Analysis of Private borrowing capacity in borrowing capacity

The sustained and stable economic development and the continuous improvement of the socialist market economic system provide a good macro-environment and broad market space for the further development of private enterprises. However, the shortage of funds and financing difficulties seriously restrict the development of private enterprises. According to statistics, the loan scale of small and medium-sized enterprises only accounts for about 8D of the total credit, which is extremely disproportionate to the proportion of ]/3 of GDP created by small and medium-sized enterprises, 2/3 of industrial added value, 38% of foreign exchange earned through export and 1/4 of national fiscal revenue. According to the survey, both small and medium-sized enterprises, state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises (including private enterprises) are treated differently. The proportion of private enterprise financing in the total social financing is not commensurate with its national economy, which hinders its rapid development to a great extent. In recent years, according to the requirements of the central government and the State Council to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, including private enterprises, the relevant state departments have also formulated a series of policies and measures to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises mainly composed of private enterprises.

1. The main reasons for the difficulty in obtaining loans from private enterprises

L. The inherent deficiency of private enterprises is the main reason for their difficulty in obtaining loans.

(1) the ability of private enterprises to resist risks is poor. The scale of private enterprises is small and scattered, the forms of management and organization are diversified, the product varieties and sales channels change greatly, the payment is unstable, and it is greatly influenced by the market and environment. Especially with the acceleration of the process of world economic integration, the degree of environmental constraints of enterprises is further deepened. Once the market and business environment change, some private enterprises are difficult to adapt. Therefore, the bank's loan to private enterprises actually increases the degree of risk.

(2) The internal governance structure and control mechanism of private enterprises are not perfect. The phenomenon of control by a few people or individuals is relatively common, and the management of financial statements required by bank loans is chaotic, uneven or untrue; Private enterprises generally have the phenomenon that there is no strict distinction between legal person assets and natural person assets. When enterprises have difficulties in operation, it is often difficult to control the withdrawal of enterprise assets, and the guarantee of loans is often not implemented.

(3) Many enterprises have weak credit concept and lack of integrity. When borrowing money, they are not ready to pay back the money. Some enterprises try their best to suspend and evade debts, resulting in a decline in the confidence of banks in lending to SMEs.

(4) The financial management of private enterprises is not standardized. The financial system is not perfect, which leads to a big gap with the loan conditions required by the general loan rules. Mainly manifested in: First, the registered capital is not true.

first, borrowing other people's funds for capital verification and withdrawing funds, resulting in excessive other accounts receivable in the enterprise's financial account, or inflated false cash inventory, and the other is that the registered capital is small and the actual amount of funds invested is large, resulting in excessive other payables, which cannot truly reflect the actual scale of the enterprise.

Second, the actual operation of the enterprise has not been truly reflected financially. In order to avoid tax supervision, operating income is not accounted for or less accounted for, but is reflected in the off-balance sheet, resulting in on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet.

thirdly, the phenomenon of private enterprise bosses' arbitrary control over finance is serious, which makes it impossible for financial personnel to handle accounts according to the accounting system. Some private enterprise bosses require financial personnel to make multiple statements, different statements from banks and taxes, and master a true statement by themselves. Some enterprises lack sufficient financial statements recognized by the financial audit department and continuous good business performance.

Fourth, the quality defect of the boss of private enterprises causes his deviation in financial control. All of the above make it difficult for banks to grasp the true and false situation of enterprises in the process of handling loans, so it is difficult for banks to make loan decisions effectively based on the financial data and other information of enterprises.

2. With the increase of financial supervision and accountability, the operators of banks have a lingering fear. In view of the high ratio of non-performing assets in China's banking industry, the state and various commercial banks have increased their monitoring and accountability for non-performing assets. In practical work, loans are invested in large enterprises and projects that are state-owned, supported by the government, and competed or participated by many banks. Even if the loans have bad problems, it is easy to explain the truth from the moral hazard and avoid or reduce the liability punishment. However, if loans are given to private enterprises, it is often difficult to explain the truth from the aspect of moral hazard, and it is easy to be examined and punished. Moreover, the loan conditions stipulated in the General Rules for Loans of Commercial Banks issued a few years ago are very strict, and many private enterprises can't meet the prescribed conditions and get loan support. Therefore, strict loan access and supervision and strict investigation have formed a clear orientation, which makes bank operators afraid to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises, especially private enterprises.

