What are the origins, nicknames and characteristics of couplets?

To put it simply, before the Qin and Han Dynasties, during the Spring Festival, people hung peaches around the gate and wrote "Shen Tu (Tu)" and "Lei Yu" (the name of the deity) to ward off evil spirits. Fu Tao was later called Spring Festival couplets ~

According to records, on New Year's Eve in 964 AD, Meng Chang, a master of Houshu, wrote a pair of couplets on the bedroom door, "New Year's Eve, Qing Yu, Jia Jie number. Changchun ",the earliest Spring Festival couplets in China.

After the general development of the Song Dynasty, the advocacy of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Ming Dynasty and the prosperity of couplets in the Qing Dynasty, it developed.

Features:

Clear pronunciation and mellow voice, consistent sentences. Plain, harmonious tone. Parts of speech are relative, and their positions are the same. Content related, up and down.

Nickname:

Yes, yes, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, posts, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, and responses.

Interviewee: Aesthetic Moment-Level 4 20 10-8-6 19:02

Couplets are similar to poems, paying attention to symmetry;

The sky is against the ground, and the rain is against the wind. The mainland faces the sky. Mountain flowers to sea trees, the sun to the sky, and so on.

Words must be the same, meaning can be different, but pay attention to emotional similarity!

Respondent: Zhang Gongxiu-Level 1 20 10-8-8 08:50

There are different opinions about the origin of couplets in the world. It is generally believed that the earliest couplets were inscribed by Meng Chang, the master of Shu in the Five Dynasties. Meng Chang's edition inscriptions are recorded in the Meng family, Zhang's and Huang Xiu's Hakka dialects, his couplet poems and Tan Sitong's Record of Shi Juying's Bizhi. "Shu Konglang" said: "Before Shu returned to Song Dynasty, Shi Xin, a scholar of Changling, wrote a peach symbol on the bedroom door, claiming that his words did not work, and said,' The New Year is called Changchun.' After Shu Ping, the court named Lu Yuqing as the birthday of Taizu, knowing Chengdu and Changchun. "Mysterious, afraid of providence. According to "Song Couplets Collection", Meng Changyuan is full of flowers, and Yao Yao, the minister of the Ministry of War, wrote an inscription: "The islands are divided into cross waters, and several flowers are seen outside the Taiwan. "This is also the earliest garden couplet in China.

However, in recent years, it has been suggested that couplets on New Year's Eve have become a custom in the Five Dynasties. The earliest couplets were written by Liu and his sister Liu Lingxian, writers of the Southern Liang Dynasty. This is recorded in Tan Sitong's Notes on Shi Juying's Residence, saying that Liu Xiaozhuo could not be dismissed from office, and the title was linked to the door: "Close the door to celebrate the hanging, lie high and thank you." His sister also made a pair of couplets: "The fallen flowers are still in harmony, and they are reunited with the orchid." Although the couplets are short-term, every sentence is beautiful and engraved on the door. It can be said that it is the earliest couplet recorded in China's history books. This is four or five hundred years earlier than Meng Chang's couplets.

Many scholars believe that the mature age of couplets should be Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is also recognized by most people. In the early years of Liang Dynasty, Yongming style only played a certain role in paving the way for the formation of couplets, but as a literary category, it did not form a system. Liu Xie, a literary critic in the Southern Dynasties, has incisive views on "temperament" and "kind words" in his literary criticism masterpiece "Wen Xin Diao Long", and has suggestions on poetry, Sao, Fu, Yuefu, praise, couplet, inscription, monument, mourning, literature, harmony, historical biography, hundred schools of thought, various theories and imperial edicts. However, many scholars believe that this view is controversial after the couplets produced metrical poems (the Five Dynasties Tang Dynasty). Opponents believe that the problem of leveling between sentences was solved before the Tang Dynasty, and the problem of the number of sentences and rhyme in metrical poems has nothing to do with couplets.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yongming style flourished day by day. Some literati like to focus on dialogue, which has formed the trend of "picking sentences and appreciating comments" for a while. For example, Li Bai's "Three mountains and a half fall out of the sky, like this Egret Island divides the river." Du Fu's "She went out of the Purple Palace into the desert, and now she has become a yellow grave." Bai Juyi's "It is difficult for an ape to cry and a goose to fly across the lake." "Silkworms in spring are spinning until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night." Li Shangyin. They are all famous sentences. With the participation of poets, the art of couplets has been improved. Except Bai Juyi, most poets in the Tang Dynasty are famous in history and passed down from generation to generation. For example, Li Bai's title Hunan Yueyang Loulian:

A large body of water

The miracle of natural beauty is infinite.

