technology. It is also called the second largest woodcarving variety in China with Dongyang woodcarving in Zhejiang. The Ming Dynasty Golden Lacquered Wood Carved Thousand-Buddha Pagoda in Kaiyuan Temple is 2.58 meters high. Carved in a circle, with six corners and seven floors, each floor has a Buddha statue. The story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures is engraved on the tower foundation, which is exquisite and wonderful. In the Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou woodcarving flourished. During the Qianlong period, temples were all over Chaoshan, and the beams, plaques, doors and windows furniture were all carefully carved. The beam frame of Qinglong Ancient Temple outside the south dike of Chaozhou is decorated with half a crab basket, which is said to be made by the famous woodcarving artist Huang Kaixian. In the late Qing Dynasty, gold lacquer woodcarving was the first in Jinsha Township, Caitang, Chaoan, and the second in Tiexiang, Yian Road, Chaozhou. Huanggong Temple was built in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. Its main hall lintel, main seat and entrance frame are all decorated with gold lacquer wood carvings in Zheng Ling. Themes include auspicious animals such as lions and dragons and phoenixes, as well as historical stories, such as "Tongquetai". "Flying Feathers Boiling the Sea" and "Flooded Jinshan Temple" are carved into flying phoenix, which seems to fly off the roof beam and birds are carved into flowers. Through various ways, it not only beautifies the whole, but also plays the architectural function of inserting hook braces. The beams were painted with gold paint. The whole beam frame has become a layered and brilliant large-scale art product. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Chaozhou golden lacquer wood carving, as architectural decoration and decoration, has the characteristics of transparency, gorgeous and exquisite. Today, in Chaozhou Museum, there is a cover wrapped with "Aquarium Map", which takes water as the theme, reflects local characteristics and makes full use of the expressive ability of through carving. Among aquatic plants and lotus flowers, fish, lobsters, crabs and snails are full of vitality, swimming, sneaking or crawling. The woodcarving hanging screen in Chaozhou Museum adopts the general carving method. There are only 45 people on the screen about 60 meters high and 38 centimeters wide. The scene is complex and distinct, and the joyful atmosphere is strongly rendered. The relief "Xiangzi Bridge Map" is engraved with a panoramic view of Xiangzi Bridge with "eighteen shuttles in Gansi Prefecture" on two wooden boards about 54 cm high and 32 cm wide. Pavilion, Town Water Cow, East Gate Tower on the Bridge, etc. are all included. There are 25 figures with different postures and identities, which shows that Chaozhou artists are good at square layout and make full use of techniques such as deep and shallow relief and sculpture. The technical characteristics of the story. Artifact decoration is a traditional category of gold lacquer wood carving with strong local color. Chaozhou Museum has a gold lacquer wood carving sedan chair in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, which is 1. 1.8 meters high and 0.8 meters wide. It consists of nearly 100 pieces of gold lacquer wood carvings, including sedan chair screen, top chair enclosure, middle plate, lower plate, foot lion and flower teeth. The carving contents include Bo Gu map, Shui nationality map, flooded Jinshan Temple, Eight Immortals crossing the sea and so on. The highest part is engraved with the pattern of Shuanglong winning the treasure. Chaozhou Golden Lacquer Woodcarving Hall, Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, is 2. 1 m high and 80 square centimeters at the bottom. An artifact carried when wandering. The double-eaved architecture resting on the top of the mountain is decorated with various characters from top to bottom, highlighting the dramatic plots and characters of Jiang Ziya, Huang, Lei Zhenzi and King Tota in the list of gods. The shrine in Chaozhou Museum during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty was 3.25m high,1.78m wide and1.25m deep. It is decorated with more than 80 gold lacquer wood carvings and more than 20 polished gold lacquer paintings. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Guangzhou woodcarving was good at carving round figures at first. 1950 The woodcarving Luohan statue of the Tang Dynasty found in the belly of the Sambo Buddha in Guangxiao Temple in Guangzhou has a plump figure, a plump face and a kind smile. The eyeball is inlaid with glass beads, with long earlobes and shoulders, and sits cross-legged. The green clothes are Zhu Shang, and the wrinkles are light and full of bends. I stroked my sleeve with my left hand and gestured with my right hand, but it was incomplete. At the same time, the letter of the woodcarving in the Tang Dynasty is like a statue of arhat, and the eyes are also inlaid with glass balls. Close your mouth and open your eyes, look up at the sky with your right hand, and touch your stomach with your mother's fingers. If you are kind, your left hand is gone. The lines are concise and vivid, and the shapes are full of life breath, reflecting that the skills at that time were quite