Observe what psychological phenomena people have in their lives.

Otto? Wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success is legendary. When wallach was in middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, after a semester, the teacher wrote him such a comment: "wallach works hard, but he is too rigid to be a literary material." After that, his parents asked him to paint oil paintings, but wallach was neither good at composition nor polishing, and his grades were the lowest in his class. "Most teachers think he has no hope of success. Only the chemistry teacher thinks that he is meticulous in doing things and has the quality to do chemical experiments well, and advises him to learn chemistry. In this case, wallach's intellectual spark was suddenly ignited and finally succeeded. Wallach's success shows that students' intellectual development is unbalanced, and they all have the advantages and disadvantages of wisdom. Once they find the best place to play their wisdom, they can achieve amazing results. Later people called it.

2. Threshold effect

The so-called threshold effect is that a person will gradually accept higher requirements after accepting lower requirements and being correctly guided. This effect was put forward by American social psychologists Friedman and Freese in 1966 "Field experiment without pressure yield: door-to-door threshold technology".

3.*** Effect

There is a phenomenon in nature: when a plant grows alone, it looks short and monotonous, but when it grows with many similar plants, it is deeply rooted and full of vitality. People call this phenomenon of mutual influence and promotion in the plant kingdom "* * * effect". In fact, we also have the "* * effect" in human groups. Kadiwin Laboratory, UK

4. Stereotype effect

According to social psychology, the influence of looking at people with old eyes is called "stereotype effect". It is a fixed and general view of people, which leads to stereotypes. This phenomenon can often be seen in schools. Teachers often show their love for those students who are talented and have excellent academic performance, and they are valued and favored. Students with stupid talent and poor academic performance are often discriminated against, and teachers show impatience and boredom. Depressing words are often on the lips. Practice has proved that students who are often treated in this way will suddenly feel cold water poured on them, lose confidence in learning, lose courage to overcome difficulties, and even have decadent emotions.

5. First cause effect

The first cause effect, sometimes called first impression, refers to the influence of the perceived object on social perception. Specifically, it is when people or things come into contact for the first time, they psychologically have a stereotype with emotional factors, thus affecting the evaluation of that person or thing in the future. Therefore, we can see that this influence is not conducive to collecting correct information and analyzing it in decision-making. Whether the first impression is good or bad.

The effect of the first impression is called the first cause effect. It is often biased to judge a person according to his first impression. If we only rely on the first impression to examine the performance of employees in the recruitment examination, we will be blinded by some superficial phenomena.

The first cause effect in the recruitment process mainly has two aspects: first, judge people by their appearance, and handsome and personable candidates are easy to win the favor of examiners; The other is to judge people by their words. People who are eloquent and responsive often leave a good impression. Therefore, when selecting talents, we should not only listen to their words and look at their appearance, but also observe their actions and test their achievements.

6. recency effect

Recency effect refers to someone or something whose recent performance has an advantage in his mind, thus changing his consistent view of the person or thing. Recency effect and the first cause effect are two corresponding effects. The first cause effect usually has an impact in unfamiliar situations, while recency effect usually has an impact in familiar situations. Both of them are subjective assumptions about people or things, which makes the decision-making information distorted.

7. Halo effect (Halo effect)

Halo effect means that someone or something leaves a deep impression on people because of its outstanding characteristics, while ignoring other psychological and behavioral qualities. Sometimes there will be a "positive aura" and sometimes a "negative aura", which will interfere with the evaluation of information. To overcome the halo effect, we must adhere to objectivity, not subjectivity.

8. Butterfly effect

1960, Lorenz, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, encountered a difficult problem when studying the problem of "long-term weather forecast": she used a simplified set of data to simulate the evolution of the weather on the computer, originally trying to improve the accuracy of the weather forecast by using the high-speed operation of the computer. However, contrary to expectations, many calculations show that small differences in initial conditions will lead to wrong conclusions. Her psychology and emotions are the same, and a group of cartoons are shown. A person was scolded by the leader at work and was very annoyed. He went home and lost his temper with his wife. His wife was scolded for no reason, and she was very angry and slammed the door. Walking in the street, a pet dog stopped the way and barked, which made her even more angry. She kicked it, and the puppy was kicked and ran past an old man, just having a heart attack.

Lorenz discovered the great contrast caused by small differences. She used an image metaphor to express this discovery. A small butterfly flapped its wings over Brazil, and the small vortex it aroused merged with other air currents, which may cause a storm in Texas in the United States a month later-this is the famous "butterfly effect" in chaos.

