Custom culture in Qilu culture

Since ancient times, Shandong, represented by Qilu, has established a family living mode with hall, shed and house as the structure, which Mencius called "five-acre house". For thousands of years, the courtyard economy, which mainly focuses on family sideline, tree art, fruit and raising six livestock, has occupied a considerable part in the self-sufficient family economy.

The development of courtyard economy in Shandong began with the establishment of Qilu. Jiang Shang, Guan Zi, Yan Zi, Mozi and Mencius all advocated the development of courtyard economy in their thoughts of enriching the country, which reflected the distinct consciousness of courtyard income generation and enriching the people. Guan Zi believes that "raising six domestic animals in Sang Ma will make the people rich", "keeping six domestic animals, having melons and vegetables, making the country rich" and "getting one from one tree will make the valley rich; Ten wins in one tree, and wood is also. " Obviously, Guan Zhong has brought courtyard economy into his economic policy. Mencius brought courtyard economy into his "benevolent policy" measures. He drew an economic blueprint for a self-sufficient small-scale peasant family that combines farmland, farming, mulberry and livestock: "Five acres of houses can be made of mulberry trees, and fifty people can wear clothes and silks; Chickens, dolphins and dogs have no time to waste, and 70 people can eat meat; Don't grab a hundred acres of land, a family can be hungry. " Mencius didn't care about cultivating crops and gardens like Confucius. The story of Meng Mu's three moves shows that Mencius paid special attention to the cause of his neighbors. If you kill pigs in the East, you should also ask why. Meng Mu made a slip of the tongue and said "spit on you", so he really had to buy meat from his east neighbor to make it clear. In connection with the story of Meng Mu's rags, the money for meat should be textiles. Therefore, the above proposition comes from Mencius' experience of courtyard economy in Zou Lu, which has the nature of communicating with Liang.

Mozi doesn't have as many humanistic and ethical feelings as Confucius and Mencius. His criticism of the whole society is based on respecting private property and taking the external material utility of workers as the value orientation. From "stealing peaches and plums in the garden" to "driving people and dogs to lick chickens and dolphins" and then "leading cattle and horses in the stalls"; From "small mistakes" to "big mistakes", through the increase and accumulation of immoral values, to demonstrate their own ideas. It can be said that Mozi was the first thinker to clarify the courtyard protection consciousness of Qilu people.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the gentry bureaucrats set off a wave of amassing wealth, led by Wang Rong, a native of Langxie, Shandong Province. Wang Rong, as three officials of the imperial court, did not take bribes or exploit officials and people, but governed the countryside in the way of courtyard economy in Shandong. He is busy day and night. Although he lost his official position, he showed the true face of Shandong people getting rich through labor.

The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie, a native of Qingzhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty, recorded in detail the cultivation and grafting of trees and fruits, the feeding and treatment of livestock and poultry, and the processing of agricultural and sideline products. In addition to agricultural knowledge, it can be said that it is the summary and guidance of courtyard economy. Its style and creativity come from the unique economic vision of Shandong people.

Yan Zhitui, a wicked man in the Northern Qi Dynasty, once took the experience of a rich man in the courtyard as a family motto, warning future generations that "the tiller has his food, Sang Ma has his clothes, fruits and vegetables exist, and the chickens and dolphins produced in the garden are born in the circle" and "they can keep their jobs and live behind closed doors". "If you build a house, you will benefit if you are alive, and you will leave if you die." Langxieyan inherited his family's literature, but it was obviously from the tradition of being rich in Shandong courtyard, with tree art, fruit and raising six livestock as the foundation of his career.

Sima Qian said that Zou Lu "has many things in Sang Ma". "Qilu thousand acres of Sang Ma", "waiting for thousands of households".

Sang Ma gave birth to unparalleled Qilu "women workers". Jiang Taigong arrived here to "convince its female workers". During the Spring and Autumn Period, women workers in Qi took the lead in using iron knives and needles. "Guanzi Neptune" contains: "A woman must have a knife needle". Lun Heng Cai Cheng said: "All embroidery in the world is omnipotent." At that time, the exquisite silk fabrics made by Tiki included "ice, embroidery, pure and beautiful things, and were crowned as clothes worn all over the world". By the Han Dynasty, Linzi, Dingtao and Kangfu (now Jining) had become the three centers of the silk industry. Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem entitled "Wan Qi Road Mao Che Ban Ban, Men Plow and Women Weave Without Losing", which fully embodies the leading position of Qilu home textile industry and its impression in people's minds.

In addition to Sang Ma, there are sumac trees in Qilu Courtyard. Confucius disciples are Cage, Diaoduo Qi and Qi Diao; Zhuangzi, a native of Song Dynasty (now south of Cao County, Shandong Province), worked as a painter. "History of Han Geography" says that Yanzhou is "Jue Gong Qi Bo". It shows that there were lacquer trees and gardens in Shandong during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the lacquer production and quality in Yanzhou in Han Dynasty were considerable, which became a tribute to the court.

Most of the common trees in modern times took root in the ancient Qilu mansion. "Poem Qifeng Oriental Day" has a poem "Folding willow fan park". Elm bears pods in spring, which can be used to save the famine. Qi Shu Yao Min said, "Thousands of acres of elms can be planted in a year, and thousands of horses can be collected in a year". The ancients called it Sophora japonica. Or locust tree. Wang #, a native of Shenxian County in the Northern Song Dynasty, planted three locust trees in the courtyard and said, "I want three officials in the afterlife." His son Wang Dan was a famous minister when he was in Song Zhenzong. Until today, there are still many willow, elm and locust trees in Shandong, and villages named after them are found all over the country.

