Ancient cultural knowledge Shanxi

1. Shanxi’s historical and cultural characteristics

Shanxi’s historical and cultural context is clear and its framework is complete; the process of Shanxi’s civilization has never been interrupted and has far-reaching influence.

The history of Shanxi began in the Paleolithic Age of prehistoric civilization, and evolved over thousands of years during the Yao, Shun, Yu and Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. By the time of the Jin Dynasty and the Three Jin Dynasties, it had developed distinctive features that were different from other regional cultures. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanxi's history and culture have become more colorful and splendid.

The integrity, advancement and artistry of Shanxi’s history and culture have played an important role in the formation of the spirit, customs and habits of the Chinese nation, and have exerted great radiation and penetration into the five thousand years of Chinese civilization history. With its power and influence, Shanxi has become one of the regions with the strongest local cultural characteristics. Shanxi is the "theme park" of Chinese civilization. The Neolithic relics in Shanxi dating back 1.8 million years are the dawn of Chinese civilization. The Paleolithic cultural relics in Shanxi are of high quality and large in quantity.

Nearly 400 Paleolithic cultural relics have been identified in the province, among which the number of early Paleolithic sites ranks first in the country. The excavation and discovery of these sites are of great overall significance to the study of the origin of mankind and the exploration of Shanxi's role and status in the process of civilization.

There are 200 early Paleolithic sites discovered across the country, and 157 in Shanxi. They are mainly distributed in the Yuanqu Basin at the southern foot of Zhongtiao Mountain, along the Yellow River in southwestern Shanxi, and in the Fenhe River Basin. The Houdu Culture in the west of Ruicheng and Naihe culture are represented. From 1961 to 1962, archaeologists discovered 32 stone tools and cut antlers and burnt antlers at the Xihoudu site. The geomagnetic dating of the strata was 1.8 million years ago, which was earlier than the earliest human Yuanmou Man discovered in my country. About 100,000 years ago, this proves that between 1.7 million and 1.8 million years ago, there were already activities of Homo erectus in the north and south of my country. It also proves that southern Shanxi is one of the earliest areas with human activities in my country.

A large number of stone tools and animal fossils were unearthed at the Ruicheng Naihe site. Experts have initially concluded that they are cultural relics from the early Paleolithic period. They have corresponding characteristics with the tools of the Lantian people in Shaanxi and the Zhoukoudian people in Beijing. There are also signs that The later Dingcun culture evolved from the Xihoudu culture and the Nihe culture. The Xia culture in Shanxi radiates the brightest light of the civilized era. Shanxi is one of the central areas where Chinese civilization originated.

Ancient history records "Yao made Pingyang, Shun made Puban, and Yu made Anyi", which tells the story of the earliest heroes of the Chinese nation establishing their capitals in the lower reaches of the Fen River. The word "China" that first appeared in history books refers to the southern part of Shanxi in the ancient Yu and Shun era.

It can be said that among the civilizations that occurred in China, only the cultural inheritance in southern Shanxi and western Henan in the middle reaches of the Yellow River has not been interrupted. After entering the class society, in order to protect private property and strengthen defense, it is said that Gun, the father of Dayu, began to build the city.

The continued discovery of Xiacheng ruins also reflects the history that southwestern Shanxi was the national political and cultural center of the Xia Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei all came from Shanxi and quickly became three powerful kingdoms. In that special historical period when princes were constantly fighting and hundreds of schools of thought contending, the activities of Han, Zhao, and Wei directly affected China's development process.

In 453 BC, the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei jointly destroyed the Zhi family and divided up their territory. Half a century later, King Weilie of Zhou had to formally ennoble the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei.

In 376 BC, Han, Zhao, and Wei destroyed Jin and divided their territories into three parts, ending the history of Jin. The three kingdoms of Han, Zhao and Wei, representing the emerging political forces, staged wonderful scenes in the Three Jin Dynasties such as Li Kui's reform, Wei Wenhou's reform, Ximen Bao's rule in Ye, Zhang Yi's control of the world, Hu Fu riding and shooting, encircling Wei to save Zhao, and the Battle of Changping. , a massive historical drama.

