When did Pinyin begin now? Nowadays, people in their fifties and sixties used to learn pinyin differently from now.

China didn't have pinyin letters at that time, so we used the method of orthography or anti-tangent of pinyin Chinese characters. Direct pronunciation means using homophones to express the pronunciation of Chinese characters. If homophones are rare words, they can't be read even if they are pronounced. Backcutting is to mark another Chinese character with two Chinese characters, with the upper word having the same initial consonant and the lower word having the same vowel and tone. Mr. Zhou Youguang called reverse cutting "center cutting welding method". These two methods of phonetic notation are inconvenient to use.

On the basis of analyzing Chinese initials, finals and tones, Shouwen in Tang Dynasty formulated 36 letters to describe the pronunciation of Chinese characters, which showed that the phonetic analysis of China had reached a high level at that time. Unfortunately, he used Chinese characters to represent these initials and finals, so such letters did not develop into pinyin characters.

Five hundred years ago, some Muslim minorities in China used the "Xiaojing" script, which is an Arabic script. Spelling Chinese with Arabic letters is a step further than using Chinese characters to express initials and finals in the Tang Dynasty. * * * has 36 characters, 4 of which are unique. This may be the earliest phonetic symbol used to spell Chinese in China. It no longer bears the trace of Chinese characters, and uses pinyin letters completely. Dongxiang, Salar and other ethnic groups also use Xiaojing.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries came to China to preach. In order to learn Chinese characters, they began to spell Chinese with Latin letters. 1605, Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary (1552- 16 10), published Miracles in Western Languages in Beijing, including four Chinese characters with Latin phonetic notation. This is the earliest publication to phonetic Chinese characters with Latin letters, which is a little later than Xiaojing, which first tried to pinyin Chinese characters with alphabetic characters. It's not easy to find the original book Miracles among Western Characters. It is said that the Vatican Library still has collections.

1626, French Jesuit missionary Giniger published Eyes of Western Confucians in Hangzhou, which is a vocabulary for phonetic notation of Chinese characters with Latin letters. The scheme used in phonetic notation is modified on the basis of Matteo Ricci's scheme.

Matteo Ricci and Giniger's scheme is designed on the basis of "Putonghua Pronunciation", which is suitable for spelling Beijing pronunciation. This novel pinyin method has given great enlightenment to China scholars. Fang Yizhi, a phonologist in the late Ming Dynasty, said: "There are also differences in words, that is, the connection between fate and borrowing ears. If things belong to a word, each word has its own meaning, just like Far West is because of the chorus of things. Words composed of sounds are unimportant or * * *, especially? " Yang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Xin Mao lived in Weng's family during the old Jin Wu period, and his son is still in the chapter. He read the book "Western Confucianism with Six Eyes" to show his surplus, but he didn't finish it. He had an epiphany about word cutting, because it might be some way. " However, in two or three hundred years, Matteo Ricci and Giniger's plan was only used by foreign missionaries, but not widely spread among the people of China.

From 18 15 to 1823, Ma Lixun, a British missionary who preached in Guangzhou, compiled a Chinese dictionary, which is the earliest Chinese-English dictionary. In the dictionary, he spelled out China Cantonese dialect with his own pinyin scheme, which is actually a dialect that teaches Roman characters. Then in other dialect areas, different dialects are designed to teach Roman characters. Among them, the "Zhuyinzi" in Xiamen began to spread at 1850, and only at 192 1, 50,000 copies were printed and sold. Until the founding of New China, about100000 people used this dialect to teach Roman characters. Dialects in other places teach Roman characters, which are circulated in southern trading ports and are mainly used for missionary work.

1867, Wade, secretary of the British Embassy, published the textbook "Beijing Phonetic Putonghua", which included your language. He designed a spelling method to spell the names of people, places and things in China with Latin letters, which is called Webster's style.

During the period from 193 1 to 1932, two foreign missionaries put forward "spicy Chinese characters", which is a Latin alphabet of China designed according to Guang Yun. Almost all homophones have different spellings and are spelled in dialects.

These schemes of spelling Chinese characters with Latin letters provide experience for the future Chinese Pinyin movement.

The Modern History of Chinese Pinyin

China people's own pinyin movement began with the movement of character segmentation in the late Qing Dynasty.

