Common interchangeable words in classical Chinese

1. What are the common situations of interchangeable words in classical Chinese: the same as "press"; Check the verbs. "Solicit company plans, that is to say, from now on, all fifteen will be handed over to Zhao."

Board: same as "version"; Type version. Nouns. "Printed books were not popular in the Tang Dynasty."

Violence: the same as "exposure". Verb. "Although there is a storm, those who no longer stand up will make it happen."

Violence: Expose with "exposure". Verb. "Grandpa Sijue, you're exposed to frost."

Times: Pass back, betray and forget. Verb. "I hope the minister's words will not be repeated."

Be: the same as "wear"; Cover your shoulders, verb. "Lian Po is one of the rice bucket, ten catties of meat. He is riding a horse. "

No: same as "No"; No adverb. "Either a teacher or not."

No: same as "No"; Do you know that?/You know what? The interrogative modal particle "Check the gifts that Wang Neng gave me for fifteen cities?"

Pei: the same as "resentment"; Enemy, enemy "and the high has been destroyed, the world is set,"

From: same as "vertical"; Unite, unite against Qin. Verb. Later, Qin wanted to cut Qi, and Qi and Chu were close. "

From: same as "vertical"; Relative to "horizontal", "one is one, and the other is one."

From: same as "vertical"; Contrary to "Heng", "Zhao asked for help and went to Chu."

When: pass "block"; Resist. Verb. "Unless you are Liu Yuzhou, you can't be an operator."

Degree: the same as "crossing"; Cross-over. Verb. "Flying over the Mirror Lake and the Moon overnight"

And: preach "er"; Your personal pronoun. "Somewhere, my mother is here."

Reverse: Same as "Return". Verb. "Poverty is the opposite."

Feng: Hold it with both hands. Verb. "The king will nobody, I would like to serve the wall.

Li: It's the same as the ceramic container "Li" for wine syrup. Nouns. "Please present a bowl to the King of Qin for entertainment."

Brush: the same as "Bi"; Fu Bi. Verb. "If you go in, you can't sweep the floor at home.

Father: The same as "Fu", a good name added to men's names in ancient times. Nouns. "Changle Wang is my father, my father, and An Shangchun's father."

Dry: preach "shore" and "Kan Kan cuts sandalwood, and the river is dry."

The letter Hu: the same as "fuzzy" adjective. The southern sound is full of Hu, and the northern sound is clear. "

Me: the same as "he"; What? Interrogative pronouns. "Easy to die, regardless?"

Heng: "Horizontal" is opposite to vertical, "Lian Heng fights with princes outside."

Flower: the same as "flower"; The reproductive organs of plants. Nouns. "The mixed yellow leaves are decreasing."

Emperor: preach "embarrassment"; Fear, panic. Adjective "Overcome panic"

Emperor: preach "embarrassment"; Fear, panic. Adjective "I rushed out of the east, but my soldiers dispersed before I saw the thief;"

Fire: the same "gang"; In ancient military organizations, ten were "one fire" and "going out to meet fire companions"

Jane: the same as "pick"; Pick it. Verb. "It's for those who build peach stones and shrink them."

See: with the exposure of "now", exposure. Verb. "The picture is poor, see the dagger."

See: same as "now"; Appear, appear. Verb. "The wind blows grass and sees cattle and sheep."

Scene: Same as Shadow; Shadow. Nouns. "The world gathers and responds to it, winning food and scenery."

Tools: pass "all"; All, all, extend to the details. Adverbs. "I hope the minister's words will not be repeated."

Tools: pass "all"; All, all. Adverbs. "The government is in harmony with the people and everything is ruined."

Distance: the same as "rejection"; Guard. Verb. "If you leave the customs, you will not be a vassal."

Numerous: pass the "base"; Describe the appearance of one grave after another. Adjective "looking at it, it is the royal family, with many pines and cypresses."

Separation: through "China"; Encounter. Verb. "Those" Li Sao "are still worried.

Carbuncle: a person who cultivates the fields with the term "self-protection". "However, Chen She, the son of Rope Pivot, is a servant."

Hey: the same as "prone"; Bow your head to show obedience. Verb. "King Baiyue tied his head around his neck and appointed an official."

Miao: Be gentle and courteous to Mu. In this case, it is the last name. "More than 20 emperors of the Qin Dynasty, starting from Miao Gong, have never had any firm and clear constraints."

