The wind comes from Pujiang.

The Room by Shao Ming _ Qian Fan by the shipwreck.

On the Evolution of Shanghai Housing

Text/Shao Ming

It is universally acknowledged that Shanghai's urban development in recent 40 years is a microcosm of China's great strides in urban construction. These achievements are attributed to the wise decision of reform and opening up, to the consistent support of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council for Shanghai's urban construction, and to the unremitting efforts of previous Shanghai municipal committees and governments. Now Shanghai has become one of the international metropolises, which is something to be proud of. The author devoted himself to the real estate development in 1980s, and he described one aspect of this development for readers with grounded brushstrokes.

First, the historical evolution of Shanghai's urban housing development

Forty years ago, everything in Shanghai was waiting for prosperity, especially the housing problem of the citizens, and the people reacted the most strongly.

Before the Cultural Revolution, the housing in Shanghai was ok (that is, there was a room to live in, and the average per capita was about 4 square meters, which was not as good as the current standard). Houses are allocated by the state, and 90% of the families are similar and do not compare with each other.

When I was in primary school, I went to my classmate's house (made by his grandfather in a foreign firm during the Republic of China), in a newly-built three-story alley house with a coal bathroom in Longmen New Village, Shangwen Road, Shinan District (now Huangpu District). Four generations live under one roof, and a big family has style. At that time, I only knew that the classmate had a good family condition, and he didn't care so much about the quality and size of the house as people do now. Most of the houses in the old town of Heather are old Shikumen dwellings and private houses, and the living conditions are similar (there are few new alleys like Longmen New Village).

Generally, four or five people live in one or two rooms with a total area of twenty or thirty square meters. There is no bathroom and no separate kitchen. Some live in old-fashioned alley houses, dividing a room of more than 20 square meters into two parts. Adults sleep in the back room, children sleep in the outhouse or build an attic for their children to live in, and there is no coal-fired sanitary equipment. Just like in Xia Yan's classic drama "Shanghai Beach", there are five families living in an old Shikumen, two families living in a wing of twenty or thirty square meters, one family living in a living room of twenty square meters downstairs, one family living in a front building of twenty square meters upstairs, and one family living in a small back pavilion. A family of five shares a kitchen of less than 10 square meter, where they wash clothes, cook, wash vegetables, and make quarrels and swear at every touch. People say that distance produces beauty, and daily encounters are inevitable. This is a long-standing housing problem.

It is better to live in the house in Shangzhijiao (referring to the former concession area), because the houses in Shangzhijiao are all bronze houses, and they live in new alleys and houses with coal sanitation facilities. In addition to capitalists and intellectuals' families (because one family 1.50 square meters has been retained after the private reform) and officials, there is still a big gap between those who live in a group of houses in Meiwei and those who live in an old Shikumen house of 20 square meters.

Those who live in shanty towns are even worse, but the "dry boat", "water attic" and "rolling earthworm" have basically been transformed, and the situation of 72 tenants like farce has basically been solved. During this period, Shanghai's housing was basically maintained at about 4 square meters per capita, which was not too bad for Shanghai people with low requirements.

After the Cultural Revolution, all those born during the period of "glorious mothers" (encouraging more children, giving birth to a great leap forward, and raising five or six children is not too much) grew up, and the housing suddenly became tense and the problem was urgent. The young people who came to Shanghai after the Republic of China (around 1949) were the first generation of new Shanghainese, and the second generation grew up and got married, so the housing was tight. Do Dojo in snail shell, build attic with tiger window in the original house or build a cabin in the courtyard as a wedding room, otherwise you can't get married and carry on the family line.

At that time, there was no real estate agent, so I had to find someone to adjust the house myself. Generally, people will set up stalls in Fuxing Middle Road, opposite to diving pool and Danshui Road (the most famous place to adjust houses in Shanghai at that time), or put up small advertisements on wires and wood to adjust houses. At that time, the person who could adjust the house was the leader. From small house to big house, from "lower corner" to "upper corner" (Shinan District, Yangpu District and Zhabei District are lower corners, Luwan District, Xuhui District and Jing 'an District are lower corners). Capable friends can transfer from the pavilion to public housing, and from South Wharf Road (lower corner) to Huaihai Road (upper corner). Adjust yourself, help your family adjust, and help outsiders adjust their houses to earn some extra money when you have time. In this way, they became the first people in the room to take the initiative to eat crabs.

Those who live in private houses in shanty towns should develop at high altitude, with bungalows turning over buildings and buildings building bunkers. At that time, illegal construction, occupying the road, no one was in charge. After the Cultural Revolution, this was wrong. Illegal buildings can be seen everywhere. Later, people who used to drive had to take the yellow croaker car. Those who like to ride a yellow croaker car have to ride a bike; Some shanty towns have to come sideways as soon as they meet. I heard that the Housing Bureau deliberately ignored it because there was no way to solve the housing problem (at that time, there was an internal policy called "hitchhiking and letting nature take its course").

