A brief analysis of the employment issues of rural women in my country

Abstract

Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood, and it is related to the overall situation of China's reform, development and stability. At present, the greatest employment pressure faced by our country does not come from cities and towns, but from the transfer of rural labor force to cities and towns. Rural women in our country account for more than 70% of the entire female population. The number of rural women moving to cities and towns is on the rise, and the employment problem of rural women has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, adhering to and implementing the people-centered development concept, paying attention to the all-round development of rural women, overcoming traditional gender biases and obstacles that affect the development of rural women, and improving the quality of rural women in all aspects are important manifestations of adhering to the scientific outlook on development. Solving the employment problem of rural women has important theoretical significance and practical value for promoting my country's economic development and creating a harmonious socialist society.

Based on analyzing the current status of rural women’s employment in my country, this article explains its existing problems and deep-seated constraints. It also combines relevant employment theories and draws on the successful experiences and experiences of rural women’s employment in developed and developing countries. lessons, put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the employment level of rural women, and provide reference for government departments to effectively solve the employment problem of rural women.

Keywords: rural women; employment; problems; countermeasures

Chapter 2 Introduction to relevant theories

Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood and is related to China's reform, development and Stable overall situation. Rural women account for more than 70% of the entire female population in our country. Solving the employment problem of rural women has important theoretical significance and practical value for promoting economic development and creating a harmonious society. Rural women's employment is a special category, with both regional and gender characteristics. Although classic writers did not specifically discuss rural women's employment, they did involve rural women's employment in their employment theories; Western scholars started from the employment and gender difference employment theories of men and women. discussed in .

Section 1 Basic Concept Categories

As a group, "rural women" cover two categories: region and gender. No matter which perspective they are divided into, they are special. To analyze the employment problem of rural women, it is necessary to clearly define the connotation of employment, rural employment and rural women's employment.

1. Rural employment

The so-called employment means that citizens with the ability to work engage in some kind of paid or labor-income occupation according to the law within the legal working age

1. According to the general standards stipulated by the International Conference on Labor Statistics, anyone above the specified age who has the following conditions is considered an employed person: First, a person who is working refers to a person who is engaged in some paid or labor within a specified period of time. income-earning workers; second, people who have jobs but are temporarily unemployed, such as workers whose units temporarily shut down for various reasons due to illness, accidents, vacations, absenteeism, labor disputes, or bad weather; third, employers and self-employed people . It can be seen that as long as the labor performed by citizens is a relatively fixed occupation with pay or income, and is legal labor recognized by society, it is formal employment. From the essence of employment, it is a combination of labor force and means of production, that is, workers possess and use the means of production in a certain way. The definition of employment is different in various countries. Employment in our country refers to economic activities in which people with the ability to work engage in legal social labor and receive corresponding labor remuneration or business income. Employment can be divided into domestic employment and foreign employment according to geographical division, and domestic employment is further divided into urban employment and rural employment. Rural employment includes three categories: First, farmers are employed within the agricultural sector, including primary industry sectors such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery; second, farmers are employed in rural non-agricultural sectors, including industry, commercial wholesale and retail, storage and transportation, construction, Township enterprises and other secondary and tertiary industries; third, farmers go to other places for employment, mainly in various non-agricultural industries in cities.

2. Rural Women’s Employment

According to the classification of farmers’ employment, rural women’s employment also includes three categories. However, since women’s work is not limited to a single industry, according to the above classification Difficult to define. Therefore, this article divides women's employment categories based on their employment regions and the proportion of employed people, and classifies rural women's employment into broad-sense employment and narrow-sense employment.

The major difference between the Feijinghan-Lanis model and the Lewis model is that the former clearly expresses the development relationship between the industrial sector and the agricultural sector. Fei Jinghan and Lanis believe that agriculture's contribution to economic development not only provides the labor required for the expansion of the industrial sector, but also provides agricultural surplus for the industrial sector. If the agricultural surplus cannot meet the demand for agricultural products due to the expansion of the industrial sector, labor transfer will be hindered.

3. Theory of Economic Development and Labor Transfer

American economist Jorgensen constructed a model within the framework of Lewis' dual structure. He divided the growth points of economic development and labor transfer into The modern industrial sector of the Liu-Fei-La model shifted to the development of agriculture, that is, the development of agriculture itself and the resulting surplus of agricultural products are the basis for the transformation of rural surplus labor. He included population and labor force growth as endogenous variables in the agricultural production function for analysis. This analysis allows us to clearly see that reducing the growth rate of rural population and promoting agricultural technological progress will promote the increase of agricultural surplus products, the expansion of the industrial sector, and increase the scale of the transfer of agricultural labor to the industrial sector, thus accelerating the growth of the entire economy and develop. In this regard, Jorgensen’s conclusion is consistent with the development experience of most developing countries and is also applicable to China.