Du Fu inscribed the couplets of Zhuge Liang's former residence;

Worried about what is happening in the world.

During his two terms in power, he served the kingdom wholeheartedly.

Wang Luobin's title: Hangzhou Tide Pavilion;

Louguancanghai Day

Zhejiang chaode gate

Li Shimin's Lian Mo was hidden in Zhenguan Bao Han, Jinci, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and wrote an inscription for Taizong's imperial book:

The article is eternal.

She Ji yi Rong yi

In Song Dynasty, it was a common custom to put couplets on doors. Wang Anshi wrote in the poem "January 1": "Every family always trades new peaches for old ones every day." Zhao Gengfu wrote in the poem "New Year's Eve is a Thing": "Fu Tao's poems are good because he is afraid of moving." This shows that there were not a few authors of couplets at that time. The scope of couplets has also expanded, and couplets have generally become indispensable decorations for places of interest, temples and galleries. When Qi Ying, a temple monk, accompanied Wu and Qian Ya to visit the Huangpu River, he wrote an inscription for Bibo Pavilion:

A body of water 3,000 miles away.

There are two tides at twelve o'clock.

The famous writer Su Shi also wrote an inscription for Zhenwu Temple in Guangzhou:

Let's have long hair and fight the sword.

There are means to subdue dragons and tigers, and turtles and snakes are floating clouds.

In the Yuan Dynasty, due to various reasons, couplets were somewhat neglected compared with the previous dynasties, and few were handed down from generation to generation. Now can see only a few works by Yang Rui and Zhao Mengfu, such as Yang Rui's title "Apartment Couplet:

Guang yi dong bi book store

The heart is in the landscape of the West Lake.

Zhao Mengfu Title West Lake Lingyin Temple Union:

The sword and dragon wind returned, and thousands of valleys and pines were connected with the sea and air.

Jiufeng clouds converge, and the Millennium laurel moon prints the lake light.

Yuan Zaju skillfully used the form of couplets in Yuan Dynasty. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju "Saving the Wind and Dust" ends with:

An Xiucai turned flowers into candles.

Zhao's romantic life saved the dust.

This is also a new form of couplets.

It was in the Ming and Qing Dynasties that couplets really reached their peak. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ruling class attached great importance to parallel prose and couplets and included them in the imperial examinations. Therefore, no one can cope with successful Jinshi and Juren. Because of the emperor's favor, the ministers around him studied hard to win the appreciation of their masters. And those who change a person's fate because of a couplet. Because of this, the popularity is growing, and the literati take the title combination as a blessing. When they visit victory and look for ancient times, they can't help but write down the combination of inscriptions to make them firm and elegant.

After Zhu Yuanzhang made his capital in Jinling, before New Year's Eve, he sent a message to Jinling and other places: "Officials and scholars must add a pair of Spring Festival couplets to their doors." On New Year's Eve, I personally went out traveling incognito to show my true feelings. Once he found a family that didn't post Spring Festival couplets and asked the rear that it was a pig eunuch. He didn't know how to write the contents of his business into couplets. Upon hearing this, Zhu Yuanzhang thought for a moment and wrote a couplet for the castrated pig man:

Split the road of life and death with both hands;

Cut off the root of right and wrong.

It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor immediately, has made outstanding contributions to the promotion and development of couplets. During this period, many famous couplets appeared, such as Jie Jin, Tang Yin, Xu Wei and Yang Shen, among which Jie Jin was the most famous.

In the prosperous period of Kanggan, the art of couplets is becoming more and more perfect. No matter from the content or form, there are certain levels. Kangxi is also a master of composing couplets, and his couplet on Qifengge in Jinshan, Zhenjiang is a good one:

At the beginning of the cloud, the sun sinks;

The rain is coming and the wind is getting stronger and stronger.

Emperor Qianlong is a romantic son of heaven and likes to show off his elegance. Every time he travels, he always writes poems everywhere, but there are not many praised works. Only the couplets written on the West Warehouse of chengde mountain resort Tobacco Museum are not bad. The couplet reads:

Yan was moved and willing to talk to related birds;

Blue grass and cinnamon, fragrant and blooming.

