What are the western landscapes and national buildings in Yuanmingyuan?

Yuanmingyuan is a large-scale artificial garden with beautiful scenery. The flat land is stacked with mountains to control water, exquisite garden buildings and wide planting of flowers and trees. Rolling hills, winding water, pavilions, winding promenades, islands and bridges divide the vast space into 100 scenic spots with different tastes surrounded by mountains and rivers. The water surface in the park accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of the three parks. Large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially dug on the flat ground, and the rivers flowing around the circle are connected in series to form a complete river and lake system. There are 250 earth mountains in the park, large and small, which are combined with the water system. The water turns with the mountains and the mountains live because of the water, forming a well-defined garden space. Let the whole garden be as foggy as a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it is impossible.

The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Surrounded by nine small islands, the Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan is a symbol of Gong Yu and Jiuzhou. The small gardens or scenic spots built on each island have their own characteristics and learn from each other. There is a good chance of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow is near the lake, spanning hundreds of feet, trimming fences and cutting wings, and it is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels and overlooking the sky, is a blue sky. " The west coast looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. Commonly known as goldfish pond. "Chiseling pool is a country where fish are happy, and there are more than a thousand scales beside the pool." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built by the lake, shaped like a Chinese character, warm in winter and cool in summer, with exotic flowers and grasses embroidered on the other side in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu Minser, north of Yuanmingyuan, introduced water into the room by Taixi (Xize) water method and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is cold, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. Serene of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance.

The Pengdao Yaotai in Fuhai is based on the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than 1000 boys and girls to Haidong, looking for fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that the enterprise could live forever. This can only be "a sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and the water and fog are hidden outside the method." Yong Zhengdi, on the other hand, asked craftsmen to build three islands in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan with phosphorus boulders, symbolizing the legendary "Three Immortals Mountain" of Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot. There are pavilions and pavilions on the island, and there are five views of the Golden Temple. Jade Building Twelve ",and named East Lake" Fuhai "according to the meaning of" Xu Fuhai strives for perfection ". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai, five or six hundred meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small waters, is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the night of July 15, the Qing emperor watched the river lantern here. After freezing in winter, the emperor took an ice bed to play in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.

Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan is that it imitates many famous gardens all over the country, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces six times in the south, visited Wutai stations in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan Mountain in the east. Wherever he goes, he likes famous mountains, rivers and gardens. After returning to Beijing, he will let the accompanying painters draw and copy in the garden. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied from the park, and the names will not be changed. As the saying goes: whoever says the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful will shrink in your arms.

After Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Yuanmingyuan has four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. An Lan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai is one of them. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong's southern tour, Chen Jiao Garden in Haining was named "An Lan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the wonderful structure of this garden very much. After returning to Beijing, he rebuilt and built around the Four Overflows Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan, imitating its location. After the garden was completed, it was named "An Lan Garden". At that time, Changchun Garden also built three other famous gardens. One is the Xiaoleyuan Garden, which was built in the East Courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled after the Wangyuan Garden of West Lake in Hangzhou. One was built in the thirty-second year of Qianlong, modeled after Jiangning (Nanjing). One is the lion forest built in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, modeled after the famous gardens in Suzhou. For example, the Garden and Lion Forest have 16 scenic spots respectively. The west peak of Yuanmingyuan is beautiful, and it is the place where yongzheng emperor and Emperor Qianlong held a wonderful Tanabata feast on the seventh day of July. Here, you can borrow the scenery of the western hills. On the west bank of the river, there are a group of overlapping mountains, majestic and steep, and waterfalls in the mountain stream rush down. Looking closely, it looks like the majestic momentum of Lushan Mountain, hence the name "Little Kuanglu". Sitting on a stone by a stream, imitating the Yinshan Lanting in Shaoxing. Built in Yongzheng period, commonly known as Liu Beiting. Scholars such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty once lived in Yonghe on March 3, 1999 (the last day). They would gather in Lanting to meet, meander water, compose poems and repair wedges (sacrificial activities), which became a much-told story. The Lanting in the Yuanmingyuan, in the ravine, is rugged with rocks and continuous shock waves, and there are three-bay double-eaves pavilions. In the forty-four years of Qianlong, six "Preface to Lanting" posts by famous calligraphers of past dynasties were collected, which, together with the handwriting of great scholar Yu Min and Emperor Qianlong himself, became the "Eight Columns of Lanting". Emperor Qianlong requested that the pavilion be converted into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars, each of which was engraved with pillars. This is the famous Eight Pillars of Lanting in Yuanmingyuan. Dagong Kuanran, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was modeled after Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern part of this scene is in the middle period of Qianlong, which is modeled after the Yunlin stone chamber rock of Panshan Jingji Mountain Villa. Jiaqing poem praised "Shuanghe Zhai": the structure is deeply like Huishan, and the famous garden is quiet and leisurely. The winding path is steep, the pine and cypress are lush, the hole is rugged, and the stone is not stubborn. People know that the humorous garden in the Summer Palace is modeled after Huishan Airport Garden. In fact, there was a Jichang Garden in Yuanmingyuan at that time. It's just that the artistic conception of the two imitations has its own merits. Spring scenery in Wuling describes the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. Built at the end of Kangxi, it was called Taohuawu during Yongzheng. This used to be the place where Li Hong studied, and the library was called "Leshan Hall". In this scene, it is said that there are 10 thousand mountain peaches. There is an ancient Taohuawu in Nagato, Suzhou, which is said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although the name of Taohuawu in Yuanmingyuan is adopted, it is a peach blossom garden that Wu Xia can't compare with.

There are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called Hundred Scenery. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. More than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 10000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. It has created many rare architectural forms in the north and south, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square-shaped, book-shaped and so on. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; All kinds of scenery in the park are interlocking and distinct, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: there are many changes in the form of the buildings in Yuanmingyuan, which are uneven and have no stereotypes. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model, which seems to be randomly arranged, and none of them is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit.

The temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan are also a reflection of the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, dedicated to the "Emperor" of Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi. There are nine palaces with a ridge and double eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. There are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, which are surrounded by Qiao Songyan's cover, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist first rises in the morning, the building appears and disappears in the smoke, just like Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrated their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers were stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and copper plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned, and the losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are difficult to measure by numbers.

Yuanmingyuan, which embodies the essence of ancient gardening art in China, was the most outstanding large-scale garden at that time. Emperor Qianlong said: "There is no better place than this. This is a place of treasure and spirit, and it is also a place where the emperor travels." But also occupies an important position in the history of world landscape architecture. Its reputation spread to Europe, and it was called "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Hugo, a great French writer, commented on 186 1: "Just imagine that it is a fascinating building like the castle of the Moon Palace, and the Summer Palace is such a building." People often say: Greece has the Parthenon, Egypt has the pyramids, Rome has the Colosseum, and the East has the Summer Palace. This is an amazing and unparalleled masterpiece.