Enlightenment literature common sense

1. Interpretation of the Protected in Common Sense of Literature

* * * calls the close recipient a disciple, and it is said that the recipient is a protege. The disciples of later generations are no different from their own disciples, and even those who are attached to fame and power call themselves disciples.

1. The Eastern Han Dynasty refers to the disciple's re-biography.

"The Biography of Jia Kui in the Later Han Dynasty": "The disciples selected by Kui are all former Cheng Guolang." Song Ouyang Xiu's Inscription on the Monument to the Confucian Temple in the Later Han Dynasty: "His pro-teacher is his disciple and his teacher is his protege."

2. Later generations also refer to self-taught students.

Tang Yang Jiong's Monument to Confucius Temple in Changjiang County, Suizhou: "The pupil is seventy, and the way of heaven is endless; Disciple 3,000 looked at the palace wall and refused to enter. "Tang Shunzhi's Two Poems with Pre-overlapping Rhyme in Hequ in Ming Dynasty (Part II):" Poetry is found from the sea when words are asked about life. "Liang Bin's" Red Flag Spectrum "53:" If I teach a little, I will be a teacher and a student. I can't watch my disciples be poisoned. "

3. People who rely on their families to provide services.

"The Story of the Shouxing in the Later Han Dynasty": "Xian (Dou Xian) wants his protege to write a letter to celebrate his birthday, and he will be sent to prison as soon as he dies." "Song Xie Shu Lingyun Biography": "Moving to Guo Xiang to engage in corps commander, the prince left the guard rate." You don't have to kill your protected person, but you will be relieved of your official duties. Biography of Shu Wei Xue Andou: When you are in the capital, politeness is very important. Your sons and nephews are honored to be obedient and invited. As for your disciples, they are all silent. Refer to Gu's Record of Japanese Mentoring in Qing Dynasty and Zhao Yi's Record of Mentoring in Qing Dynasty.

4. guests, assistants.

Song Sima Guang's Epitaph of Zhang Gong, the Minister of Rites: "On the day before he died, Hu Mensheng asked the West how to fight today. Has the imperial edict not changed? " His loyalty and love masked his nature, and he didn't do it for anything. Song Luyou's Story of a Quiet City: "On July 25th, the eighth year of Dadao, the protege Zuo Chengyilang authorized the Sichuan envoy to work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the judge Lu Mou kept it in mind. "According to records, Lu You is the door of Fu Xuan's ambassador to Sichuan, Wang Yan.

The imperial examinations and examiners both call themselves "students".

Tang Bai Juyi wrote in the poem "Charlotte sent the cow out of Huainan": "I am honored to be outside the city. "Why are you complacent? You will be a protected person. " In the poem "My Master and the Horse Live Together" written by Pei Bian in the Five Dynasties, "Three masters pay homage at the age of eighty, and their disciples meet under the door." "The Scholars" the seventh time: "Jin Fan said:' Pupils are always trained by teachers. ""See Gu's Japanese Records of Forgery in Qing Dynasty and Cold Records of Miscellaneous Knowledge and Occupation in Qing Dynasty.

6. In the Song Dynasty, people who changed their official positions because of recommendation all called themselves "proteges" of judges.

Zhao Sheng's Ruler and Ruler's Promotion in Song Dynasty: "Those who are promoted have their own rules, so it is the most difficult to change their official achievements. If they get it, call them students. "

The basic meaning of folding

During the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, the master of Confucianism was called a disciple and the master of phase change was called a protege. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, he gradually formed a personal attachment relationship with the master; During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it became a dependent population of powerful landlords. The official career in the Eastern Han Dynasty was mainly inspected, collected and recommended by officials, so a large number of people who pursued fame and fortune turned to bureaucrats who started from Confucianism as disciples. More and more students rely on teachers to promote their masters, which plays an important role in the formation and development of families. To be a pupil, you should not only make money and give gifts, but also run errands for your master and even go outside the law for him. The protected person should serve his master with the gift of a father and son, mourn for three years after his death, and continue to serve future generations, forming a hereditary relationship between the monarch and the minister. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, as a protege of dependent population, it was roughly composed of two parts. Some students belong to the exploited class and are often used in military activities or production activities. Their status is equivalent to trilogy or tenant. Another part of his protege is a relatively wealthy landlord among the common people. In order to improve their social and political status and obtain official positions, they often rely on aristocratic families by giving gifts and bribery. In the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty, candidates who won the imperial examinations were also called examiners' proteges. Although they have the intention to rely on the quotation, they no longer rely on it. Pupils in later generations mainly refer to the academic relationship between teachers and students.