3. Commercial banks cannot regard private enterprises as key customers in the short term for their own operating efficiency.

(1) The target markets of commercial banks are different, so the positioning of themselves and products is also different. Due to their own weaknesses, private enterprises are difficult to become the first choice for commercial banks. At the same time, banks lend to private enterprises, with relatively high management costs and relatively little comprehensive income. Moreover, the People's Bank of China strictly controls the loan interest rate, and the floating range of loan interest rates for large, medium and small projects and borrowers with different risks is not much different. Commercial banks are often not interested in small and medium-sized projects or enterprises based on the principle of risk cost compensation.

(2) Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, commercial banks' loans to private enterprises are relatively more difficult to manage and difficult to control.

(3) The problem of high proportion of non-performing assets has formed in the history of commercial banks, forcing them to take more stringent measures to ensure the quantity and quality of new loans, so as to continuously reduce the proportion of non-performing assets.

4. The environment for the establishment and implementation of social credit system is not formed, which hinders the communication between banks and private enterprises.

(1) Lack of credit guarantee mechanism. The survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially private enterprises, need support from all sides. However, at present, China has not established a complete mechanism to provide credit guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises, including private enterprises, to make up for the difficulty of their enterprise loans.

(2) The promotion of the importance of corporate integrity is not in place, and the whole society is not strong enough to create a good credit atmosphere.

(3) It is not enough to crack down on the malicious evasion of financial debts according to law, and it is common for banks to win cases, which makes it more difficult to optimize the credit environment and investment environment.

2. Ways to solve the financing difficulties of private enterprises

1. Establish correct concepts to guide private enterprises to finance.

(1) We should establish the concept of equality and create an equal financing environment for private enterprises. The state treats financing policies equally, and implements the same financing policies for private enterprises and large enterprises, private economy and state-owned economy, and actively unblocks financing channels for private enterprises. All financial institutions should attach importance to the positive significance of private enterprises in diversifying the risks of bank assets, and boldly treat excellent private enterprises as long-term loan customers like state-owned enterprises to develop new business space.

(2) We should establish the concept of multi-channel financing. While continuing to use commercial banks as the main financing channel, we can also expand other financing channels. First, we should actively create conditions for high-quality private enterprises to issue stocks and bonds and vigorously expand direct financing channels. Actively improve the management methods of corporate bond quotas, allow qualified small and medium-sized enterprises to issue bonds, and effectively reduce the actual cost of corporate bond issuance. In addition, on the basis of rectifying and standardizing the local enterprise property rights and equity trading market, we should set up and gradually open a nationwide OTC market to serve the direct financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. The second is to develop venture capital. Government departments should formulate, revise and improve laws and regulations to promote the healthy development of venture capital in China; It is necessary to cultivate talents, improve supervision and develop the social service system of venture capital. Third, we should actively use private credit and create new social credit to open up channels between private capital and industrial capital. Fourth, it is necessary to encourage individual venture capital and turn savings into investment. Fifth, it is necessary to establish a property rights trading market and provide a place for private enterprises to directly finance. Sixth, we should actively develop financial leasing. Seventh, pawn financing, that is, a financing method of obtaining temporary loans in the form of physical ownership transfer with physical objects as collateral.

(3) We should establish the concept of financial product innovation and provide suitable financial products for private enterprises. The innovation of financial products, such as loan methods, types and guarantee methods, should be close to the actual situation of private enterprises, and new financial products with the characteristics of "short, frequent and fast" suitable for the needs of private enterprises should be developed in time, such as natural person guaranteed loans, warehouse receipt pledged loans, corporate account overdraft, factoring financing, micro-credit loans, credit granting, acceptance, discount, buyer's credit, trade financing, letter of guarantee, etc., to form a complete financial product of private enterprises.