After the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The enthusiasm of saving the nation and rejuvenating China has inspired some patriotic intellectuals to put forward the idea of saving the country through education. Liang Qichao, Shen Xue, Lu Yanshao and Wang Zhao all pointed out that the difficulty of Chinese characters is the reason why education cannot be popularized. As a result, a "phonetic notation movement" was launched.

Liang Qichao pointed out in the preface to Shen Shi's phonology, "Is the country evil or strong? Man's wisdom is powerful, but is man's evil wisdom? Read as much as you can, and when you study, the people have wisdom. " Shen dui said: "the strength of European countries ... has the harmony of Rome." When people are good at reading, they are easy to understand, considerate, analyze advantages and disadvantages, unite from top to bottom, and talk about prosperity. " Lu Taizhang said: "Knowing Chinese by pronunciation, ... the whole country can read and understand. How can the country be poor?" How do people fish? "Wang Zhao said," gentlemen, let's all be strong. See what China has become? " "China government must attach importance to lower education, and to get rid of the obstacles of lower education, it is necessary to formulate a written communication language, so that words and texts can be integrated. "

Lu Taizhang (1854- 1928) was the first person to create pinyin characters in China. 1892 published "A glimpse of the first stage" in Xiamen, and published "China Zhuyin New Words" created by him. He used Latin letters and their variants to spell Xiamen sounds, which have both phonology and phonology, written horizontally left and right, with initials on the right, finals on the left, nasal and tone symbols. After adding initials, he can also spell Quanzhou and Chaozhou sounds. In his view, Chinese characters are "or the most difficult words in the world today", while the new words with pronunciation cuts are "all words can be read by themselves without teachers", thus "saving more than ten years and focusing on arithmetic, geography, chemistry and all kinds of practical knowledge, why not make the country rich and strong!" Lu Taizhang did not demand the abolition of Chinese characters, but advocated "the juxtaposition of segmented characters and Chinese characters". Later, he compiled the textbook "China Alphabet Beijing Qie Yin" and "China Alphabet Beijing Qie Yin Book", spelling Mandarin with Qie Yin.

After Lu Taizhang's "At a glance, the first stage", a 20-year phonetic notation movement began. Almost every one or two years, there are new schemes for word segmentation, such as Wu Jingheng's quick word of bean sprouts, Cai Xiyong's quick word of phonology, Shen Xue's prosperous vowels, Wang's phonetic alphabet, Wang Zhao's synonyms in Putonghua, and Lao Naixuan's newly added synonyms. Most of these phonetic schemes are phonetic symbol-phonetic symbol-double spelling Chinese character stroke schemes, and most of them are only studied in a small range and have not been widely implemented. Only Wang Zhao's Mandarin alphabet and Lao Naixuan's homophonic simplified characters are widely practiced.

Wang Zhao (1859- 1933) took part in the Reform Movement of 1898 and fled to Japan after failing. Inspired by Japanese pseudonyms, he began to draw up Chinese phonetic alphabet, and returned to China secretly in 1900, and published "Mandarin Chorus Alphabet" under the pen name "Poor People in Central Shandong" and based on Chinese character strokes. He said: "Beijing dialect is the most convenient to promote, so it is called Mandarin; The official is public, and if it is public, it is necessary to choose a large number. " He does not advocate the abolition of Chinese characters. He said, "Those who study hard and have leisure time might as well study Chinese for ten years", and "China proverbs go hand in hand and subsidize each other, and more benefits will be gained". 1903, Wang Zhao founded the "Mandarin Alphabet School" in Beijing. In order to obtain legal status, he surrendered himself to the prison. After he was released from prison, he made every effort to promote his own Mandarin alphabet. "In ten years, he persevered and spread to thirteen provinces", and his spirit was admirable.

Lao Naixuan (1842- 192 1) is a phonologist. He actively supported Wang Zhao's plan, supplemented dialect letters on the basis of mandarin letters, and made plans to visit Nanjing, Suzhou, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, collectively known as "homophonic simplified characters". The achievement of popularizing this kind of "simplified phonetic characters" is very remarkable. "Once illiterate women can read books and newspapers, they can write letters. If blind people can suddenly see them, their joy is almost indescribable."