Chapter 3 Constraints on the Employment of Rural Women

With the advancement of rural urbanization, employment opportunities for rural women have increased significantly, and more and more rural women have entered the city to work Doing all kinds of work. Although the employment level has improved compared with the past, traditional concepts, urban-rural dual structure, local protection policies, and women's own quality still restrict the employment of rural women.

Section 1: The constraints of traditional and outdated ideas

In feudal society for thousands of years, people have formed the idea that "men are superior to women". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, although the idea of ??"equality between men and women" was advocated, the backward idea of ??"preferring boys over girls" still existed. Especially in rural areas with low civilization and relatively poor knowledge, the overall status of women is still lower than that of men, which makes women Many opportunities for entrepreneurship and employment have been lost.

Due to the influence of China's rural traditional customs and long-term planned economic system, most rural women have outdated and conservative ideas, are unwilling to accept new things, and have a serious inferiority complex. This is especially true for rural women who live in cities and live in cities. They are afraid that they will be ridiculed by others if they say or do something wrong. This nervous state of mind makes them afraid of interacting with people in the city and closes themselves off. It is precisely because of this deep-rooted inferiority complex that some rural women are unwilling to go out to work. Even if some are willing to go out, when it comes to choosing work positions, they are often willing to choose collective labor types where migrant workers gather together, and are unwilling to go to cities to engage in jobs such as Domestic service jobs.

Section 2: Constraints of the Urban-Rural Dual System

my country’s urban-rural structure has formed an inevitable connection between workers and the city, and farmers and the land. In addition, farmers lack social capital, so migrant workers in cities are the only choice. Being able to rely on kinship, kinship and geographical relationships naturally forms a dual urban-rural relationship network of citizen relationship network and farmer relationship network. It is difficult for farmers to squeeze into the citizen relationship network, so they can only do some marginal work in the city. .

With the rapid development of our country’s economy and the acceleration of rural urbanization, more and more rural women choose to work outside their homes. However, institutional barriers still exist, such as the household registration system, employment system, land In terms of institutions and urban management systems, it is still difficult for rural women to truly integrate into the city. Although the household registration system has undergone some reforms, the access conditions in large and medium-sized cities are still very high. A series of other systems derived from this, such as the education system, housing system, social security system, social welfare system, etc. have formed a strong Institutional barriers prevent rural women from integrating into cities. The public products and services provided by the city government have not yet covered migrant workers.

Although some places allow children of migrant workers to attend daycare, they have to charge a lot of extra fees; in terms of political rights, compared with citizens, migrant women in cities do not have smooth political channels to express their own wishes, let alone the right to speak. In terms of social security, since most rural women who work in cities are engaged in informal employment, traditionally called "temporary workers", they generally do not have social insurance, receive different pay for the same work as formal employees, and cannot enjoy various benefits of urban citizens. treatment. Although a few regions have made special provisions for social security for informal workers, overall the current social security policy system basically excludes informal workers.

Section 3: Constraints of Local Protection Policies

In recent years, although the strict barriers restricting the flow of farmers to non-agricultural fields have been broken down, in many places, especially in some large and medium-sized cities, There are still some policies in place that are inconsistent with central policies to restrict farmers' mobility and employment in cities, mainly in the total control of migrant workers entering urban employment, restrictions on occupation, gender, and type of work, and mandatory collection of management fees, labor adjustment fees, etc. . These measures objectively raise the threshold for farmers to find employment in cities and increase their burden. Some places restrict farmers from entering the formal sector, and some even explicitly state that they do not want female workers. Many cities only leave dirty, tiring, and dangerous jobs that urban residents are unwilling to do to migrant workers. Some cities use regular or non-regular work for various reasons. Peasants who migrate to cities to work are regularly driven away. Due to policy discrimination, rural women who migrate to cities to work are generally at the bottom of society. Their labor remuneration and working conditions do not receive necessary legal and social protection. The specific manifestations are: wages and remuneration do not meet the legal minimum wage standards, wage arrears and wage deductions are serious, working hours greatly exceed legal working hours, and overtime pay is not received, and men and women are not paid the same for equal work, etc. The labor and safety and health conditions are poor, there are no necessary labor protection facilities and conditions, poisonings, casualties and other incidents occur from time to time, and women's rights and interests are not protected. Due to various aspects of discrimination, rural women who work in cities have difficulty in obtaining necessary funds, technology, information, infrastructure and other resources, and lack of business premises. These are common problems faced by rural women working in large and medium-sized cities. At the same time, free training and services for rural women's labor transfer, because some local governments are difficult to implement and cash out the subsidies that should be stipulated by policies, which directly affects the enthusiasm of training institutions for rural women's labor transfer training.

