Which is the real ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty, Xi or Luoyang?

We often hear words with strong historical connotations, such as "Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties" and "Ancient Capital of Thirteen Dynasties", which all refer to a city of their own. These cities were once the capitals of different dynasties in ancient history, and because they were once regarded as the capital of a country, they left a lot of historical sites and cultural property. However, there has always been controversy about "the ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty", because there are two cities that are the ancient capitals of the 13th Dynasty, Xi 'an and Luoyang, but some people always think that some of them are not rigorous. So who is the real ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty?

In the history of thousands of years in China, many places have been used as capitals. These places are either rich and splendid, or surrounded by mountains, or cities with mountains and water. If ranked by number, Xi 'an and Luo Yang are undoubtedly the first choice.

Is it Xi or Luoyang? Let's base ourselves on historical facts. Let's first determine the criteria for judging the ancient capital.

First of all, the dynasties with its capital in this city should be recognized by orthodox history, and transitional regimes can't be counted, such as Xin Mang regime, Wuzhou regime and Dashun regime. Secondly, this city should be the highest decree of the cashier and the political center of the whole country, not the "capital" and "capital" of the office of the emperor and the central government.

Next, according to the above criteria, let's list the capitals of Xi and Luoyang.

1.Xi 'an is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong Plain, and it is a historical city with profound heritage and heavy accumulation. It is endowed with the wealth of "800 Li Qinchuan" and enjoys the natural barrier of "a country with four blockades". If you advance, you can drive eastward and conquer the world. If you retreat, you can defend yourself according to the risk and wait for the opportunity. Such a unique "place of use" and "city of victory" made Xi the first choice for many dynasties in the history of China.

The earliest dynasty in history that established Xi as its capital was the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the middle of BC 1 1 century, Haojing, the capital of Zhou Wuwang, is Chang 'an District, xi City, Shaanxi Province, which is the beginning of Xi 'an's capital history.

In 77 1 year BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by the dog Rong, and Haojing was demoted to. Since then, the second capital of Ann is Qin, who moved to Xianyang in 350 BC and died in 206 BC. At present, academic circles have different opinions about the city scope of Xianyang in Qin Dou, but there is no doubt that it overlaps with Xi 'an jurisdiction today. Therefore, from this perspective, the history of Xianyang in Qin Dou can also be regarded as a part of the history of Xi 'an Capital.

After the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty established its capital in Xi 'an. The former site of Han Chang 'an City is in the northwest of Xi City. At that time, it was a metropolis where all directions converged, bearing the vitality of the Han Empire and witnessing the hard struggle and positive progress of the people of China at that time.

After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the new ruling group headed by Liu Xiu moved its capital to Luoyang.

By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in constant turmoil, and Dong Zhuo, the Liangzhou warlord in charge of state affairs, was forced by military pressure from Kanto to discuss with Dong Lianjun. In A.D. 190, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was kidnapped and moved westward, and Chang 'an became the capital of the Han Empire again. However, Chang 'an at this time did not bring Dong Zhuo long-term security. Only two years after moving to Chang 'an, Dong Zhuo became the ghost of Lu Bu's sword. It seems that the so-called prediction that "the deer will die, and it is difficult to enter Chang' an" has not been fulfilled in Dong Zhuo.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Chang 'an once again briefly played the role of the capital. After the Yongjia Rebellion, Sima Ye, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an in 3 13, and was the emperor of the Jin Dynasty in history. At that time, the Western Jin Dynasty was a building about to collapse. After four years of hard struggle, Qin Shihuang and his subjects were finally forced to surrender to the Han Dynasty (later renamed Zhao, known as Shi) established by the Huns in 3 16. In this way, the Western Jin Dynasty spent its last days in Chang 'an.

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, northern China entered the Sixteen Kingdoms period. During this period, Chang 'an was the capital of three regimes: former Zhao, former Qin and later Qin. At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiu Yuan, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was bullied by the powerful minister Gao Huan. In 534 AD, he sent imperial courtiers to Chang 'an. Since then, the Northern Wei Dynasty has split into the Western Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and Chang 'an has become the capital of the Western Wei Dynasty. In 557 AD, Yuwen Hu, the powerful minister of the Western Wei Dynasty, established the Northern Zhou regime and made Chang 'an its capital.

