Why did Tongzhi Zhongxing appear? When are the three symbols of Wanli?

Reveal the reasons for the emergence of tongzhi zhongxing

1644, the Ming dynasty declined and the Qing dynasty was established. From one dynasty to another, feudalism is generally at its peak. At that time, the state affairs began to ease gradually, and many anti-Qing organizations appeared in the local area. Among them, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement was the most extensive. At this time, Russia invaded a large area of land in the north. However, the Qing Dynasty experienced a short revival. What is the reason for the emergence of tongzhi zhongxing?

Tongzhi zhongxing peitu

During the Tongzhi period, cult organizations prevailed and their evil deeds did great harm to the people. The Qing army, which put down the cult civil strife, won the support of the people. Four ministers appeared during this period. These four ministers helped the Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty put down the civil strife. At the same time, in the face of the invasion of western forces, the Qing government reached an agreement with them to carry out the Westernization Movement. At that time, the Opium War launched by western countries against China during the Xianfeng period forced the emergence of bureaucrats in the Qing Dynasty who saved themselves by learning advanced western technology. In order to better plunder China's resources from the civil strife in China, the western capitalist countries and the Manchu government stood on the same front. The Qing government carried out the Westernization Movement, and at the same time comprehensively suppressed the domestic rebel forces in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Self-help, with the westernization school's western science and technology as the core, implemented some reform measures in China. Westernization schools and coal mining all developed during this period. These are the reasons for the emergence of tongzhi zhongxing.

The rulers beautify themselves and exaggerate the description of this period, which is also the reason for the emergence of Tongzhi Zhongxing. Generally speaking, there was a brief domestic peace in Tongzhi Zhongxing, and the vigorous Westernization Movement objectively brought a wave of western capitalism to China.

When was the Three Signs of Wanli?

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the first and second ministers promulgated a series of reform measures against the disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty. The great achievements of the reform improved the political efficiency and economy of the Ming Dynasty, and also greatly enhanced the military strength of the Ming Dynasty. There are three major battles in the Wanli Zhongxing Army, also known as the Wanli Three Expeditions. The three major investigations in Wanli were conducted from 1573 to 1620.

Wanli three-character map

The three expeditions refer to suppressing the rebellion of ethnic minorities in the southwest and northwest, sending troops to Korea to defeat Japan, and defeating and expelling the Dutch in the southeast coast. In the twenty years of Wanli, Korea was captured by Japan and requested support from the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty sent troops to Korea because of its unfamiliar geographical location. After the first defeat, 40,000 troops were assembled on 1593 to attack Pyongyang, repel the Japanese army and March into the Korean capital again. Finally, the Japanese army retreated, but the signing of the agreement failed. In the twenty-five years of Wanli, the Japanese army began to attack again. Emperor Wanli paid a huge price to fight and finally defeated the Japanese army. The second campaign was to quell the northwest-southwest rebellion. The Mongolian people worship the surrender of the former army. Although he surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, he still had a rebellious heart. In the twentieth year of Wanli, thanks to his son Sam and others, he rebelled and occupied Ningxia. Finally, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to pacify and expel them from the fortress. The three major measurements of Wanli took place during the reign of Ming Shenzong. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, there was unrest in the southwest. Yang ruled in Bozhou for several generations. In the early Ming Dynasty, it was appeasement rather than repression. Yang Gong prisoners colluded with Miao soldiers and occupied dozens of towns. In the 26th year of Wanli, the Ming Dynasty suppressed Yang, and in the 28th year of Wanli, the rebellion was put down and Bozhou was captured.

The time of the three symbols of Wanli is between 20 and 30 years. During this period, the reform measures carried out by the Ming Dynasty were implemented and the national strength was greatly increased.

Some people's evaluation of tongzhi zhongxing is too extreme. In their view, Tongzhi Zhongxing, under the guise of learning from the West, was actually a victorious advocacy of political reform by the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty. It appeared at the same time as Meiji Restoration, but it was quite different from Meiji Restoration. Although the policy also included learning from the west, the actual effect was not great because of the self-promotion of the Qing government.

Educational talents and talent recruitment have also encountered great resistance. The adjustment of internal economy is mainly reflected in adjusting production relations and cleaning up the mess of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Generally speaking, political reform is more thunder than rain.

But it must be said that the Westernization Movement developed China's suppressed capitalism. Therefore, some people have a positive evaluation of tongzhi zhongxing. They believe that the revitalization of Tongzhi promoted the development of modern society in China and sowed the seeds of modernization for China society. On the one hand, it suppressed the pro-democracy movement in China and gave people a stable and sustainable social environment; On the other hand, it learned from the west that development depends on science and technology, and only when the ship is strong can it resist foreign aggression. To put it bluntly, the modern history of China has begun.