"Melon, peach, plum and jujube" is a general term for all kinds of fruits in the courtyard in Shandong. Guan Zhong governs Qi, and vigorously advocates the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. It is worth mentioning that the gourd in Qilu has been growing in the courtyard for thousands of years and has not been transplanted to the field so far.

The traditional six domestic animals in China are horses, cows, sheep, pigs, dogs and chickens, which should broadly include all domestic animals and poultry, such as mules, donkeys, cats, ducks and geese.

Since the invention of Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period, cattle have formed an indissoluble bond with farmers. Ningqi, Qi people, cattle feed. He used "Song of Rice and Cattle" to talk about Qi Huangong, including "The night is long, the night is long?" . As the agricultural proverb goes, "Silkworms don't eat long at night, and horses don't get fat at night." Large livestock should add straw at night, and Ning Qi's songs reflect the accumulated experience of raising cattle in Qi State. During the Warring States Period, Tiandan of Qijiang was trapped in Jimo (now southeast of pingdu city), but he was able to collect more than a thousand cows in the long-trapped city and defeat the Yan army with the fire bulls. In the Tang Dynasty, Dongmou County in Dengzhou (now Penglai), Donglai County in Laizhou (now Laizhou) and Gaomi County in Mizhou were the "local bull emperors". Niuhuang is a gallstone in cattle, which is very rare. The above areas are not pastoral areas, mainly from livestock. It can be seen that there are many cows in Shandong compound.

The ancients used cars instead of walking, and many horses were raised by rich people with cars. Confucius said, "If you have a horse, lend it to others." Feng Xuan said that Meng Changjun was "a dog and a horse outside the stable". Until the Republic of China, there were horse nails in front of the rich people in Shandong, and some of them were directly built on the wall with nose-piercing stones. The tall and luxurious house, with several horses tied, looks magnificent. As for other livestock, it is the daily life of Shandong people. Zeng Shen's family raised pigs, and his great-grandfather cooked pigs for education, just like Meng Mu.

Qilu people live in the courtyard with six beasts, and they have devoted too much effort and affection to them, and they have also been richly rewarded. They use people's emotions to explore the cultural implications of the tree, fruit and six animals, appreciate the philosophy of life and social ethics and moral values, make the tree, fruit and six animals a cultural carrier and symbol of people, and show people's initiative and leading position. This way of thinking and all its contents also reflect the basic spirit of Qilu culture and even China traditional culture.

First, "life is full of plants and trees." People in China often give the light of life to trees and fruits and human rights to livestock.

Peach and plum are disciples, Sophora japonica is fair, pomegranate is multi-ovary, and peach, plum and apricot are all named after "Zi". The difference between human beings and animals has a strong moral definition, but since ancient times, people in China have called each other human beings and livestock. Dogs had a name in the pre-Qin period, and people in Shandong, Hebei and other places called cats a public mother. The descendants of the dragon called their son "dog", Shandong called his son "bird", Confucius called his son "carp" and his disciples called his son Sima Niu. Yan Zhitui said, "Most famous people in northern China are donkeys, colts and dolphins". This phenomenon that people talk about things reflects that trees, fruits and six kinds of animals have become an inseparable part of the courtyard, which is a reflection of China people's love for their homes. People who are far away from home will feel cordial when they see the old locust tree at home and the chickens and dogs at home. They are representatives and symbols of home.

Secondly, the courtyard economy has cultivated the consciousness and sense of justice of Shandong people to get rich through hard work, and enhanced their contempt for self-seeking and unearned behavior.

It is a fine tradition of Qilu people that farmers "flea at dusk is better than plowing and planting trees" and women "sleepless at night is better than spinning #". Lu Xianggong's family is rich, and his wife keeps spinning because of her professional hobbies, which shows that Qilu women are enthusiastic and single-minded about home textiles, as well as the consciousness of getting rich through hard work. Until today, Shandong people have carefully planned the front and back of the house and the courtyard fence, and have never been idle. This self-awareness of getting rich through labor makes Shandong people never think too much about "things that are not mechanical". "Being rich and expensive is what people want, and they won't make any progress in their way." Ordinary people may not be familiar with this passage of Confucius, but they know that "a gentleman loves money and takes it wisely." Mozi opposed stealing cattle, horses, peaches and plums, and together with them aroused a strong * * * sound. The "petty" of stealing chickens and dogs was despised by Shandong people, while the heroic "Jiang Yang Thief" was admired by people.

Third, the ancient Shandong people aroused and appreciated the philosophy and principles of treating people from the six animals, and integrated them into the good and bad fortune of daily life.

Idioms such as "ten years to plant a tree, a hundred years to educate people", "learn from its strengths, discard its weaknesses", "predecessors plant trees, and future generations enjoy the cool" and "don't scold dogs in front of guests" are all life philosophies appreciated by people from all walks of life. Since ancient times, Shandong people have reversed Gan Kun's way of thinking and behavior habits. Zhaofeng Zhitong, Sangong Zhihuai is particularly popular; Mulberry trees are homophonic with "mourning" and are generally not planted in front of the door; Marriage between men and women depends on whether the zodiac can get along; Pears are eaten separately. All these reflect the fear of "disaster" and the yearning for auspicious and beautiful life of the weak small producers, and behind the passive and fatalistic consciousness, there is an active consciousness of dominating life with their own wisdom and enterprising spirit.