2. Common sense of China literature

1. age appellation 0 1, infant: baby under one year old 02, child: child of 2-3 years old 03, crying: child (also called "total angle") 04, cardamom:/kloc-woman of 0/3 years old 05, glutinous rice: a child. Half a Hundred) 10, 60 years: 1 1, 70 years:12, octogenarian: 80-90: 13, life year: 100. )

After obtaining the provincial examination (also known as "Qiu Wei"), students take the provincial examination and are accepted as "Juren". ) will try (also known as "Chunwei", the national examination, juren participated, and was admitted as "Gong Shi". )

Palace examination (national examination, the emperor's examiner, Gong participated, and was admitted as a "Jinshi". Among them, the first name is "No.1 Scholar", the second name is "No.1 Scholar" and the third name is "Exploring Flowers") (2) Content: Four Books and Five Classics, etc. And the article format is defined as "eight-part essay". Third, the main festival in ancient times (0 1) January day: the first day of the first month, starting in one year.

(02) People's Day: the seventh day of the first month, master. (03) Shangyuan: On the fifteenth day of the first month, lanterns are put on to watch a play, which is also called "Lantern Festival" (04) Social Day: around the vernal equinox, sacrifices are made to pray for farming.

(05) Cold food: Two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day, there was no fire for three days (Wu Zixu) (06) Tomb-Sweeping Day: At the beginning of April, the grave was visited for sacrifice. (07) Dragon Boat Festival: on the fifth day of May, eating zongzi and rowing dragon boats (Qu Yuan) (08) Tanabata: on the seventh day of July, women seek cleverness (Cowherd and Weaver Girl) (09) Central Plains: July 15th, offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, also known as "Ghost Festival" (10) Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th, enjoying the moon.

(13) twelfth lunar month: On the eighth day of twelfth lunar month, drink Laba porridge (14) New Year's Eve: the last night of the year to welcome the new year at the beginning of the year. Fourth, the ancient punishment (0 1) torture: also known as "ink punishment", there are tattoos on the forehead and cheeks. (02) flogging: cutting off the nose (03) flogging: also known as "rod punishment", hitting the board (back, legs, buttocks) (04) flogging: cutting off the foot (He Shibei) (05) castration: also known as "putrefaction", cutting off the male genitals (. 5. Ancient chronology (heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, G, F, N, G, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D.

Its characteristics are as follows: a, heavenly stems and earthly branches each forms a Gregorian calendar year, such as "Jiazi Year" and "Renwu Year". B, heavenly stems and earthly branches collocation is always singular to singular, even to even, it is impossible to even and odd combination.

C, 60-year cycle, cycle after cycle. (2) Year number: Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, emperors have had year numbers when they acceded to the throne, and then the year number is used to mark the year.

Such as: the first year of Kangxi. * The year number and the year of the main branch can be used at the same time, such as: the second year of Shunzhi, April (3) The year of Prince Edward: a chronology method used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as the sixteenth year of Zhao Huiwen, 6. Official position problem 1. The word (1) appoints officials: except worship (2) promotion: relocation (3) demotion: relocation to the left (4) dismissal (5) recruitment: requisition (6) transfer of Beijing officials. Six departments: (1) official department (appointment and removal of official positions, promotion, etc. ) (2) household department (local tax account, etc. ) (3) does not (imperial examination school, etc. (4) criminal department (judicial prison cases, etc. Ministry of war (frontier defense of military forces, etc.). (6) Ministry of Industry (water conservancy construction, etc. ) * "

(three in total) The first one is the Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period; The detailed chronicle is Zuo Zhuan written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period. The largest one is Zi Tongzhi Jian written by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. (2) State style: the history recorded separately by the vassal states.

(two in total) The earliest book written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period, Mandarin; The better is the Warring States Policy compiled by Liu Xiang in the early Han Dynasty. (3) Biography: reflecting historical events by describing the activities of characters.

First, Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty. The second part is Han Shu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. ..... "History of Qing Dynasty". (A total of more than 20) (4) General history: breaking the boundaries of dynasties and narrating ancient and modern history.

First, Sima Qian's Historical Records; The second part is Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian. (Two in total) (5) Chronicle: Narrating the history of a certain period or a certain dynasty.

The first is Han Shu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The second part is Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. ..... "History of Qing Dynasty". (More than 20 books in total) shows that (1) and above are classified according to different standards, but in fact, the same history book can be divided into different styles.

For example, Historical Records can be said to be a general history of biography. (2) The Twenty-four Histories compiled during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty are 24 historical books, the first one is Historical Records, and the last one is Ming History, all of which are biographical.