In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Zhou Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wendi was the famous Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty. Since then, the history of China has entered the glorious Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty believed that Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty had been ruined since it was used in the Western Han Dynasty, and was often attacked by the Weihe River flood. In addition, due to the narrow space, there was no room for further expansion of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty.

At this time, Chang 'an in the Han Dynasty was no longer suitable as the capital of the new dynasty, and Emperor Wendi of Sui decided to start a new stove and build a new capital.

In the second year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, that is, in June 582, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ordered the establishment of a new capital in the southeast of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty, which is now Ancheng District. Gao Jiong, the minister of Sui Dynasty, took the lead in building the new capital, and Yuwen Kai, the son of the Prince, was responsible for the specific construction and creation. Because Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was famous for Daxing Gong in his early years, Xindu City was famous for Daxing City.

In 583 AD, Daxing City was built, and the Sui Dynasty moved its capital to Xindu. After the short-lived demise of the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty continued to take it as its capital until 904 AD when Tang Zhaozong and Ye Li moved to Luoyang under the coercion of Zhu Wen.

Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was once a cosmopolitan metropolis, which witnessed the spirit of the early Tang Dynasty and the glory of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, as well as the struggle of the middle Tang Dynasty and the decline of the late Tang Dynasty.

After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Xi 'an was no longer elected as the imperial capital by China dynasties. Although Li Zicheng, the king of expedition, once proclaimed himself emperor in Xi 'an, this short history was not included in the history of Xi 'an's capital because Dashun regime was not orthodox.

According to statistics, there are 10 kings whose capital is An: Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

But there are two special situations: First, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xian Di was forced to move to Chang 'an. But six years later, Cao Cao met Xuchang; Another time was in the late Western Jin Dynasty, when Xian Di Chen died in Chang 'an for only three years.

However, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty were orthodox dynasties after all, and Chang 'an, the capital of the last two dynasties, was also dominated by the will of the state, so it can also be counted.

In this way, Xi 'an was once the capital of 12 times.

2. Longxing River Luoju Beichen Luoyang is located in the Central Plains, with superior geographical location and unique natural conditions. In the words of Li (the father of Li Qingzhao), a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Luoyang is the throat and assembly place in the world". Gu Zuyu, a famous geographer in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, praised Luoyang as "a land with mountains and water, and its shape is superior to the world".

Thanks to the above advantages, many dynasties in the history of China took a fancy to Luoyang and chose it as the capital.

The first dynasty in history with Luoyang as its capital was the Xia Dynasty. According to "Ancient Bamboo Records", "Taikang lives in Zhucheng, and the next year lives in it, and Jie lives in it". Historians have analyzed that the Biography of Summer Capital here is the Erlitou site in the southwest of Yanshi, a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Luoyang today.

Since then, the Shang dynasty in midsummer has also made its capital near Luoyang, and this business capital is Xibo. Xibo is located between Mangshan Mountain and Luohe River, and its specific location is roughly in the areas of corpse township, pagoda tree and tower village in the southwest of Yanshi today.

After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, in order to better control the adherents of the Shang Dynasty and strengthen the control of the newly conquered territories in the East, Luoyi City was built east of Jianshui, south of Mangshan, north of Luoshui and on both sides of Luoshui. After the enemy captured Haojiang River, it moved eastward to Luoyi in 770 BC, and Luoyi became the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty until the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by Qin in 256 BC.

After the demise of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang once again became the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. From Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor, until Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was forced by Dong Zhuo to move westward to Chang 'an, the Eastern Han Dynasty always took Luoyang as its capital, dominating the world and governing the four seas. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Xiandi lived in Xudu with Cao Cao. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Han Dynasty, he moved the capital back to Luoyang. After that, the Western Jin Dynasty, which replaced Cao Wei, continued to take Luoyang as its capital until 3 1 1, when Luoyang was attacked by the Han army established by the Huns.

After the Northern Wei Dynasty ended the chaos in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, stability was restored in northern China. The seventh emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong (later renamed Justin), was a monarch who admired China culture. In order to further promote the cultural reform in China, he moved the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty from Pingcheng to Luoyang in 494 AD, and Luoyang once again became the political center of northern China.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Daxing City has always been the capital of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. After Yang Di Yang Guang succeeded to the throne, Luoyang's political status rose. Yang Di ordered the construction of Luoyang, the eastern capital, and moved its capital here.