mature. There are 360 woodcarving arhats in Nanhua Temple in Qujiang, and the inscriptions on them show that these woodcarving arhats were carved in Guangzhou. His artistic achievements are outstanding. Wood is mostly cypress, but also nanmu, camphor wood or sandalwood. Each statue is carved from a whole block of wood, with a height of 49.5~58 cm and a diameter of 23.5 ~ 28 cm. Each Buddha statue consists of a base and a sitting statue. In this limited range, the vivid and lifelike images of Lohan with different postures are designed, which are not only varied in sitting posture and gestures, but also fat and thin in age, different in appearance and manner, and rich in texture in muscles and clothing patterns. It can be seen that they are in the same strain as the carved arhats of the Tang Dynasty found in the belly of the Sambo Buddha in Guangxiao Temple. After Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guangdong woodcarving developed to architectural decoration and furniture display. There are four wooden screen doors between the back columns of the main entrance of Chenjiaci in Guangzhou, with fishing firewood and historical stories carved on both sides. The main building Juxiantang has 12 teak screen door with historical stories carved on both sides. The Fifth Middle Hall and the three main halls on both sides have large flower covers, which are beautifully carved. Guangzhou city god temple, the front porch beam frame is particularly particular about. Special-shaped bucket arches, piers and beams supporting the purlins of the shed are carved with lifelike opera figures, braids, longevity characters, fish and grass rolls. Fangliangtou carved lion back special-shaped bucket arch, unique. Panyu Yuyin Mountain House and Shunde Qinghui Garden Ornaments. Guangpai woodcarving and gold lacquer woodcarving. The lintel beams, pendants, humps and sparrows of Ren Wei Temple are all made by wood carving. The main hall supports the beam frame hump, bucket arch, fork hand, beam purlin legs, etc. The hump is carved with auspicious patterns such as Mei Cheng sparrow, Kirin and Longmen. Across the sky between the bright moon beam and two Ming Dynasty gold pillars, there are figures carved by the Eight Immortals. The bottom of all the beams are engraved with patterns, and even the eaves are engraved with exquisite stories of opera characters. Wood carvings are all painted with gold. Guangpai woodcarving was very popular in the Pearl River Delta and Xijiang River Basin in Qing Dynasty. For the decoration of pavilions, there are mainly flower beds, styles, porches, flower covers, pendants, beams, cornices, flower boats (purple cave boats), shrines, doors and windows, algae wells, screen doors and so on. The content includes people's stories, birds, animals, flowers and trees, and Bo Gu's paintings and calligraphy. He is especially good at expressing themes with complex network, novel patterns and Lingnan local characteristics, such as Bodhi wrapped bamboo and wisteria. Litchi hanging in Qingzhen Building of Foshan ancestral temple, countless litchi fruits hanging among green leaves, as if in a litchi garden. During the reign of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty, "Sanyoutang" was the most famous woodcarving school in Guangdong. It turned out that three woodcarving masters, Xu, Zhao and He, jointly operated woodcarving. Later, it was divided into three places, namely Xu Sanyou in Guangzhou, He Sanyou in Foshan and Zhao Sanyou in Sanshui. Its style is rough and unconstrained, exaggerated and refined, and the knife method is neat and not easy to be damaged. The representative of Guangpai woodcarving in its heyday is Foshan decorative woodcarving. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), there were 18 woodcarving guilds, and in the 2nd year of Xuantong (19 10), there were 148 woodcarving workers including apprentices. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous woodcarving shops in Foshan included Guanghua, Chenglidian, Juli, Henderson, Sanyoutang, Tailong and Synthetic. The main works handed down from ancient times are concentrated in the ancestral hall museum, such as the case of Huang Guanghua lacquer-carved golden woodcarving in Qing Dynasty, the case of Jin Mu Caimen, the case of Chengli Hall lacquer-carved golden woodcarving, the hexagonal palace lantern, big screen and Wanfutai carved by Sanshanwu Tailong, etc. The partition of Wanfu Stage is the most brilliant. Six groups of wood carvings are all installed on the partition separating the front stage and the back stage. The contents include the Eight Immortals, Sanxingdui Archway, Dragon-descending, Tiger-fu and the Bronze Pagoda for the Grand Banquet. All painted with gold, the carver is bold and unconstrained, and the description is vivid. The flower on the front eaves of the three doors of the ancestral hall is 365,438+0.3m long, which was made by Tailong in the 25th year of Guangxu (65,438+0899) and divided into 65,438+04 sections, all of which are engraved with characters' stories. The flowers on the back eaves of Sanmen are made of flowers, which are not as big as those on the front eaves, but they are finely carved. The content is Guo Ziyi's birthday, which is a multi-layer high relief. The case of Huangguang Huajin woodcarving Great God is 3.3m long and1.3m wide. There are 126 carved figures on the front of a shrine-style multi-storey building, with Jing Ke stabbing Qin Wang at the top and Fu Longju in Li Yuanba at the bottom. In the lower scene, several foreigners wearing top hats and tuxedos were also carved, knocked to the ground and bent down to present their watches. On the back of the sacred case, Song He Yannian carved wood with black lacquer and painted it with gold. On both sides of the sacred case, gnomes with high relief in gold paint hold bottles, and the carved gnome image is a foreigner. Huang Guanghua's golden wood carving painted door, the rich carving of characters' stories, Zhao Meimei's middle section of flying bear, and the scene of foreign invaders being knocked to the ground. It shows a distinct flavor of the times. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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3. Brick carving \ ` & ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

In offshore areas, brick carvings are rare because they are easily corroded and weathered by sea breeze. It is common near Guangzhou and in the middle reaches of Xijiang River and Beijiang River, and it is mostly used in doorways, piers, walls, railings, shrines, patios and windows. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Brick carving can be divided into shallow relief, high relief and general carving according to techniques, and divided into combined brick carving (single injection molding first, then combined into a complete pattern) and single brick carving in proportion. Combined brick carvings are generally used for large-scale decoration such as wall heads, stigma and zhaobi, and large ones need hundreds of brick carvings. A single brick carving is often embedded in the border of the shrine or in the place of phase decoration, seat decoration, etc. Most of them are flowers, birds and animals. Bricks of Han tombs unearthed in Lingnan have patterns and ornamentation, and Jin disciples have inscriptions, mostly dead seals; There are also some scratches. The epitaph of Mrs. Wang of Taiyuan, unearthed in Guangzhou, was carved in the third year of Sui Daye (607), which can be regarded as a random problem in brick carving. The line-carved bricks unearthed from the tomb of Haikangyuan, including gods and animals, belong to artistic creation, but the characters are relatively dull, probably related to the objects carved. As a kind of brick carving with deep and shallow levels, it began in Song Dynasty. During this period, the brick carving in the Central Plains has reached a fairly high level. It can be seen from the brick carving decoration in the tomb that the brick carving on the existing buildings in Lingnan was first carved in the Yuan Dynasty. At first, it was only a shallow sculpture, and the characters were not prominent. On the left and right walls of the lobby of Shanshitang in Shilou Town, Fan Wei, there is a large hollow brick window, and the four sides of the window are inlaid with brick carvings of figures and flowers, which is a well-preserved brick carving group of Ming Dynasty. At present, the Ma Liangshen archway in Zumiao County, Foshan is a four-column archway, which was built on the third floor of the 16th year of Ming Zhengde (152 1). The main building and the second floor are built with brick carvings, engraved with flowers and birds, figures and flowers. The simple image and vivid knife technique reflect that the brick carving in Foshan in the Ming Dynasty has reached a high level. The brick carving at the entrance of Zeng's Grand Ancestral Hall in Guangzhou was made during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty. The stone tablet building in the temple is embedded with a five-jump leaf-shaped brick carving bucket arch, which is the earliest existing brick carving. Lingnan brick carvings are famous for pushing six brick carvings on the front wall of Chenjiaci. Each painting is 2 meters high and 4 meters wide. It is made of exquisite Dongguan blue bricks. The main contents are Juyitang, Liu Yiqing Fulongju, melons, vines and calligraphy banners. The brick carvings of Chenjiaci are made by famous folk artists from Nanhai and Panyu, such as Huang Nanshan, Yang Jianting, Chen,, and so on. The brick carvings of Foshan Ancestral Temple are also large in scale, which are set on the north wall of the Bell Tower and Drum Tower respectively. They are all products carved by Guo Lianchuan and Guo Daosheng in the 25th year of Guangxu (1899). The specifications, dimensions, production techniques and styles of the two works are the same, both of which are1.82m high and 2.6m wide. The contents are Shoufang House in Niu Hao and Dahongpao in Haigong. Compared with the rough and heavy brick carvings in the north, the brick carvings in Guangdong are exquisite and delicate. Using refined water mill blue bricks as materials, they are often carved as fine as silk. It used to be called "hanging line brick carving". The carving techniques are mostly intaglio, bas-relief, high-relief, and through-carving, and the fine ones can reach seven or eight layers, which has a far-reaching impact on the scenery. Carved flowers are luxuriant in foliage and beautiful in shape. Opera characters have clear armor. Under the sunlight irradiation at different times, it can also show different colors such as black, white and cyan, and the highlights are smoky and the picture is ups and downs. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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4. Pottery sculpture \ `&; ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