Section 4: Constraints on Women’s Own Quality

Cultural quality has a direct impact on the labor force’s employment development and employment selection abilities. Rural labor forces with different qualities determine the employment methods and transfer directions. different. The low quality of rural women is an important factor affecting the scale and speed of transfers, especially the level of transfers. The low quality of rural women is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, their educational level is generally low. The proportion of women with no education is 45.3, which is 32.8 higher than that of men. The proportion of women with junior high school education is 13.4, which is 18.5 lower than men. The proportion of women with high school education is 2.2, which is 11.7 lower than 13.9 of men. The proportion of men and women with primary school education is equal, and women 2.6 lower than men. It can be seen that rural women have much lower educational opportunities than men, the overall cultural level of women is low, and the proportion of illiterates is close to half of the total number of women.

Chapter 4 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Rural Women’s Employment

The status of women is an important indicator of a country’s degree of civilization and modernization. Taking effective measures to improve the economic and social status of rural women is of great significance to promoting the sustained and rapid development of my country's agriculture and accelerating the process of my country's agricultural modernization. To promote the employment of rural women, we must take into account both internal and external considerations. We must not only improve the quality of rural women themselves, but also coordinate external objective conditions to create a good social environment for rural women's employment and development.

Section 1: Increase investment in education and improve the educational attainment of rural women

First, increase national financial investment in rural basic education. "Who benefits, who invests" is a principle of economics. On the contrary, in rural areas, due to the asymmetry between investment and income in rural education, the beneficiary of rural education is the urban economy.

Different training plans are formulated for different levels of groups, and various teachers are organized to provide door-to-door training courses in accounting computerization, nursery nutrition, property management, horticulture, animation design, public utility management and other courses. In order to attract women to participate in training and help them overcome difficulties, training linked to enterprises can be promoted, local training and employment can be implemented, and enterprises can train whatever they need.

Section 4: Establish and improve rural information networks to build a platform for rural women’s employment

The International Labor Office’s research report on world employment issues believes that “it is necessary to obtain more labor market information from To benefit from it, the prerequisite must be information protection." Information becomes the "ears" for rural women's employment. Establishing rural labor resource information files can build an information platform for labor transfer. Building a unified urban and rural employment information network is the basic work for coordinating the employment of urban and rural women. The government should invest corresponding manpower and material resources and develop corresponding software to log the city's training centers, job agency recruitment information and registered women's labor resource information onto the Internet, and cover the network to every connected town and town, and implement Free self-service inquiry on employment policies and recruitment information. Build a unified employment information network in urban and rural areas to achieve full sharing of information resources.

Establish an intermediary agency to provide free information services to rural women. The government should actively encourage the development of private employment agency organizations. Promote labor service organizations such as labor dispatch companies to do a good job in exporting and receiving rural women's labor. In particular, it is necessary to organize these women based on the characteristics of rural women who are mainly engaged in informal employment. These units will sign labor contracts with rural women. Pay remuneration and apply for relevant social security. At the same time, these units provide users with various services such as housekeeping, cleaning, and nursing. This reduces the blindness of rural women in finding jobs, increases their sense of belonging, and also facilitates users. It is more beneficial to non- Standardized management of formal employment.

Conclusion

Solving the employment problem of rural women is not only a matter of people's livelihood, but also a problem of rural women's own development. It is also a major issue related to the stability and development of our country's society. The state and governments at all levels provide guarantees and convenient conditions for the employment of rural women. This is not only an intrinsic requirement for the implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development, but also an important link in the process of industrialization, rural urbanization, and modernization in my country.

Although this article puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to solve the problem of rural women's employment, a lot of work still needs to be done to truly put them into practice, especially to fundamentally improve the quality of rural women, especially their cultural quality and scientific and technological skills. level, thereby improving the overall employment level of rural women. This is an important part of developing rural economy and building a harmonious socialist society.

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