During the 300 years of the Qing Dynasty, many famous couplets emerged, such as, Weng Fanggang, Ruan Yuan, Yu Yue, Yuan Mei, He, and so on, all of which have been handed down from generation to generation. During this period, the scope of couplets gradually expanded, and all descriptions, lyricism and arguments could be connected, resulting in an unprecedented form of long couplets. Sun Ranweng's "Kunming Daguanlou" is the first long couplet in history, and is known as "the first long couplet in ancient and modern times". Zhang Zhidong's couplets of Junshan ChristianRandPhillips Temple are longer than those of Daguanlou. The longest is Zhong's "Quasi-Jiangjin Linjiang Tower Couplet", with a total of 16 12 words, which is the longest couplet so far. In the late Qing Dynasty, the writing skills of couplets were greatly innovated. However, with the change of language and the emergence of vernacular Chinese and new-style poems, the requirements for practicing Chinese couplets are not as strict as in the past. Due to the appearance of long couplets, the Qing Dynasty couplets played an important role in the history of China couplets. Tan Sitong, Zhang Taiyan, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Yang Du, Yan Fu, Lin Zexu, Zhang Zhidong, Zhong, etc. , as the altar master. With the prosperity and development of couplets, there are also some experts and scholars who collect and record couplets, especially Liang Zhangju. His monographs such as Couplet Conghua left the most valuable information for future generations, and Liang, Yuan Mei, Tan Sitong and Yu were also handed down from generation to generation.

By the time of the Republic of China, China was plunged into the abyss of suffering due to the melee of warlords and the invasion of foreign invaders. There is no peace in the country, and the people are not happy. So there are many works about the country and people. Among them, Liu Shiliang, Sichuan is the most famous. He founded Liang Shi magazine on 1929, which is quite influential. His temperament is free and easy, his language is humorous, and his works are satirical, which has a great response in society. Others include Feng Yuxiang, Sun Yat-sen, Liu Yazi, Yu Dafu and Guo Moruo. They all wrote influential masterpieces.

After liberation, especially since 1980s, traditional culture has been revived. The tide of reform and opening up has injected new ideological content into the ancient couplet style. Couplet associations have sprung up all over the country, and there are more and more lovers of couplets. Various places have held couplets competitions and activities. We are glad to see that today's couplets have entered a brand-new era, and this ancient evergreen tree will surely show its charming style in the new century.

Answer: February 2007-1901:17

The questioner's evaluation of the answer:

***0 comments ... The following questions are recommended for you. Where are some couplets for the New Year? Asking for couplets for the New Year? Who has a cross-examination of couplets? Can 15' s couplet have only four words? The number of words in the upper (lower) couplet cannot be ... Other answers *** 10 comments ┆ reports.

Flying in the sky

[Scholar] The origin of antithetical couplets refers to the time when antithetical couplets were originally separated from antithesis as a rhetorical device and used independently.

There is no exact textual research on when couplets originated. At present, there are two views in academic circles: one is that couplets originate from peach symbols. However, the purpose of writing "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" in Fu Tao is to ward off evil spirits. Before Er Shen was described in Huai Nan Zi, there was no consciousness of using antithetical sentences independently, and neither Shen Tu nor Lei Yu were antithetical sentences. So this statement is difficult to establish. Another view is that couplets originated from Meng Chang, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. The reason is that "Song Shi Shu Shi Jia" recorded a sentence "Qing Yu is celebrating the Spring Festival, Changchun is celebrating the First Festival". However, according to the materials discovered later, in the Tang Dynasty before Meng Chang, people had already made couplets. Therefore, it is too late to determine the origin time of the Five Dynasties couplets.

Tan sitong seems to have seen this. Shi Juying set the origin time of couplets in the Liang Dynasty in the Record of Bizhi. He said: "Kao Xiao (Liang Dynasty) Liu couldn't leave the house, so he asked for' closing the door to celebrate the hanging and lying high to thank Gong Qing', and Third Sister continued,' The fallen flowers are still harmonious, and the jungle is sprouting again'. Although this is a poem, the words are all right, and the title is on the door. It is a couplet. " But this conclusion is also inaccurate. Because the foot of the last sentence of the couplet is flat and parallel, and "Qing" and "Sheng" are both flat and parallel rhymes, it is a poem, not a couplet.

Others set the appearance of couplets in the Western Jin Dynasty, saying that "Lu Shilong in the cloud and Xun in the sun" was the earliest couplet in China. This is also unacceptable. The research results show that the combination of these two sentences is just a coincidence when they report the case themselves.

The Generation Period of Couplets —— Tang Dynasty

Couplets originated in the Tang Dynasty, which is based on historical facts. Some true couplets that appeared in the Tang Dynasty were discovered one after another, which is a powerful explanation. Mr. Dong Fang found three hall couplets in Xiapu County Records and Fuding County Records:

A gentleman doesn't eat saliva, and his heart is clear;

A gentleman dares to occupy the pavilion on the top of the mountain without relying on the fence.

(This is a couplet written by Lin Song (860-873), a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, who was studying in a thatched cottage.)