The earliest pottery in Guangdong was found in primitive social sites in Yingde, Shixing, Nanxiong and South Australia. It is reddish-brown or dark-brown coarse pottery with sand, which is about 7000 ~ 8000 years ago. With pottery, even for daily use, there are requirements for plastic arts. 5000-6000 years ago, painted pottery appeared in the sand dune sites in the Pearl River Delta, the North Hill of Hanjiang Delta and the Pearl River Estuary, reflecting the progress of pottery-making technology. In the late Neolithic pottery kilns, only found in Qujiang, Shaoguan, Shixing, Xingning, Puning and other places, the patterns on the surface of pottery have been quite exquisite, and all kinds of geometric patterns have been processed by Tao Pai. The earliest pottery sculpture discovered by Yi Jin was discovered in Xigualing, Zengcheng in the early Warring States Period. Taoji and Taoma were unearthed from the site in the middle period. The former is 10 cm high, and the crown is open vertically, which is quite impressive; The latter has a residual length of 1 1 cm, head and feet are missing, and the vigorous posture of the mane is still visible. In Shenzhen and Hong Kong, there are also fragments of pottery animals from this period. In the early Western Han Dynasty, models of ceramic rhinoceros horn and ivory were found in tombs. The largest ceramic rhinoceros horn is 49 cm long and 17 cm long, with a trumpet-shaped hollow bottom. During this period, there were pottery pots on the heads, and the shapes of animals' heads, eyes, noses, ears and arms changed a lot, which was very decorative, and its origin may come from bronzes imitating the descendants of Lingbei. There are models of pottery stoves, wells, warehouses and houses unearthed from tombs in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. There are two models of lions, tigers and pigs, cows, dogs and chickens and ducks unearthed from tombs in the late Western Han Dynasty. These are all early pottery sculptures. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the pottery well model was the earliest decorative pottery sculpture attached to buildings. On the model, a bird with wings spread high stood on the top of the well pavilion. The lotus tile unearthed from Guangxiao Temple in Guangzhou has two layers of petals, each with 8 petals. Lotus petals are plump, regular and vivid. The animal head brick unearthed from Zhongshan Fifth Road in Tang Dynasty can be compared with the animal head brick of Daming Palace in Chang 'an, Tang Dynasty. These are roof building components with strong decorative artistry. The decorative part of pottery has been on the roof from the beginning, which is related to the characteristics that pottery is not afraid of rain and sun. Taowa Ridge was mainly popular in temples in central Guangdong and reached its peak in Qing Dynasty. There are 6 ceramic roof ridges in Foshan ancestral temple, which are located on the roofs of Sanmen, Qian Dian and Qian Dian corridors, main hall and Qingzhen building. The ridges of the three tiles of the Wenru Wall in Shiwan are 30m long and1.8m high. The contents of the previous sections are: the debate of Confucianism, the worship of gods in Jiang Ziya, and Kanluoji, with 145 plastic figures. On the back is Guo Ziyi's birthday, and the number is 149. Other ridge pottery sculptures are also two-sided, with contents such as "The Passage of the Sea", "Mu Sitting in the Town", "God Bless the People" and "Queqiao Club". Chenjia Temple in Guangzhou is the most spectacular in Lingnan Ceramic Tile Ridge. The roofs of halls, corridors and alleys are decorated with pottery. On both sides of the tile ridge in the hall, huge octopus, sister-in-law and phoenix birds attract attention. The pottery sculpture on Juxiantang is the longest, 27 meters long and about 3 meters high. Decorated with scenes such as Weichi Gong's fight for the handsome seal, heroes' meeting, Taoyuan Sanjieyi, and Guo Ziyi's birthday. Pavilions and pavilions are opposite, with waterfalls and mountains as the background. There are more than 300 people and animals on both sides. The pottery sculpture of Chenjiaci was made by Wenrubi Store in Shiwan. Wen is a native of Shunde, a famous ceramist in Shiwan during the reign of Kangxi, and later generations opened a shop with an old name. During the Guangxu period, there were many works of literary shops on the roofs and roofs of buildings in various parts of Guangdong. Tile Ridge is very rich, and there are still Dragon Mother Temple in Yueqing, Xujiangzu Temple in Sanshui, Kang Wang Temple in Puxin Village, and Xishan Temple in Daliang, Shunde. Kang Wang Temple in Dongguan was built in the 14th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1888), and the pottery sculptures of waterway heroes on the roof 108 are lifelike. Pottery decoration on the roof is not only found in central Guangdong. In the Qing Dynasty, the pavilions with ceramic plastic bottom on the roof of Beidi Temple in Rongcheng, Jieyang were rebuilt into three floors. At present, it has been