Moreover, except Historical Records, which is a general history, the other 23 books are dynastic history. Eight, the first in the history of China literature (1) The Book of Songs: China's first collection of poems.

(Author unknown) (2) The Art of War: China's first military work. (Spring and Autumn Sun Wu) (3) Mandarin: China's first national history book.

(Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period) (4) Spring and Autumn Period: China's first chronological history book. (Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period) (5) Zuo Zhuan: the first chronicled history book in China.

(Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period) (6) Historical Records: A General History of China's First Biography. (Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty) (7) Hanshu: the first dynastic history of China.

Ban Gu (Eastern Han Dynasty) (8) Peacock Flying Southeast: China's first narrative poem. (Author unknown) (9) "Li Sao": China first.

3. Zhu Kezhen's literary knowledge

Brief introduction of Zhu Kezhen

Zhu Kezhen (1890— 1974) was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang. 19 10 to study in the United States. 19 13 graduated from the Agricultural College of the University of Illinois. 19 18 received his Ph.D. from the Department of Geology, Graduate School of Harvard University. Return to China in the same year. Later, he served as a teacher of Wuchang Normal School, director of the Department of Earth Sciences of Southeast University, director of the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica, and president of Zhejiang University. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as vice president of China Academy of Sciences, vice president of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of China Meteorological Society, honorary chairman and chairman of China Geographical Society.

After the founding of New China, it made an important contribution to the establishment of China Academy of Sciences. He led and guided the comprehensive investigation of natural divisions in China, the compilation of national atlas, the compilation of geoscience planning and the study of natural science history. Make creative contributions to phenology research. The article "The Time and Place of the Origin of Twenty-eight Hostels" has basically solved the international debate of 100 years and has been highly praised by academic circles at home and abroad. He is also an advocate and founder of China's comprehensive survey of natural resources, and a pioneer of the thought and era of "sustainable development".

Zhu Kezhen is a famous scientist and educator in China. Great achievements have been made in geography, meteorology, data investigation, history of science, scientific research management, scientific popularization, education and so on. Zhu Kezhen's writings and various languages are rich. According to incomplete statistics, his academic papers, popular science works and other works reached more than 2 million words, which truthfully recorded the development of China's society, science and technology, education and culture in the past 100 years, and was a rare research material and cultural heritage.

Zhu Kezhen actively advocated and engaged in scientific popularization all his life, and always believed that scientific popularization was an important part of the whole scientific cause. He often put forward on various occasions that the improvement and popularization of scientific research are mutually causal and complementary. The more senior researchers, the more they should take the lead in popularizing science among the masses; A scientist's achievements in popular science should be included in his contribution to the cause of science. For more than half a century from 19 16- 1974, he insisted on taking the lead in popular science work, and wrote about 160 popular science lectures and books, covering not only geoscience, meteorology, phenology, but also astronomy, biology, history of science and technology and many other disciplines, with readers ranging from scientific and technological personnel to science and technology.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, despite his busy official duties, he devoted great enthusiasm to popular science work. In addition to actively creating popular science, he also gave lectures on popular science for radio stations and devoted a lot of energy to the creation of planetarium and natural museum. In his later years, he co-authored Phenology with Wan, which can be described as a treasure in popular science creation and won the "Second National Excellent Popular Science Works Award". Zhu Kezhen is not only widely respected in science and education, but also enjoys high prestige in science popularization.

Zhu Kezhen is one of the outstanding pioneers and leaders of science popularization in China, and a model for Chinese scientific and technological workers to engage in science popularization. He worked hard for the popularization of science and made immortal contributions. 19 18 after returning from the United States, Zhu Kezhen was still actively engaged in popular science activities during his tenure as a professor in colleges and universities and the establishment of the Institute of Meteorology. Combining his teaching and scientific research work, he has written more than 30 popular science articles on meteorology, geography and astronomy, and made many popular science reports. On the Harm of Early Marriage, Aviation History, Comet and other excellent popular science articles not only had great influence at that time, but are still outstanding works in popular science today.

Phenology is the representative work of Zhu Kezhen's thoughts on popular science creation. According to the fact that phenology must serve the actual needs of agricultural production, he let readers know what is the law of phenology and its relationship with agricultural production, how to carry out phenological research and development prospects, and widely introduced the knowledge of phenology in ancient China and the development of phenology in various countries. His writing is popular and fluent, and he is very literary.