There are also two couplets written by Chen Peng.

One:

Bamboo fences are sparse and see pu;

The cabin leaks stars.

Another one:

The stone is upright and tall;

Bamboo households are exquisite and open around.

The number of couplets found in the Tang Dynasty gradually increased, which at least showed the existence of couplets in the Tang Dynasty. It is no accident that couplets came into being in the Tang Dynasty. From the way of making couplets, it can be explained.

In addition to dual rhetoric, the key to the formation of couplets is metrical poetry. In addition to the arrangement of laws and regulations, the eight sentences require that the parallel couplet and the neck couplet in the middle must be antithetical and level, and the couplet also stresses antithesis and level. This shows that the most essential thing of couplets is directly inherited and developed from metrical poems. According to many historical records, many poets in the Tang Dynasty did not get the whole poem first, but wrote two wonderful couplets in the middle of the metrical poem, and then matched the whole poem. This is the case with Jia Dao's "Recalling the Stone on the River". According to the biography of talented people in Tang Dynasty:

(Jia Dao) stayed in Chang 'an, sitting and sleeping, but unable to lament. When the autumn wind was strong and the yellow leaves could be swept away, he sang, "The fallen leaves are all over Chang 'an. "Even, he can't get it. Suddenly, "the autumn wind blows the Weihe River", and it is invincible.

This pair later entered poetry, so they didn't make couplets. Without independent couplets, there are connections and differences between "couplet" and "couplet" explaining rhyme. There are certain conditions for the "couplet" of metrical poems to be transformed into couplets. This point has been thoroughly introduced by Mr. Liang Yusheng in the article "Rhymes are Different from Couplets". For example, he said, the necklace in Du Fu's Book of Letters: "Three Summons focus on state affairs, and two generations focus on the heart of a child" can be said to be a summary of Wuhou's life, so it can be independently used as a couplet of Wuhou Temple; However, the couplets of "Spring grass dyed the steps, orioles were empty and pleasing" cannot be used as the couplets of Wuhou Temple alone.

In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to conventional poems, there were other factors that promoted the appearance of couplets to varying degrees. These factors are mainly conjunctions, sentence excerpts and book walls.

Couplets are a way of writing poems in ancient times. Compose a poem and an article by two or more people. Later, I got used to saying the last sentence by one person, and the successors paired into one, then added the last sentence and said it in turn. This way of writing poetry was very common in the Tang Dynasty. In the preface to Meng Haoran's Collection, it is recorded that (Haoran) traveled to a secret province, and the autumn moon was new, and Zhu Wei would write poems. Hao Ran said, "Wei Yun is a light river man, and the raindrops are sparse." . Let the seat sigh, salty can't write any more.

In the Tang Dynasty, conjunctions extended to wine lists, slogans and so on. I won't introduce them one by one here ...

Sentence abstraction is to pick out the particularly wonderful sentences in a work and use them alone. Mr. Cheng said in the article "On Couplets": Picking out the particularly wonderful sentences in a work and appreciating them separately began in the Six Dynasties and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. When Bai Juyi 18 years old entered Chang 'an, there was a line in the poem Farewell to Ancient Grass, which was widely read.

A book wall is to write poems on the wall. Some poets and calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty were like this. In Huishan, Wuxi, there is a couplet written by Zhang Hu in the Tang Dynasty: "Small holes pass through oblique bamboo, while heavy streets contain fine sand" is an example.

In addition to the above factors, interval sentences in poetry also have special influence. These are limited to space, so I won't introduce them one by one. You can read by yourself after class in combination with related books.

In short, we can see from the above aspects. By the Tang Dynasty, all the conditions were met, resulting in couplets. No matter through what channels, couplets, as an independent literary genre, are becoming more and more mature.

The development period of couplets-Song Yuanming

After the Tang Dynasty, couplets gradually became popular. By the Song Dynasty, it had penetrated into various fields. In Shunchu, Yue Guang (95 1), Qi Ying, a monk of Longhua Temple, accompanied Wu Yuewang to visit Bibo Pavilion one day, which coincided with the beginning of Huangpu River, with the ebb and flow of tides and ships like clouds.

A water three thousand miles away;

There are two tides at twelve o'clock.

When people call it a couple, they are all talking about Bibo Pavilion. At this time, the couplet of the tour topic is called victory couplet. In the five years of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 194), Zhu built a boutique house in Cangzhou. He wrote:

Pei Wei took part in the exam and training.

Historical biography.

This is a study topic. In Huaiyang, Jiasidao Town, the Southern Song Dynasty, Shangyuan hung lanterns, and a guest made a lantern gate couplet:

Three-minute moonlit night in the world;

Yangzhou Shili Xiaohonglou.