changed into a boat-shaped ridge in the style of eastern Guangdong, losing its original style. The characteristics of the ceramic tile ridge in central Guangdong are as follows: First, it highlights the main position of the characters in the scene, "There are more people than mountains, and the water can't be flooded". The balcony is very similar to the background in traditional Chinese opera, but it is simplified as the main feature. The figure has a large proportion of head, big movements, a dull yellow red clay face, obvious expressions and emotions, and the upper part is generally extroverted. Second, bright colors, sparkling in the sun, more beautiful after the rain. In a word, it is suitable for viewing from a distance or enjoying from a distance, giving the temple a sense of condensed history, and the plastic theme is close to the people and intimate, making the temple closer to folk customs. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

More advanced than pottery, there are glazed ridges. Chen Temple Peony Flower Liuliling, a famous doctor in Shabei, Guangzhou, was built by Yinghua Hall in the 27th year of Qing Daoguang (1847). It is one of the earliest glazed tile provinces in Guangdong, with wonderful flowers. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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5. Gray plastic and clay plastic. ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Hair gel, also called grey batch, is a decorative piece made of lime, hemp knife, pulp and iron wire. Commonly used in roof decoration, eaves, lintels and window frames, pavilions and archways. Gray plastic can be made into multi-level images, reliefs and single round carvings. After being painted with bright colors, the artistic effect is close to that of ceramic and plastic, making it more convenient, so it has been widely used in buildings all over Guangdong in the Ming Dynasty, and it is more popular in the Qing Dynasty. It is also prominent in the gray sculptures of Chenjiaci, Foshan Ancestral Temple, Sanshui Xujiangzu Temple and Yuecheng Long Mu Ancestral Temple. The memorial archway of Foshan ancestral temple was built in the 16th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty (152 1), which is an early sculpture. Built in the Ming Dynasty, Daliang Xishan Temple in Shunde is decorated with a large number of vivid gray sculptures. The total length of the gray plastic roof of Chenjiaci is 225 meters, and the average height is 0.9 meters, which is the highest in Lingnan area. In addition to figures and floral patterns, gray sculptures often decorate roofs and eaves with geometric patterns. For example, the swastika gray sculpture in Su Ancestral Hall in Zhaoqing, the Fangmo Palace in Deqing Courtyard, and the geometric gray sculpture under the eaves of Ming-style houses in Pinghai Ancient City in Huidong. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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6. Porcelain inlay \ ` & ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

This kind of decoration is popular in eastern Guangdong, commonly known as "gathering Rao", "sticking Rao" or "deducting Rao". It is a rare local craft, which was founded in Ming Dynasty and prevailed in Qing Dynasty. At first, only broken pottery fragments were embedded in the roof and decorated with simple flower-and-bird patterns. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the improvement of pottery production technology, the porcelain workshop specialized in firing low-temperature porcelain bowls for porcelain mosaic technology, and painted with various colors to cut and mosaic into plane, relief or three-dimensional figures, flowers and birds, insects and fish, Bo Gu and so on. Tang Yu's roof, eaves, gatehouse, zhaobi, temples, pavilions and houses are decorated. The manufacturing method is to mix lime, brown sugar and toilet paper into a mortar, sandwich and cut colored porcelain pieces and embed them on the surface of the mortar, and splice them into various pictures. Vertical carving should be tied with iron wire, molded with mortar, and then covered with porcelain. \ ` & amp]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Chaoshan porcelain is embedded firmly and will not fade after wind and rain. Rich in layers and bright in colors, it is especially suitable for expressing flowers and birds. In shaping the theme, auspiciousness and auspiciousness are the main contents. Usually, the front of the roof is decorated with double dragon playing beads and peony with double peaks, and the corner of the roof is decorated with characters of traditional Chinese opera stories, especially the robes of military commanders. Porcelain inlay on the zhaobi is very common, such as unicorn, crane, deer, lion elephant, dragon and tiger, etc. By the Qing Dynasty, the inlay art of Chaoshan folk porcelain had been widely used in architectural decoration, not only popular in Chaoshan area, but also spread to all parts of Southeast Asia. The Zhengwang Pagoda in Bangkok, Thailand is a huge porcelain mosaic art. The original porcelain mosaic decoration on ancient buildings in Chaoshan area is almost new now. In recent years, some restored temples and pavilions have also adopted porcelain inlay technology, which makes this folk building decoration technology