Mo: Same as Twilight; At sunset, at night. Nouns. "To Moming, take a boat with Mai alone and go to the precipice."

Ahmadinejad (through translator): Accept with "Na". Verb. "If you leave the customs, you will not be a vassal."

Female: Same as "Ru"; Personal pronouns. "Three-year-old woman, I am willing to care."

Take: pass "marriage"; Take the woman over and get married. Verb. "If you send this today?

2. In classical Chinese, common interchangeable words and false words mean that one word represents several meanings. It's not that others want to use interchangeable words, but that there was no word representing this meaning at that time or the meaning of this word has changed greatly over time, and the meaning of ancient and modern times is completely different.

What is a common word? When the ancients created a word, they created a word to express a meaning, but which word should be used to express a certain meaning? Sometimes there are certain rules; But some words are still in the process of formation, and there is no certain law. It is possible to use this word to express a certain meaning, and it is also possible to use homophones to express that meaning. This homonym is called "generic word", and the word replaced by generic word is called "original word" For example, "Sorry, you don't appreciate it" (Yu Gong). At that time, wisdom was generally expressed by "Hui", but sometimes it could also be expressed by "Hui", so "Hui" became a general term for "Hui".

Another example is "the god of thunder and lightning, the hills are crumbling." Generally speaking, it should be written as "crack", but in ancient times, "column" can also be used instead of "crack".

So "column" became the general term for the word "crack". This method has been preserved, so that Dr. Sun Yat-sen in the 20th century also wrote according to this method. For example, "The Constitution of the Three People's Principles and Five Powers, which all the martyrs fought for at the cost of their lives 30 years ago, will remain unchanged if it is not implemented (Huanghuagang)" and "singing" is a general term for "advocating".

Another reason why the ancients used interchangeable characters is that the original characters can represent many meanings. Later, in order to reduce the burden of this word, a new word was created, but the old word was still in the ancient book.

In the eyes of later people, old words are common words and new words are original words. For example, "Books printed on wooden boards were not popular in the Tang Dynasty."

The version used a board at that time. "Board" can refer to a wooden board or a printed board.

Later, in order to reduce the burden of "plate", a word "plate" was specially created to represent the printed plate, so "plate" became the general name of "plate", which is the word. In most cases, the pronunciation of the interchangeable word is the same as that of this word, because the interchangeable word is a homonym of this word.

However, due to the great phonetic changes from ancient times to the present, the pronunciation of some interchangeable words is not consistent with this word. For example, "a boy's teacher, who teaches him books and learns his sentences, is not what I call a storyteller (master teacher)", and the generic word "read" replaces "tease".

The sound of "reading" is dú, and the sound of "teasing" is dü u.

3. How many types of interchangeable characters are there in junior middle school classical Chinese? 1. Ancient and modern characters refer to a certain meaning of a word, and ancient and modern writing methods are different. For example, when the word "dusk" is commonly used in classical Chinese to mean "sunset", the word "mo" is used. This is because there is no "dusk" in Chinese characters when writing this article. Later, it means "don't". In order to distinguish these two meanings, the word "dusk" was coined. In the sense of "sunset", "Mo" and "dusk" are ancient and modern characters. The second is variant characters, that is, a word has more than one different writing in a sense, and these writing methods are exactly the same in this sense. Observing these two words, we can find that both of them are composed of grass, man and dagger, as well as "peak" and "charm", "goose" and "Xun?" "Village" and "Village?" Third, the interchangeable word means that a word has a specific writing method, but the ancients did not use this writing method, but replaced it with another word. All interchangeable words existed when ancient books were written. When using interchangeable words, we usually choose words with the same sound or similar sound. For example, the word "jujube" in ancient books is often replaced by the word "flea". However, the first two are not "common words". In this regard, junior high school textbooks will generally indicate (real universal words will write "a certain word, a certain word", and some will write "a certain word, the same as a certain word" or "a certain word, write a certain word today". In fact, these three kinds of writing are different. Chinese textbooks will naturally be strictly distinguished, but I estimate that many students and even teachers may ignore them.