As for Yang Di's real idea of moving the capital to Luoyang, some people think that Yang Di wants to get rid of the Guanzhong area where the military aristocrats in Guanlong are powerful, so as to strengthen the imperial power. It is also said that Luoyang had convenient land and water transportation at that time, and it was economically convenient to accept grain tax from the south.

In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang's political status was still important. In 657 AD, in the second year of Tang Xianqing, Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi appointed Luoyang as the eastern capital of the Tang Dynasty. During the period of Wu Zetian, Luoyang played an important role in the political life of the country, and it was in Luoyang that Wu Zetian ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor.

However, for most of the Tang Dynasty, the political center of Tang Ting was Chang 'an. In 904, Zhu Wen forced Tang Zhaozong to move to Luoyang, which became the capital of the Tang Dynasty in the last few years. However, at this time, the Tang Dynasty had existed in name only, and the emperor and the imperial court in Luoyang had become playthings in the hands of Zhu Wen, and they no longer had the appeal to rule the world.

In 907, Zhu Wen proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Tang Dynasty and established Hou Liang. The capital of Hou Liang was originally in Kaifeng, and then moved to Luoyang in 909. In 9 13 AD, Zhu Youzhen, the last emperor of Houliang, proclaimed himself emperor and changed his capital to Kaifeng. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, besides Hou Liang, there were the later Tang Dynasty and the later Jin Dynasty, all of which took Luoyang as their capital.

After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang became Xijing in the Song Dynasty. Both Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin wanted to move their capital to Luoyang, but they gave up because of many people's opposition. Of course, the Northern Song Dynasty did not have the conditions to move the capital to Luoyang at that time. Due to the policy of "strong cadres and weak branches" in the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of imperial troops were stationed in Beijing. These imperial troops usually need food and rice from the south to support them, which is very necessary and expensive. This determines that Kaifeng (called Bianliang in Tokyo at that time) must be the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and once the capital is moved to Luoyang, because Luoyang has no traffic conditions like Kaifeng, the problem of eating a large number of imperial troops will be affected, and the cost of state governance will be greatly increased. Therefore, Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, really has the necessity of its existence.

In 1930s, Luoyang briefly became "the capital of the national government". 1932 65438+1October 28th, the Japanese invaders provoked the "November 28th Incident" in Shanghai, and the 19th Route Army of China in Shanghai rose up to resist, making the prosperous and splendid Shanghai a battlefield to resist foreign aggression. Due to the threat of Japanese invaders, the National Government was forced to make a decision to move the capital to Luoyang on June 29th, 65438. Lin Sen, then chairman of the National Government, also moved to Luoyang, and the National Government also issued the Declaration on the Relocation of the Office of the National Government to Luoyang.

During his stay in Luoyang, the Kuomintang held two meetings. One was the Second Plenary Session of the Fourth Kuomintang Central Committee held from March/KLOC-0 to March 6, which decided to make Luoyang its capital in wartime and Xi 'an its capital, and elected Chiang Kai-shek as the chairman of the Central Military Commission. 2. The National Disaster Conference was held from April 7th to12nd, and the Declaration of the National Disaster Conference was adopted.

Since then, due to the signing of the "Songhu Armistice Agreement", the situation has temporarily eased, and the national government agencies that moved the capital to Luoyang moved back to Nanjing on May 30 of the same year, and Luoyang's short history of "visiting the capital" came to an end.

It can be seen from the above that the dynasties that once established their capitals in Luoyang in history are Xia, Shang, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang (904- 907), Later Tang, Later Jin and * * * 12.

3. The two ancient capitals, East and West, have both ancient and modern inheritance. As can be seen from the above comparison, there are 12 dynasties or regimes in Xi 'an with its capital, and 12 dynasties or regimes in Luoyang with its capital.

Of course, Xi 'an and Luoyang have irreplaceable important positions in the history of China, and they both inherit the endless life blood of the Chinese nation from ancient times to the present. They can be called "Gemini" in the historical starry sky of China and "two peaks" in the mountains of Chinese civilization.

Today, when we walk in the streets of Xi 'an and wander in the streets of Luoyang, we can still feel the massiness and broadness from the depths of civilization and the uniqueness from historical accumulation.

In this sense, no matter who built the capital in more dynasties, Xi 'an and Luoyang are equally outstanding, extraordinary and great.