In human resource management, if the personnel manager flexibly uses the psychological effect of personnel, he can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of subordinates or talents, make people give full play to their talents, and thus achieve the best work efficiency.

9. Rosenthal effect

Rosenthal, an American psychologist, visited a school and randomly selected three students from each class *** 18, wrote them on a form and handed them to the principal. He said seriously, "After scientific determination, this 18 student has a high IQ." After half a year, Roche came to the school again and found that the students of 18 did behave abnormally.

Rosenthal effect is a phenomenon in expectation psychology. When applied to personnel management, leaders are required to pour feelings, hopes and special inducements into their subordinates, so that they can give full play to their initiative and creativity. For example, when the leader assigns tasks, he might as well say to his subordinates, "I believe you can do it well" and "I want to hear the news of your success as soon as possible." In this way, subordinates will develop in the direction you expect, and talents can expect it.

10. Bell effect

Bell, a British scholar, is extremely talented. Some people say that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will win many Nobel Prizes. But he is willing to find another way, put forward groundbreaking topics one by one, and guide others to the peak of science. This move is called the Bell Effect.

Bell effect requires leaders to have the spirit of Bole and ladder, to put units and collectives first, to have an eye, to let go of their talents, to dare to promote and appoint people who are better than themselves, and to actively create opportunities for talented subordinates.

1 1. Catfish effect

Once upon a time, Norwegians fished sardines at sea. If they arrived in Hong Kong alive, the price would be several times higher than that of dead fish, but only one fishing boat could bring live fish back to Hong Kong. Later, it was found that there was just one more catfish in the fish tank of this ship. It turns out that when the catfish is put into a fish tank, it will swim around because of its unfamiliar environment, and when sardines find this "alien", they will swim faster because of nervousness. As a result, sardines can swim faster.

It is in line with the operation mechanism of talent management to play a competitive role in the group through the catfish effect and individual's "midway intervention". At present, the open recruitment and competition for posts implemented by some government agencies and units are good examples. This method can make people feel a sense of crisis and work better.

12. Tidal effect

Sea water surges due to celestial gravity, with high tide when gravity is high and low tide when gravity is low. This is the tidal effect. The same is true of the relationship between talents and social times. Society needs talents, times call for talents, and talents emerge as the times require. For a unit, it is necessary to adjust the treatment of talents and realize the rational allocation of talents, thus increasing the attraction to talents. Now many well-known enterprises have put forward the concept of human resource management: attracting people with treatment.

13. Business card effect

A young job seeker was rejected by several companies and felt very depressed. Finally, with a glimmer of hope, he applied for a job in a company. Before that, he inquired about the history of the company boss. Through understanding, he found that the boss of the company had similar experience before, so he got the treasure, talked with the boss about his work manager and his indignation at his lack of talent. Sure enough, this sentence won the appreciation and sympathy of the boss, and he was finally hired as the business manager. This is the so-called business card effect. That is, if two people first show the same attitude and values as each other in communication, they will make the other person feel that you have more similarities with him, thus quickly narrowing the psychological distance with you and being more willing to be close to you and forming good interpersonal relationships. Here, the attitudes and opinions expressed to each other consciously and purposefully are just like business cards.

Proper use of "psychological business cards" can promote the establishment of interpersonal relationships as soon as possible, but in order for "psychological business cards" to play its due role, you should first be good at capturing each other's information, grasping the true attitude, looking for their positive and acceptable views, and "making" an effective "psychological business card". Second, find opportunities to "show" your "psychological business card" to each other appropriately.

14. Heterosexual effect

Ms. Li is the public relations manager of a company. She has a wide network of contacts and won a great victory for the company. The company is short of raw materials, but ministry of materials and equipment's comrades run around, but they hit a wall again and again. Ms. Li went out to contact and the problem was quickly solved. The company's capital turnover is seriously out of balance, and the general manager is in urgent need of loans. It was also Ms. Li who was ashamed and got millions of loans. Ms. Li's salary and bonus are increasing. Someone tried to sum up the secret of Ms. Li's success, and found that besides being clear-headed, quick-witted, rich in knowledge and experience, and flexible in dealing with people, it also had a lot to do with her dignified appearance and refined appearance.