4. How did the interchangeable words in ancient Chinese come into being? An important part of writing knowledge is interchangeable words. Common loanwords are common language phenomena in classical Chinese. The so-called interchangeable words refer to the generalization and borrowing of words with the same or similar sounds. In middle school Chinese textbooks, some ancient and modern characters are also regarded as interchangeable characters. The emergence of interchangeable words is mainly due to clerical errors in writing or copying, or to deliberately write homophones and words with fewer strokes in order to save trouble. Later generations have adopted them and become common words. When reading classical Chinese, if a word can't be explained by its original meaning and extended meaning in a sentence, it can be explained by words with the same sound or near sound. For example, the sentence "I have to come to King Xie Xiang" (Historical Records. The hongmen banquet), if you interpret the word "flea" as the meaning of the whole sentence, you will understand. Therefore, we can say that in this sentence, "flea" means "early". As mentioned above, homophones in ancient books are the product of homophones (or near homophones) substitution, but this does not mean that all homophones can be borrowed from each other. The loan here is conditional. Generally speaking, the following three situations can be exempted: (65438 should be today. The word "bird" in the sentence of Battle of Red Cliffs is connected with "capture", and "bird" is the phonetic symbol of "capture". (2) Phonetic symbols with the same phonetic symbols can be connected with falsehood. For example, in the sentence "Mozi. Public loss ","there are nine siege opportunities ". In the sentence "Wolf in the pocket", "Zhi" communicates with "Zhi", and "Zhi" is the phonetic symbol of "Zhi". In addition, words with homonyms or similar sounds can also be used to convey false words. For example, the "flea" and "jujube" mentioned above communicate. It is very important to understand and master a considerable number of commonly used words and learn the recognition methods of commonly used words for improving the reading ability of classical Chinese.

5. Common words (150) 1. Case: Click "Click" to see. Figure.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) _ 2. Grant: through the "point". White people are worth wearing on the road. I am for my country.

("I am in the country") _ 3. Board: universal "version". Printing books, the Tang dynasty has not yet flourished. (trap) board) _ 4. Time: pass "back" and violate it. Virtue also.

(The Hongmen Banquet) Bede also. (The Hongmen Banquet) _ 5. Pioneering: avoid, avoid. Wind and rain also.

("The Battle of Dishes") Wind and rain. (The Battle of Dishes) _ 6. Disadvantages: I am "embarrassed", sleepy and tired, chasing the king and chasing the north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding.

(On Qin Dynasty) Wandering. ("On Qin") _ 7. Debate: through "discrimination", differences. And ...

(Xiaoyao Tour) (Xiaoyao Tour) 8. Cut: pass "talent". If you lift it, you will suddenly jump. ("Promoting Weaving") Love 9. Adopt: pass "color", color.

("Climbing Mount Tai"), in a short time, it became five choices. (Climbing Mount Tai) _ 10. Naan: Pass on "rice". On the contrary

("Xiaoyao Tour") Reverse. ("Have a nice trip") _ 1 1. Singing method: "advocating" and advocating. Three People's Principles and Five-Power Constitution? (Preface to the Seventy-two Martyrs in Huanghuagang) 12. Shen: Tong Shen ... Chu Tiankuo.

(Yu Linling) Yu Linling) _ 13. Deficiency: the word "Yu" is used in a derogatory sense. Later, Qin wanted to conquer Qi, which was close to Chu. (Biography of Qu Yuan) _ 14. Vertical: Pass "Kui" and pass through the border.

(White Horse) Raise the voice of the desert. ("White Horse") _ 15. Hey: Pass a sip and give water to drink.

("Goujian Destroys Wu") All eat, all lose. (Goujian Destroys Wu) _ 16. Interesting: by "pushing", urging.

("Ximen Bao governs leaves"). ("Ximen Bao Ruling Ye") _ 17. Death: There was a "sudden". Suddenly, there was an emergency at the border.

(On Accumulation and Storage) _ 18. Death: through "suddenly", in a hurry. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Battle of Red Cliffs? 1 19. quenching: pass the "pot". After burning, the metal utensils are immersed in water, which is called a pot, commonly known as "dipping in fire".

This refers to drug immersion. (Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin) _ 20. Measures: pass the "measures" and set them aside. Shuodong, Acho Yongnan.

(Yu Gong Yi Shan) Yi Shan) _ 2 1. Wrong: pass on "measures", measures. (Li Sao) Joe, correct the rules and mistakes.

(Li Sao)? 22. Tao: Pass the "guide" and guide it. (Preface to Biography of Huo Zhi).