Although the creators don't want to use it instead of Chinese characters, they hope that the phonetic symbols can be used in parallel with Chinese characters. However, their wishes have not come true.

The phonetic symbol schemes put forward in the phonetic symbol movement are varied and dazzling, which can be roughly summarized into three systems:

(1) Kana system: Imitate Japanese kana and use Chinese radical as phonetic symbol. 1892 The New Phonetic Characters of China proposed in Lu Taizhang's At a Glance, and the Phonetic Characters of Mandarin written by 190 1 Wang Zhao all belong to pseudonyms.

(2) shorthand system: shorthand symbols are used as pinyin symbols. The schemes proposed in Cai Xiyong's Zhuyin Kuaizi, Shen Xue's Vowel in the Prosperous Age and Wang Pinyin's Zipu published by 1896 to 1897 all belong to the shorthand system.

③ Latin system: Latin letters are used as phonetic symbols. Zhu's Jiangsu New Alphabet 1906, Liu Mengyang's China Phonetic Alphabet 1908, Jiang's Tongzi, and Huang's Latin Hypothesis 1909 all belong to Latin school.

19 13 February, a unified pronunciation conference was held in Beijing. The main task of the meeting is to "examine and approve the national pronunciation of all characters" and "select letters". The meeting lasted more than three months. At this meeting, the pronunciations of 6,500 Chinese characters were examined and approved, and the "national standard pronunciations" were determined by voting of provincial representatives. A set of 39-character phonetic symbols has been developed. This alphabet uses Chinese strokes, the letters are selected from ancient Chinese characters, and the syllables adopt the triple spelling system of initials, finals and tones. The reverse spelling of double spelling is improved, and its purpose is only to mark the pronunciation of Chinese characters, not to be used as pinyin characters. This set of phonetic symbols was later reduced to 37 letters (initial 12, vowel 13, intermediary 3), which is almost half of the letters in the double spelling phonetic scheme.

The conference held a heated debate on the role and position of phonetic symbols, and finally decided that the role of phonetic symbols is for phonetic chinese characters, and it cannot be used side by side with Chinese characters. Li jinxi clearly pointed out that the function of Pinyin is to "serve and rely on Chinese characters".

After the phonetic symbol was passed, it was shelved for five years before it was officially announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government on 19 18. During 1920, "Putonghua Workshop" and "Summer Putonghua Workshop" were set up all over the country to promote pinyin letters. Classical Chinese classes in primary schools all over the country have been changed to vernacular Chinese classes, and primary school textbooks have used phonetic symbols to annotate Chinese new words. Beijing has also set up a phonetic book and newspaper office, printed and popularized phonetic books, and also run a phonetic newspaper. From 1920 to 1958, phonetic symbols have been used in China for nearly 40 years. This has played a great role in unifying the pronunciation of Chinese characters, popularizing Putonghua and popularizing pinyin knowledge. 1930, some senior officials thought that the name of "phonetic symbol" was not pleasant to listen to, and changed it to "phonetic symbol" to emphasize the characters that are not juxtaposed with Chinese characters.

Zhou Enlai spoke highly of the role of Pinyin in the current task of Chinese character reform. He said: "Phonetic symbols came into being after the Revolution of 1911, which is the first set of phonetic symbols officially published by the state and widely promoted in primary and secondary schools in China. Phonetic symbols have made some contributions to literacy education and phonetic unification. Although there are still many shortcomings in phonetic symbols today (for example, phonetic symbols, as the foundation of ethnic minorities and a tool to promote international cultural exchanges, are obviously far less than Latin letters), we should affirm its achievements in history. For the phonetic symbol movement in the past forty years, phonetic symbols have also played a pioneering role. "

After the May 4th Movement, in 19 18, Qian published the article "China's Future Writing" in the fourth issue of New Youth, and put forward the idea of "abolishing Confucianism" and "abolishing words". He said: "If you want to abolish Confucius, you must first abolish Chinese; In order to drive away the naive, barbaric and stubborn thoughts of ordinary people, we must first abolish Chinese "; He even said: "If China wants to survive and become a civilized country in the 20th century, the fundamental solution must be to abolish Confucianism and destroy Taoism; Abolishing Chinese, which records Confucius and Taoist myths, is especially the fundamental solution. " He put forward: "After the abolition of Chinese", "Esperanto, an artificial word with concise grammar, neat pronunciation and excellent roots, should be adopted".