In our daily life, we can often see that male salespeople are generally more enthusiastic than male customers. The main reason for Ms. Li's success is that today's society is still dominated by men, and most of them have to deal with men when going out to do things, and women come forward smoothly. This is called psychology? Quot heterosexuality effect ". This phenomenon is based on the attraction of the opposite sex. People are generally interested in heterosexual sex, especially those who are attractive in appearance and behave appropriately. This is no exception for women, but it is not so obvious for men. Sometimes, in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, men especially like to show themselves in front of women, which is also the "opposite sex effect". However, the "heterosexual effect" cannot be abused. The appearance of women. On the other hand, it is immoral to seduce others with hue to achieve a certain goal. Men are more enthusiastic and polite to the opposite sex, especially the young and beautiful opposite sex, but it is understandable to regard the opposite sex as a stimulus, which makes people feel fantastic? Quot "lust" is beyond the limit, so we should grasp the "degree" in contact with the opposite sex.

15. Decentralization of responsibilities

1964 March 13 At 3: 20 pm, in front of an apartment in the suburbs of new york, a young woman named Juno Bibi was assassinated on her way home from work in a bar. When she cried out in despair, "Someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help! " When the nearby residents heard the shouts, they turned on the lights and opened the windows one after another, and the murderer was scared away. Everything was calm, and the murderer came back to commit crimes. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again and the murderer ran away. When she thought she had nothing to do and went home and went upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she shouted for help; At least 38 of her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, not even calling the police. This incident caused a sensation in new york society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. People call this phenomenon the responsibility of many bystanders spreading from bankruptcy.

Psychologists have conducted a lot of experiments and investigations on the causes of the spread of responsibility, and the results show that this phenomenon can't just be said that everyone is insensitive or that morality is declining day by day, because people's aid behavior is really different on different occasions. When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will be soberly aware of his responsibilities. Give help to the victims. If from ruin feels guilty, he needs to pay a high psychological price. But if there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and bystanders may not even realize their own responsibility, thus creating a kind of psychology of "I don't want to save, others will save", resulting in "collective indifference".

16. Jason effect

There is an athlete named Zhan Sen, who is well-trained and powerful at ordinary times, but he often loses in the sports field. People take this as a reason to call the phenomenon that he usually performs well, but fails in the arena because of his lack of psychological quality.

In daily life, the only explanation between "some are among the best, with strong strength" and "court mistakes" can only be psychological quality, which is mainly caused by excessive gains and losses and lack of self-confidence. Some people usually stand out from the crowd with "outstanding achievements", resulting in a psychological set: they can only succeed but not fail. Coupled with the particularity of the stadium and the high hopes of society, country and family, they are swayed by considerations of gain and loss. On the other hand, lack of self-confidence leads to stage fright, which restricts the exertion of personal potential.

How to get out of the strange circle of "Jensen effect" First of all, we should make clear the purpose of "sports ground" and overcome the fear. The playground is not terrible, but more formal than usual. Secondly, we should calmly walk out of the narrow shadow of being swayed by considerations of gain and loss, not be greedy for merit, and only strive to play our own level normally. The sports field is a high-level contest, and it is often a contest of psychological quality. As long as self-confidence is established, there must be a hard work.

17. Psychology of "sour grapes" and "sweet lemons"

The "sour grapes" mentality means that what we try hard to do but can't get is said to be "sour", which is not good. This method can relieve some of our stress. For example, someone else has a good thing that I really want, but in fact I can't get it. At this time, we might as well use the "sour grapes" mentality, try to find out the bad place of that thing in our hearts and say "bad words" about that thing to overcome ourselves.

The psychology of "sweet lemon" means that your own lemon is sweet, and "sweet lemon" means that everything you have and can't get rid of is good, so learn to accept yourself. Everyone has his own advantages, and everyone has his own characteristics. Don't easily say that he is not good, so he is not as good as others. Try the psychology of "sweet lemon", learn to accept yourself and gradually enhance your self-confidence.

18. "south wind effect"

French writer La Fontaine once wrote a fable about the power of the north wind and the south wind to see who can take off the coat of pedestrians. The north wind came first with a cold wind, which was biting cold. As a result, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly to resist the invasion of the north wind. The south wind blows slowly, and the sun shines suddenly. Because pedestrians feel warm, they start unbuttoning and then take off their coats. The result is obvious. Nanfeng won. This is the origin of the social psychology concept "South Wind Effect". The enlightenment of "south wind effect" is that we should pay special attention to methods when dealing with interpersonal relationships. Both the north wind and the south wind should let pedestrians take off their coats, but the results are quite different because of different methods. For example, some students are very fierce and strong when they are with everyone. Once or twice, they may want others to be strong because you are fierce. But you will soon find that you have lost your friend. We can also see that when you have conflicts with others and don't give in to each other, you will often lose both sides in the end. Think about it if you learn from Nanfeng and speak calmly, will it be much better?