(Preface to the Biography of Huo Zhi) 23. Virtue: Understand "virtue" and appreciate kindness. I'm really sorry. (I want fish) "I want fish") 24. Carving: Through "withering", withering and dying.

No carving in winter. ("collecting herbs")? 25. Er: Use "ears" to express tone, that's all.

(The Oil Man) Uh-huh. ("The Oil Man") 26. And: Tong Er, you Weng Changquan.

("Remember the Su Gong 'ao incident in Zhong Wang")? 27. Objection: Return through "return". I see it. (Mr. He Yi) Mr. He Yi? 28. no: say "no" (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru), can you? (Lian Po Lin Xiangru biography) _ 29. Father: Tong Fu.

(A trip to Baochan Mountain) A trip to Baochan Mountain? 30.***: preach "supply", supply. It's exhausted. (Candles quit Qin) _ 3 1.

("frugal training makes you healthy") 32. Irrigation: wash, wash. ("Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang") 33. "Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang". Hey: Pass "him", what? So what? ("Tomb of Five") Is it awkward? (Five Tombstones) _ 34. Guy: Why not? On the contrary! ("The History of Qi Huan") Beggars' Sect is also doing the opposite! (History) _ 35. Beggars' Sect: Damn it, boy, what's wrong? So far? (My Skilled Cow) My Skilled Cow) 36. Balance: cross the "horizontal" and run wildly. Strike.

(On Accumulation and Storage) Strike. (On Accumulation and Storage) _ 37. Also: go through the "ring" and walk around the post.

(Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin)? 38. Degeneration: through "death", destruction. 2. The army is impregnable, fighting for a long time and never dying. (The Battle of Dishes) _ 39. Fire: through "help" Companions and fire companions are all surprised and busy.

(Mulan Ci) Mulan Ci? 40. Or: through "confusion". I can't figure it out. This is because the king is unwise.

(Qiu Yi) Qiu Yi) _ 4 1. Qi: pass "agent" and medicine. Within reach. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) _ 42. Jia: Pass on the "price". For example, if there is a camp, give it to Zoga.

("Remembering the Su Gong Ao Incident in Zhong Wang") ... 43. Attention: Through "attention" and warning. The masses should be armed with live ammunition. (Feng Wanzhen) Wan Zhen) _ 44. Distance: Pass the "refusal", keep the customs and keep the vassals out.

(The Hongmen Banquet) Banquet? 45. Decision: Say goodbye through the formula. ("The New Thief Saved Zhao"), he resigned.

("the new thief saves Zhao") _ 46. Jing: Pass the "Jing". Hua, burned to death. (Preface to Biography of Seventy-two Martyrs in Huanghuagang)? 47. Tools: all "all", all, all. Xing.

("Yueyang Tower") Xing. ("Yueyang Tower") Instrument 48. Tired: Pass the "rope" and "tired minister". This is the prisoner. The minister disturbed the drum.

("The Battle of Dishes")? 49. Ray: "Fight", fight. Drum is a big earthquake, and the northern army is a big bad one. (Battle of Red Cliffs) War? 50. respectively: through "bitterness", bitterness, encounter and worry.

(Biography of Qu Yuan) (Biography of Qu Yuan)? 5 1. Column: Crossing Crack. Without a thunderbolt, the hills collapsed. ("Dream of Mount Tianmu") Don't) _ 52. 囎囎囎囎囎𶐎囎囎囎𶐎: Yes, and it looks scared. ...

(On Product and Sparse) _ 53. Ling: Pass "Ling", * * *. Forced to die. (The Theory of Southern Guidance) _ 54. Recording: "mediocrity", mediocrity ... everyone succeeds.

I recommend myself. ) _ 55. Exemption: "childbirth", childbirth. The accuser told the doctor to keep it. ("Goujian Destroys Wu") Destroy Wu? 56. Ghost: There is a kind of fish in the sea. Its name is Kun.

("Xiaoyao Tour") Remote Tour) 57. Mo: pass the "grinding". Extinction is invincible (Report to Ren Anshu).

(Bao Ren An Shu) _ 3 58. Be sharp: through "tempering", learn from each other and discuss ... in justice. ("Goujian Destroys Wu") Yu Yi.

(Gou Jian destroys Wu) _ 59. number