This is obviously a very radical statement, and it is academically wrong to confuse Chinese with Chinese characters and the difference between language and writing, so it was criticized by Chen Duxiu. Chen Duxiu pointed out that language and writing are "closely related, but different in nature" and must not be confused, so it is "only the abolition of China writing?" It is worth studying to suppress and abolish China's language, so he put forward the idea of "abolishing Chinese first, saving Chinese and using Roman characters".

This view is supported by the people in New Youth. Qian also accepted Chen Duxiu's opinion, jointly advocated the Pinyin of Chinese, and launched the Pinyin Movement of Chinese. 1923, Mandarin Monthly published a special issue on the reform of Chinese characters, and the call for adopting Roman characters reached a climax, and the Romanization of Mandarin entered a new stage. Qian published the article "Chinese Character Revolution", denying Chinese characters, saying that "everywhere is enough to prove that this is an anachronism of the old birthday girl, and she can't adapt to the new life in the era of scientific prosperity in the twentieth century", "so the Chinese character revolution can be completely changed to Pinyin" and "only speaking Chinese characters loudly and brightly can make a revolution! In this way, the cause of Chinese character reform has hope of success. " He is not satisfied with phonetic symbols, and thinks that "the fundamental reform of Chinese characters" should adopt Roman letters.

Li jinxi published "The Way Forward of the Revolutionary Army in China", put forward the problem of "the book is full of words", and made a systematic study on this important issue. Zhao Yuanren published A Study of Mandarin Romance, and put forward A Draft of Mandarin Romance, which adopted international Latin letters and used letters to express the tone of syllables, without creating new letters or adding new symbols, and put forward systematic word connection rules.

1923 In August, the Ministry of Education held a preparatory meeting to unify Putonghua and decided to organize the "Study Committee on Romanization of Putonghua".

1925 In September, some members and linguists in Beijing automatically organized a "meeting of several people" and put forward "French Pinyin of Roman characters in Putonghua".

1In September, 928, President Cai Yuanpei of the University officially published "Romanization of French as National Language" as "the second body of Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet", which was used to phonetic Chinese characters, unify the national language, and "compare phonetic symbols to help popularize national pronunciation". In the Mandarin Romance Movement, some reading materials were published, such as Mandarin phonography Reader.

This paper compares "Common Chinese Pinyin Vocabulary" published by the Ministry of Education 1932 with Pinyin letters and Mandarin Roman characters. However, the romanization of Mandarin has never left the intellectual world, nor has it been widely implemented in society, and its influence is far less than phonetic symbols.

Romance, the national language, has always been used in Taiwan Province province. 1984, Taiwan Province Province published the revised draft of Mandarin Romance, which was published in.

1986 65438+/kloc-0 was officially published on October 28th, and its name was "The Second Form of Phonetic Alphabet of Putonghua", which was changed to the same notation as "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" to express tones.

The Development of Chinese Pinyin in the New Culture Movement

Following the Romanization Movement of Putonghua, China also launched the Latinized New Chinese Characters Movement. China's new Latin characters were created by the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, aiming at eliminating illiteracy among the 654.38 million Chinese workers in the Far East of the Soviet Union. In the future, when conditions are ripe, we will replace Chinese characters with Latinized new words to solve the literacy problem of most people in China. At that time, the Soviet government also listed the literacy task of Chinese workers in the Far East of the Soviet Union as its own task. As a result, party member, Qu Qiubai, Wu, Lin and Xiao, three Soviet-born figures in China, cooperated with Soviet sinologists Long and Guo Zhisheng to study and create new Latin characters. Qu Qiubai wrote the Latin alphabet of China, which was published by Moscow China Laborer Productive University Press in 1929, and Qu Qiubai published the Latin alphabet of China in 1930, which caused great repercussions. 1931May, the Presidium of the Central Scientific Conference on New Characters of All Nationalities in the Soviet Union deliberated and adopted the China Latin Alphabet Program.