When building a house, the building materials unit will pay some money, ask friends to help solve it, buy some certified ones, and use the rest day to ask relatives and friends to help. I remember that cement was difficult to get at that time, and it could only be replaced by electric gypsum (welding waste). When I landed, it smelled like a thorn in my nose. When you can't afford bricks, you have to use cinder bricks (big cinder bricks for burning stoves in the canteen) instead. If I am poor, it will be even harder. Brush limewater on the outer wall and paste white paper on the inner wall, and the wedding room will be set up. In order to build a house and transform it, brothers turned against each other and neighbors fought (grabbing territory). However, it is more convenient to get married in a private room in a shanty town than to live in a Shikumen house, so the gap in finding someone has narrowed.

At that time, older young people really didn't have enough money to solve the housing problem, so they had to find locals (farmers in Shanghai suburbs had houses) or marry Minhang (Minhang was developed into an industrial zone in the 1960s, and Minhang Electric Machinery Factory, Minhang Heavy Machinery Factory and Minhang Boiler Factory all had staff houses) and Jinshan (Jinshan Petrochemical General Factory was built in the 1970s, and many staff houses were built). At that time, it was not good to get pregnant before marriage, or you would be punished by the unit (serious dismissal, light bonus deduction, no salary increase, for example, apprentices extended their apprenticeship and joined the league to promote agriculture and farming). At that time, abortion was illegal, and you would be punished by your unit. You have to know a doctor to open a back door or go to the countryside (rural health centers are more relaxed) to have an abortion by yourself, so men and women who don't have a house can never get through this hurdle.

At that time, I told his daughter in the old Ningbo next door: Little Niang ghost farmer found (rolled over a friend) Xiaojiangbei (referring to Su Beiren) in the housing management office, and I broke her feet. At that time, Ningbo people in Shanghai looked down on Jiangbei people (from the development history of Shanghai real estate in the Republic of China, Jiangbei people all lived in shanty towns, and Ira mostly punted down the Yangtze River into Huangpu River and then lived along Suzhou Creek). Ningbo people do accounting and do business (Ningbo people come to Shanghai mostly as students), while Jiangbei people work hard (Jiangbei people come to Shanghai mostly to escape famine), such as dockers along Huangpu River and Suzhou River. The three knives in Yangzhou are better: a razor, a kitchen knife and a foot knife. Even a tailor, Ningbo Hongbang tailor is more popular than Jiangbei tailor. But during the Cultural Revolution, there was nothing we could do, and the house was tense. Xiaojiangbei got married in the housing management office and married in a female university. Friends turn over and let the accident happen, and raw rice is cooked into mature rice. Even old Ningbo has no choice but to help Xiaojiangbei.

It is said that American whites have racial discrimination against blacks, and Shanghainese in Ala also have regional discrimination. The so-called white people discriminate against black people, and the "upper corner" looks down on the "lower corner" people, while Ningbo people look down on Jiangbei people. I think the main reason is that the rich look down on the poor (for example, Jiangbei people in the former unit led Ningbo people living in the upper corner to bow their heads and smile and greet them easily, just as workers now respect their bosses).

Now, after the reform and opening up in Shanghai, the foreign population has accounted for more than one third. In the generation after 1980s and 1990s, geographical discrimination was basically eliminated. Now almost all shanty towns in Shanghai have been demolished, and the phenomenon of looking down on Jiangbei people has basically disappeared. This also shows that Shanghai people's spiritual civilization has also developed after the reform and opening up. Nowadays, Shanghainese are more open and tolerant, so development is the last word.

After 1978, in order to pay off the old debts, the Shanghai municipal government first proposed to solve the problem of getting married without a house for older young people, and all qualified units built Yuanyang Building for older young people to get married; Then put forward to solve the difficult households below 2.5 square meters; We will solve the difficult households below 4 square meters in the future. In the late 1980s, welfare housing was generally allocated according to administrative levels (three bedrooms, one living room and two bedrooms, one living room). By the mid-1990s, after 20 years of development, the historical debt was basically paid off.

Second, Shanghai is a city that dares to innovate.

In the early 1980s, Shanghai began to explore the reform of land use system. 1987 "Measures for Paid Transfer of Land Use Rights in Shanghai" was promulgated, and in August 1988, Hongqiao District, Changning District conducted the first land public bidding. Since 1990s, Shanghai has successively carried out reforms and explorations such as "two levels of government and two levels of management", "combining land transfer with Pudong development and old district reconstruction" and "taking the lead in establishing the operating mechanism of socialist market economy".

Shanghai has started a big demolition and construction. Roads are being built, houses are being demolished and houses are being built everywhere, and red flag cranes and pile drivers are everywhere. Hongqiao is the busiest area. Earthwork car and concrete mixer are very common on the way to Hongqiao Airport. This road is even more blocked than it is now. If you don't get on the plane half a day early, you have to get off work. Nanpu bridge, Yangpu Bridge, Inner Ring Viaduct, Yan 'an Road Viaduct, North-South Viaduct, Lupu Bridge, etc. It has been built one after another, with the same appearance every year and great changes in three years. The Peace Cinema was demolished, the Liu Pu Pier was moved to Wusongkou, the bus ferry pier on Lujiabang Road was shut down, the Spark Day nightclub on Beijing Road in Tibet Middle Road disappeared, the Baxianqiao food market disappeared, and people looking for second-hand goods could not find Guo Huai.