(4) We should establish the concept of credit and create a good internal and external environment for private enterprises to keep promises. From the aspects of society, banks, private enterprises themselves and society, we should urge private enterprises to stress credit, strengthen the self-restraint consciousness of keeping promises, consciously adhere to honest operation and keep promises, improve the credit reliability of enterprises, win the trust and support of banks by good reputation, and seek development by credit.

2. Commercial banks should fully realize that supporting the development of private enterprises is an objective requirement of their own development. Commercial banks should treat the relationship between state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises dialectically, and take supporting the development of private enterprises, which occupy a large proportion in the non-state-owned economy, as an important task in future credit activities, and support private enterprises to become bigger and stronger gradually. It is necessary to strengthen investigation and study, and give bold support to private enterprises with certain economic management ability, good credibility, certain technical content, marketable products and development prospects, and give preferential credit policies to support their development. We should work hard sincerely to help private enterprises collect market information, put forward good business decision-making suggestions, try our best to reduce the arrears of inventory and accounts receivable, strive to improve operating efficiency and achieve the goal of win-win between banks and enterprises. Commercial banks should improve the current credit management system, improve the authorized credit system for credit fund management, appropriately expand the loan mortgage rate, and formulate a series of loan operation procedures that adapt to the actual situation of private enterprises.

3. People's banks at all levels should give full play to the guiding role of windows, strengthen coordination and supervision, and actively guide financial institutions to effectively increase credit input to private enterprises. It is necessary to further guide commercial banks to strengthen credit support for private enterprises with market, efficiency and credit; Strengthen communication and contact with the government and relevant departments to promote exchanges and cooperation between banks; Flexible use of monetary policy tools such as refinancing and rediscounting to guide financial institutions to expand credit input to private enterprises; It is necessary to strictly define the maximum upper limit of the interest rate on deposit of funds in the system of commercial banks, and curb the phenomenon of excessive deposit of funds in grass-roots banks.

4. Private enterprises should standardize their business practices and create favorable internal conditions for financing. Managers of private enterprises should vigorously improve their management level, put credibility first and strengthen their professionalism; We should constantly study and explore, constantly update our management knowledge and improve our own leadership art level, and we should be ashamed to ask questions, consult modestly, and constantly explore new business ideas; It is necessary to give full play to the role of various departments, links and technicians to make enterprises operate flexibly and freely; Preferential measures should be taken to attract and recruit senior managers, including senior think tanks, senior financial management personnel, senior marketing personnel and senior technical personnel; Gradually expand the scale of enterprises and enhance their ability to resist risks and compete in the market.

5. establish and improve the guarantee system for private enterprises as soon as possible to solve the problem of financing guarantee for private enterprises. In order to effectively solve the financing problem of private enterprises and make banks support private enterprises to the maximum extent, it is necessary to speed up the establishment and improvement of intermediary guarantee system with market operation and set up multi-level and various forms of credit guarantee institutions. The establishment of credit guarantee institutions can take the participation of government, finance, banks and enterprises, implement membership system, give priority to guarantee members, and provide members with various services such as policy consultation, financing consultant and project evaluation. In addition, private enterprises can be guided to establish credit mutual insurance organizations according to the requirements of standardized bank loan business under market conditions, so as to bear risks and enjoy benefits, and further improve the credit guarantee system. Through the improvement of the credit guarantee system, the obstruction of the combination of banks and private enterprises will be dredged.

6. accelerate the construction of social credit system and improve the credit credibility of private enterprises. It is necessary to improve and strictly enforce relevant laws and clearly protect the interests of creditors; It is necessary to enhance the credit awareness of government departments, law enforcement departments and enterprises, purify the law enforcement environment, make enterprises dare not rely on debts, and create a good environment for banks to increase their support for private enterprises.