193 1 On September 26th, 2008, the first Congress of the Latinization of Chinese Characters in China was held in Vladivostok, Soviet Union, and the written plan, principles and rules for the Latinization of Chinese Characters in China were adopted. Its main contents are as follows: 1. China's Latin neologism principle (article 13); 2. China Latin neologism rules (including: ① letters, ② spelling rules and ③ writing rules). Latinized neologisms are formulated on the basis of Mandarin Roman characters, which are different from Mandarin Roman characters in tone marking. Tone should be marked on all syllables in the Roman characters of Putonghua, while it is stipulated that tone should not be marked on the new Latin characters in principle, and only when it is extremely necessary or confusing. For example, "buy" and "sell" are easily confused, with "buy" written as wheat and "sell" written as wheat. As a result, the Latinized New Character Movement officially began, which promoted the historical process of Chinese modernization in China.

There has been a heated debate between the creators of Latinized neologisms and the creators of Mandarin Roman characters. The former is called "Northern Latin School" and the latter is called "National Luo School". Later, it was found that the two factions were consistent on some fundamental issues, but there were differences on some minor issues. Zhou Enlai said in "The Task of Current Character Reform": "Latinized new characters and national Roman characters are two relatively perfect schemes of Latin alphabet pinyin created by China people themselves. When it comes to the current pinyin scheme, we cannot but admit their contribution. "

After the adoption of the Latinized New Characters Program, it was first implemented in Chinese University of Technology, and 47 books were published, with a print run of more than 654.38+million copies. Many workers in China have learned new Chinese characters and can use them to read and write letters.

1933, the new Latin characters were introduced into China. 1934 In August, the "China Latinization Research Association" was established in Shanghai, and books introducing Latin neoscripts were published. Then Latin new writing groups were set up in some big cities in the north and south, even among overseas Chinese. According to statistics, during the twenty-one years from 1934 to 1955, there were more than 300 Latinized new writing groups.

The spread of Latin neologism has also been enthusiastically sponsored by people in the cultural and educational circles. 193565438+In February, 688 celebrities such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Chen Wangdao and Tao Xingzhi published an article "Our Views on Promoting New Characters", which said: "We think this new character is worth introducing to the whole country. We sincerely hope that everyone will study and promote it together and make it an important tool to promote popular culture and national liberation movement. " This is a revolutionary declaration of the Latinized New Writing Movement.

1September 22, 936, after reading this article, I wrote to Cai Yuanpei personally, saying, "Mr. Wang is the first person listed in The Theory of New Characters. Twenty years later, I suddenly saw my beloved Mr. Ji Min, and published a brand-new exposition completely different from the general old and new diehard parties. I am not the only one who is happy when I know it, not just the producer, but also an infinite number of people! " Mao Zedong appreciated the new writing movement at that time. Mao Zedong actively supported the new writing movement. In1On New Democracy published in June, 1940, he said: "The style of writing must be reformed under certain conditions, and the writing must be close to the people." 194110 In October, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region established the "New Characters Working Committee", which officially declared that new characters have the same legal status as Chinese characters. In the same year, the first issue of Xin Wen Zi Bao, published in Yan 'an, published Mao Zedong's inscription: "Practical implementation, the wider the better"; Zhu De also wrote an inscription: "Let's spread practical new characters to the whole country".

In the most urgent era of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the spread of Latinized new characters formed an unprecedented mass cultural revolution movement combined with the national liberation movement. Not only was this movement not destroyed by the gunfire of the war, but it blossomed everywhere in the war-torn years. The implementation of new Chinese characters in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region has achieved good results. According to Wu Shuo: "In less than three months, 65,438 people in Yan 'an counties and cities were illiterate in winter schools. They learn new words, write letters, read books and newspapers, and have made great achievements. "

The movement of Latin neologism lasted for nearly 30 years until the publication of 1958 "Chinese Pinyin Scheme". It is of great and far-reaching significance to the cause of China's character reform and the formulation and promotion of Chinese Pinyin scheme.

"Modern Chinese Pinyin Scheme" released

1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the pinyin scheme developed immediately. 1949 10 established a non-governmental organization "China Character Reform Association", and the association established a "Pinyin Scheme Research Committee" to discuss what letters to use in the Pinyin Scheme.