People who went to Lamy, Japan in the early 1980s didn't even recognize their houses when they came back, let alone compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese. When they got off Hongqiao Airport, they got into a taxi and couldn't find their way. The primary school Ala Junior in Guang Chen has been demolished, the middle school has been demolished due to real estate development, and the hospital in the fault area has been demolished. The cigarette and paper shop for soy sauce was closed, the tiger stove for soaking water was moved, and the shops selling cakes, fried dough sticks and soybean milk disappeared. Shanghai's urban development has entered the fast lane.

1992 Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, opening Pudong, has inserted wings for Shanghai's urban development. In order to cooperate with the transformation of old districts and improve residents' housing conditions, Shanghai has set up a housing development bureau, and each district has also set up a district housing development bureau, which is responsible for building and improving workers' housing and relocated houses. Shanghai Real Estate Bureau has set up a real estate management and development company, and all districts and counties have also set up a real estate management and development company under the district and county real estate bureau, which has legal personality. Such as Hongkou District Real Estate Development Company, Heather District Real Estate Development Company, Xuhui District Real Estate Development Company, Nanhui County Real Estate Development Company, Shanghai Beach County Real Estate Development Company, etc. The most famous is the Shanghai County Real Estate Development Corporation, which was originally affiliated to dozens of developers.

Shanghai is an international metropolis, with all rivers flowing into it. In order to attract overseas Chinese and international friends to invest in China and create a good investment environment, the Shanghai Municipal Government decided to build export-oriented commercial housing. It not only improves the investment environment, but also increases foreign exchange income, killing two birds with one stone.

Gubei Group, a subsidiary of Shanghai Real Estate Management Company, has developed the first batch of overseas Chinese remittance houses for public sale in Hongqiao, such as diamond apartments and gem apartments. In the 1980s, two established housing enterprises in Shanghai, Zhongqi and Xingye Real Estate, also built remittance houses that were only sold to overseas Chinese, such as the Overseas Chinese New Village in southern Anhui, but they were not sold publicly and few people knew about them. Aijian apartment developed by Aijian Company in 1984 went to Hong Kong for sale and sold out in two weeks.

Third, Shanghai seized the opportunity of reform and opening up.

Since Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, Shanghai's urban development has advanced by leaps and bounds. From Pudong development to state-owned enterprise reform; From the opening of Shanghai Stock Exchange to the introduction of foreign capital. Shanghai's industrial structure has changed, enterprises have been transformed, and a large number of industrial workers have been laid off, so new industries must take over. At this time, Shanghai's urban development provides opportunities.

1992 There were 849 real estate development companies in Shanghai, which grew to 208 1 two years later and 3,500 in 2000, with 80,000 employees.

From 1992 to 1999, the first real estate agency in Shanghai (Shanghai Weideli Real Estate Consulting Company) was established, and the number of real estate agencies in Shanghai has grown from tens of thousands of nearly 3,000 to tens of thousands in the new century.

The real estate industry has absorbed a large number of employed people, especially laid-off workers. Laid-off textile women workers are accepted during house replacement, so people call them "house sisters".

With the development of the real estate industry, services such as property management companies, community security, decoration companies and cleaning companies have developed rapidly. While solving the employment problem brought by enterprise transformation, it also makes Shanghai's tertiary industry development in a leading position in the country.

Fourth, enter the ranks of world-class cities.

China looked at Beijing for a thousand years, while China looked at Shanghai for a hundred years. Look at Shanghai and Pudong New Area in the process of urbanization in the 40 years of reform and opening up. Puxi, Shanghai, has completely preserved the ancient buildings and Shikumen in Europe, recorded the development history of this century-old city, and is also the homesickness of Shanghainese. This is because in the development of Shanghai, people-oriented and international metropolis have always been the goal. A group of scholars who were proficient in the law of urban development like Professor Chen Zhi and Professor Chen Congzhou in the early days are now good staff of the municipal government. The development of Pudong New Area can be compared with Tokyo, new york and Paris. Recorded the development speed of Shanghainese in the new century.

The successful convening of the 20 10 Shanghai World Expo has relocated thousands of units and resettled tens of thousands of residents in a short time for the construction of the Expo Park on both sides of Pujiang River, which fully embodies that Shanghai has explored a set of standardized and legal relocation plans in the process of urban development and set a good example for the national urbanization development.

After forty years of development, Shanghai is becoming the most attractive city. From extensive urban development to scientific and reasonable urban layout. In attracting talents, provide talent apartments and low-rent housing; In solving the housing problem of residents, provide affordable housing and * * * property housing; In solving the housing problem of migrant workers, low-rent housing and factory-built collective dormitories are provided. Let people living in Shanghai share the fruits of Shanghai's urbanization development.