This is the title of the light door. Shoulian and elegiac couplet also appeared in Song Dynasty. At the same time, couplets began to be used in literary works, also in the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty novels, couplets are often used to summarize chapters. In short, couplets were widely used in all aspects of social life in the Song Dynasty, and were gradually loved by people.

There are not many couplets recorded in Yuan Dynasty. The two couplets written by Zhao Ziang on orders from Kublai Khan are eulogies to Yuan Di, which have a great influence. A poem written by Wang Wei in the hall:

The nine doors of heaven reveal the palace and its courtyard;

The coats of many countries bow to the pearl crown.

Open the door is:

Sunshine, moonlight and virtue;

The mountains and rivers are strong, and the emperor lives.

Zhao Ziang also wrote such a couplet in Yangzhou Yue Studio:

Spring Festival Yuen Long 3000 guests;

The first floor of Yueming in Yangzhou.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to Zhu Yuanzhang's advocacy, couplets gained great popularity. The name Spring Festival couplets was put forward by Zhu Yuanzhang. According to historical records, after Zhu Yuanzhang made Jinling his capital, "On New Year's Eve, he ordered public officials or scholars to post a pair of Spring Festival couplets at the door." In order to check the implementation, Zhu Yuanzhang also "micro-walked out of view." It is said that he also wrote such a couplet for a castrated pig:

Split hands in life and death;

Cut off the root of right and wrong.

Zhu Yuanzhang also wrote a couplet on the Qinhuai River:

Good mountains, good water, good wind and good Millennium;

Crazy, crazy, crazy, stupid for generations.

Due to Zhu Yuanzhang's emphasis on couplets, it has become a custom to paste couplets every Spring Festival. The popularity of Spring Festival couplets has strongly promoted the development of couplets.

The heyday of couplets-Qing Dynasty

Since the Ming Dynasty, countless experts have written couplets. Jie Jin in Ming Dynasty, Sun Ranweng in Qing Dynasty, Ji Xiaolan, Zeng Guofan and Yu Yue in Zheng Banqiao. Anecdotes about their couplets are still circulating today. Some couplets they wrote were collected into books.

The collection of couplets appeared as far back as the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Zhou Shouzhong's "Love Couplet" and Qian Decang's "Yutang Coincidence" are examples. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Sheng 'an wrote The Wonderful Show of Xie Hua, which is an earlier collection of dialogues seen today.

In the Qing Dynasty, there were imperial characters in every ceremony, which was the heyday of couplets. Kangxi Qianlong edited couplets twice, because he had never seen their books, so he didn't know what it was like. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Sheng engraved the book On Ancient and Modern Clever Couplets, which collected interesting couplets before Kangxi, and was called the master of interesting couplets at that time. During the Qianlong period, Lian Jing written by Li Gantang, with a total of four volumes of * * *, is a collection of Confucian classics, or a couplet written by himself according to the meaning of classics. Other influential works include: Wu Lian by Wang Youguang, and Conghua Lian, Lian Xu and Lian San Ji, which have the greatest influence. Personal albums include Zeng Guofan's Autumn Quezhai Couplet, Zuo's Morton, and Yu Yue's Couplet Record. Zhang Taiyan and Wu Gongheng also have special couplets with rich essence. There are also collections of couplets on the Sea and Complete Couplets.

The development of couplets in the Qing Dynasty is highlighted in four aspects: First, the more you write, the longer you write. Known as "the first couplet in China", the couplet of Daguanlou in Kunming has the word 180, which is already a magnificent scene, but in terms of the number of words, many couplets have surpassed it since Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. For example, Wu's title is the couplet of President Gansu, Zhong's title is the couplet of Wangjianglou in Chengdu, Yu Yue's title is the couplet of West Lake Temple in Hangzhou, Pan Shoulie's title is the couplet of Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang, Zhang Zhidong's title is the couplet of Quyuan Temple, and so on. Each pair ranges from 192 to 16 12, which is a masterpiece. Second, the more you write, the more skilled you become. A lot of artistic techniques are used (which will be introduced in detail in the "Artistic Skills of Couplets" in the future, and will not be repeated here). Third, it is used more and more widely. The scenery is very good; When someone dies, there is an elegy; Love is in the world, and there is Yu Zhilian; Make friends, have fun, make friends. And so on, both the government and the people. Fourthly, the unique rhyme of couplets-horseshoe rhyme-has not only been formed, but also been perfected (this point will be explained later, but not expanded). In short, couplets have entered an unprecedented heyday since the Qing Dynasty.