In 195 1, Mao Zedong pointed out: "Chinese characters must be reformed and must follow the same phonetic direction as the world characters". However, what form of pinyin scheme to adopt, he himself has been repeatedly considered. When Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union, he asked Stalin how to deal with China's literary reform. Stalin said that China is a big country and can have its own letters. After Mao Zedong returned to Beijing, he instructed the China Character Reform Research Committee to formulate a national pinyin scheme. At the same time, the Shanghai New Characters Research Association stopped promoting Latin new characters in the north, waiting for the new scheme to come into being.

195510 June 15, the National Conference on Character Reform was held in Beijing. Ye Laishi said in his speech: "During the period from 1952 to 1954, the China Chinese Character Reform Research Committee mainly studied the stroke pinyin scheme of Chinese characters. After three years' exploration, several drafts were put in the first draft of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Chinese Character Stroke Pinyin Scheme)". At this meeting, six draft pinyin schemes were distributed to the delegates, four of which are Chinese strokes, one is Latin alphabet and the other is Slavic alphabet. After the meeting, Wu Xianghui, then director of the Language and Character Reform Committee of China, reported that it was difficult to get a satisfactory design for the ethnic form scheme after three years, so it was better to use Latin letters. Mao Zedong agreed to adopt the Latin alphabet, which was adopted at the Central Conference.

When China worked out the pinyin scheme, the Soviet Union no longer engaged in Latinization, but engaged in Slavic scripts, and all Latin national scripts were changed into Slavic letters. Mongolians and China also changed Mongolian letters into Slavic letters. In the 1950s, China stood on the side of the Soviet Union, and some people advocated a literal alliance with the Soviet Union with Slavic letters. Serdyuchenko, a linguist sent to China by the Soviet Union, also suggested using Slavic alphabet. It is said that when a Soviet Vice Premier visited China, he told Vice Premier Chen Yi that he hoped that both China and the Soviet Union would use the same alphabet. Vice Premier Chen Yi replied that China's culture must be associated with East Asia and Southeast Asia, which are accustomed to using Latin letters. In this way, China did not use the Slavic alphabet. If our country had adopted the Slavic alphabet, we would have encountered more difficulties in using computers today. At that time, the decision of China government in choosing letters was very correct.

1On October 20th, Mao Zedong delivered a speech in support of the Latin alphabet at a conference on intellectuals. He said, "Comrade Wu's speech is very good. I quite agree with the opinion on the reform of writing. Do you agree to use Latin letters in the future? In my opinion, among the broad masses, the problem is not big; Among intellectuals, there are some problems. How can China use foreign letters? However, it seems better to use this foreign letter. In this regard, Comrade Wu spoke very well. Because there are very few such letters, only 20, written on one side, simple and clear. Our Chinese characters are really inferior in this respect. You can't compete if you can't. Don't think that Chinese characters are that good. Several professors told me that Chinese characters are the best characters in the world and cannot be changed. If the Latin alphabet was invented by China, there would probably be no problem. The problem is that foreigners invent and China people learn. However, foreigners have long discovered that China people study. For example, Arabic numerals, aren't we common for a long time? Latin alphabet originated in that part of Rome and has been adopted by most countries in the world. If it is used, will it be suspected of treason? I don't think so. As long as we learn what is good abroad and useful to us, we have to digest it all and turn it into our own. In the history of China, the Han Dynasty did this, and so did the Tang Dynasty. Both the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were famous and powerful dynasties in the history of China. They are not afraid to absorb foreign things and welcome good things. As long as the attitude and methods are correct, it is of great benefit to learn good things from foreign countries. " (quoted from the Analects of Confucius by Zheng Linxi).

During this period, many writing schemes were created among the masses and sent to the China Writing Reform Committee. According to statistics, from 1950 to August 3 1 day, 65435 schemes were sent to the national conference on Chinese character reform, and the Chinese pinyin scheme was announced from August 3 1 day 1955 to February 3 1958. There are more than 3,300 writing schemes designed by the masses. This kind of enthusiasm for creating writing schemes is unprecedented in the history of China's cultural development. This fully shows the sociality of language planning.

1955 In February, the China Character Reform Commission set up the Pinyin Scheme Committee, started to design the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, and put forward the Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft). 1956 February 12, China Language Reform Commission published the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft)" for public comments. This draft * * * has 3 1 letters, including five new letters (dotted line I; Long legs n; Z, c, s) has a tail, thus realizing "one word and one sound" without inflections and double letters. After the publication of the draft, it caused a heated discussion throughout the country, and even overseas Chinese and overseas students put forward their own opinions.