4. Turgenev's literary common sense

Ivan sergeevich turgeneve Gregorian calendar1818165438+19 October-13 September 883, Russian realistic novelist, poet and playwright.

/kloc-in the spring of 0/843, Turgenev and his earliest master, Li Gen (Chinese translation) jointly published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.

The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. He has published novels one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), The Night Before (1860) and Father and Son (for). Among them, Luo Ting is his first novel, which created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pi Qinlin.

Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov.

Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.

5. Literary knowledge of Mulan's poems

Guo Maoqian was a programmer in Yunzhou (now Dongping, Shandong Province) (History of Song Dynasty, volume 297, Guo Quanchuan). Advise sun, source. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Zongshen joined the army for Cao Fa, an official of Henan Province (Volume 59, epitaph). There are hundreds of Yuefu poems handed down through the ages, which are valued by academic circles because of their excellent textual research on solving problems. Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned from her post and returned to her hometown, which is full of legend. During the reign of Emperor Gong of Sui Dynasty, the Turks invaded the frontier, and Mulan disguised herself as a man to join the army instead of her father. She fought on the battlefield for 12 years and made many meritorious deeds. No one found out that she was a woman. After returning to the DPRK, it was named Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named "General Filial Piety" and was commemorated in a shrine. Mulan Poetry is a folk song of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties, which is selected from Yuefu Poetry edited by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty. There are different opinions on the time of its emergence, but from the historical and geographical conditions, it can be judged that things and poems may have originated in the post-Wei period. This poem originated from the folk, and in the long-term spread process, it has traces of being polished by later literati, but it basically retains the characteristics that folk songs are easy to remember and recite. Yuefu Poetry Collection is the most complete collection of Yuefu songs, in which the folk songs vividly reflect the social life and local people at that time, and are divided into two parts: southern songs and northern songs. Beiqu, that is, northern folk songs, has a wide range of themes, strong style, enthusiasm and simplicity. Together with Peacock Flying Southeast, it is called a double-walled narrative poem.

On Yuefu Poetry

Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new poetic style, Yuefu, appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It was once brilliant and became an organic part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.

"Yuefu", formerly the official name, is responsible for composing music, training musicians, collecting poems and folk songs for the court to sing at sacrificial banquets, observing local conditions and customs, and examining political gains and losses. China's poetry collection system has a long history, and Xia Shuyin recorded it. The Book of Songs, which has been handed down to this day, was originally a standard anthology officially promulgated and recognized by the society. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of poetry collection could not be implemented because of the collapse of rites and the constant battles. The unification of the Qin dynasty was short, and everything had to be done. Although there is the name of Yuefu official office, there is still no collection of poems. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and the economy was depressed. Yuefu organs can only learn from the past and barely maintain it. After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was already very strong, so Yuefu expanded its scale and collected poems at night. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry collection had become a major event in political life. Emperor Guangwu once "invited people to listen to folk stories", while the emperor sent messengers to "travel separately, travel around counties and listen to folk stories". This fashion was followed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the period of Xiao Liang, the society has changed Yuefu from an official name to a poetic style. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long has a special chapter in Yuefu besides Ming poems. Selected Works of Zhaoming and New Poems of Xu Ling Yutai also set up Yuefu columns. Among them, there are both literati poems and folk songs, that is, all poems and songs that can be sung through music are called "Yuefu". Among these two kinds of poems, folk songs and poems are the essence, and literati's songs and poems germinate and grow under the dew of folk songs and poems, so we should attach great importance to them.

The system of collecting poems carried out in the gap between the wars in the Northern Dynasties is in the same strain as that in the Han Dynasty. Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poem "Two Drums Blowing Across the Horn" preserved the Yuefu folk songs of the Northern Dynasties, some in Chinese, some in translation. Although there are only 60 or 70 pieces, they are profound in content and wide in subject matter, reflecting the broad social life, full of rough and bold spirit completely different from that in the south, and showing another picture of local conditions and customs. Due to the long-term scuffle between the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north, there are many themes reflecting the war, some describing the suffering caused by the war and the corvee, and some praising the brave spirit. Mulan's poems, in particular, are full of praise for Mulan disguised as a man to join the army instead of her father. Mulan, together with the Ancient Poems of Lady Jiao Zhongqing, is known as the "double gem" in Yuefu folk songs. Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is a wonderful flower in the history of China literature, which has a strong vitality and directly influenced the face of China's poetry. It not only opened up a new field of five-character poetry, but also played a bridge role in seven-character poetry, singing and even law. (Excerpted from View of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties edited by Chen Xuwan and Shang, Shaanxi People's Education Publishing House, 1998).