1955 10 the State Council established the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme Examination Committee". After a year's work, 1957 10 put forward the revised draft, which was adopted as a new one at the 60th plenary meeting in the State Council. On February 1958, 1 1, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress officially approved the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. Since the autumn of 1958, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has entered the primary school classroom in China as a compulsory course for primary school students. "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" is a set of pinyin letters and spelling methods to standardize the spelling of Putonghua, and it is the legal pinyin scheme in People's Republic of China (PRC). This scheme absorbs the advantages of various Latin alphabet pinyin schemes in the past, especially the romanization scheme of the national language and the romanization scheme of new words. It is the crystallization of China's 300-year-old Pinyin Movement and the summary of China people's experience in creating Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years. It is more perfect and mature than any Latin alphabet pinyin scheme in history.

The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has the following characteristics:

(1) Only 26 letters are used internationally, and no new letters are added;

② Try not to use additional symbols (only use two additional symbols);

③ Try not to change reading;

④ y, W and the sound insulation symbol ""are used for sound insulation;

⑤ Use four double letters zh, ch, sh, NG; ;

⑥ Four tone symbols are used to represent four tone categories: flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone;

⑦ Use the common alphabetical order of Latin letters to determine the names of Chinese phonetic letters.

Zhou Enlai said in the report "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform": "The scheme of Chinese Pinyin published now is developed on the basis of previous orthography, anti-tangency and various pinyin schemes. As far as the adoption of Latin letters is concerned, its historical origin can be traced back to more than 350 years ago. Recently, it can be said that the experience of China people in creating Chinese Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years has been summarized. This scheme is indeed more perfect than the pinyin schemes of various Latin letters that have existed in history and are still in use. "

Since the scheme of Chinese Pinyin was formulated, it has been rapidly popularized and applied. There are mainly the following aspects.

① For Chinese phonetic notation: Since the autumn of 1958, Chinese phonetic notation has been used in Chinese textbooks for primary schools nationwide, and later in middle school textbooks, dictionaries, popular books and literacy textbooks. People's Daily, etc. Annotate difficult words with Chinese Pinyin. 1958 10 the central administration for industry and commerce and the China language and writing reform commission jointly issued a notice, requiring all kinds of trademark designs and commodity packages to be marked with hanyu pinyin letters. The names of post offices, railway stations, weather stations and city streets are also marked in Chinese Pinyin. 1June 9, 982, the National Bureau of Standards issued the national standard "Chinese Spelling of Chinese Books and Periodicals", which stipulated that Chinese books and periodicals published in China should be marked with Chinese phonetic titles and titles on the front cover, front cover, back cover or copyright page.

(2) Teaching Mandarin: After the publication of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, Mandarin textbooks, reading materials, word lists, dictionaries and dictionaries written in Chinese Pinyin came out one after another, which promoted the popularization of Mandarin. In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has become an indispensable tool for foreigners to learn Chinese in an all-round way.

(3) Used for sorting and indexing dictionaries, dictionary phonetic notation, books and periodicals. The 75-volume Encyclopedia of China is sorted by Chinese Pinyin, and every entry in the article is marked with Chinese Pinyin.

(4) As the same foundation for the creation and reform of minority languages in China. In China, Zhuang, Miao, Dong, Hani, Wa, Li, Naxi, Tu and other ethnic minorities have used letter forms consistent with Chinese Pinyin.

⑤ Used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable: The Chinese Pinyin scheme provides a foundation for Braille and sign language for the deaf. Hanyu Pinyin can also be used for flag communication and lighting communication, and information is transmitted through flag signals or lighting symbols corresponding to Chinese Pinyin letters. Pinyin input method is one of the most popular input methods in computer Chinese character input.

From 65438 to 0977, the United Nations Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for spelling geographical names in China. 1978 In September, the State Council forwarded the Report on Using Hanyu Pinyin Scheme as the Unified Spelling Standard for Roman Alphabet of Geographical Names in China. 1 982 On August/0/day, the Technical Committee for Documentation Work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for spelling China-specific words in world documentation work, and the standard number was ISO7098- 1982. The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has developed from China standard to international standard.

Pinyin is still an auxiliary tool for spelling Chinese characters.