Shanxi’s name has changed several times. During the Qin Dynasty, there was a system of prefectures and counties, including Taiyuan, Hedong, Shangdang, Yanmen and Dai counties.

The Han Dynasty basically followed the Qin Dynasty's system of prefectures and counties, and belonged to the Bingzhou Governor's Department. In the Tang Dynasty, it was Hedong Road, in the Song Dynasty, it was Hedong Road and Xijing Road. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were the Suzheng Lian Visiting Department and the Xuanwei Envoy Department in Hedong Shanxi Road. In the Ming Dynasty, there was the Shanxi Chief Envoy Department. In the Qing Dynasty, it was Shanxi Province.

During the development of feudal society for more than two thousand years, Shanxi's regional cultural content has continued to expand and its influence has continued to increase. Shanxi is a civilized region with a large number of humanities and heroes.

Bingzhou was the "Longxing Land" of the Li and Tang Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Taiyuan was regarded as "Beijing" and a metropolis was built second only to the capital Chang'an.

Empress Wu Zetian, "King of Fenyang" Guo Ziyi, famous prime ministers Di Renjie and Pei Du, "Door God" Yu Chigong, general Xue Rengui, "Wen Zhongzi" Wang Tong, Emperor Wen Zong Liu Zongyuan, the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty Wang Bo, wine-fighting scholar Wang Ji, pastoral poetry Wang Wei, the leader of the sect, Wang Changling, the master of the Qijue sect, Wang Han, the frontier poet, Wang Zhihuan, the poetic talent of Jinyang, Bai Juyi, the Sima of Jiangzhou, Lu Lun, the talented scholar of Dali, Wen Tingyun, the originator of the Huajian sect, all the sons and daughters from the east of the Yellow River and the west of Taihang, are glorious. Kyushu shines brightly in history.

China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, and Shanxi is one of the regions with the longest and most complete history in this ancient civilization. The historical evolution of Shanxi has connected five thousand years of Chinese civilization, leaving behind 35,000 cultural relics and historic sites, of which 119 have become national protected sites, ranking first in the country.

Therefore, Shanxi is most qualified to become a "theme park" for today's people to understand and appreciate Chinese civilization.

2. 50 examples of common knowledge in ancient culture

The moon is also the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems and articles.

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon looks like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.

(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a gold wheel, a moon wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.

(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces, Guanghan and Qingxu, in the middle of the moon, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.

(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is called Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. China is now the abbreviation of the People's Republic of China.

But in ancient literature it is an ambiguous phrase. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was often used to refer to the Central Plains region.

For example, Mencius's "The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen": "Come to China to appease the four barbarians." Sima Guang's "Battle of Chibi": "If you can compete with China with the people of Wu and Yue, it is better to fight with them early "Driving Chinese scholars far across the rivers and lakes." In ancient China, the Chinese people lived in the Yellow River Basin, so it was called "China" and was later often used to refer to the Central Plains area. .

For example, "Three Kingdoms": "It is connected to China in the east and the Western Regions in the west." It has now become another name for China.

The nine administrative regions divided into nine states in the legend of my country in ancient times. The state names are: Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, and Yong. Later it became another name for China.

Lu You's poem says: "I know everything is in vain after I die, but I am sad that all nine states are not the same." "On the Passage of Qin" "Prefaces the eight states and dynasties are in the same row." Qin lived in Yongzhou, and the eight states were added to the nine states.

The Central Plains is also called Zhongtu and Zhongzhou. The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to the area around present-day Henan Province, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the entire Yellow River Basin.

For example, "Departure of the Army": "When the prize is awarded, lead the three armies to the north and settle in the Central Plains." Lu You's poem "Showing Children": "On the day when the king's army goes to the north to settle in the Central Plains, he will not forget to tell the old man when he makes family sacrifices."

Refers to the entire Yellow River Basin. It is said in ancient times that my country's territory is surrounded by the sea, so the territory within the country is called Hainei.

Wang Bo's "Du Shaofu's Appointment to Shuzhou": "A bosom friend in the sea is as close as a neighbor to the end of the world." Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliff": "There is chaos in the sea, and the general raises troops to Jiangdong."

< p> See the "Overseas" section for the four seas. Refers to the world, the whole country.

For example, Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" "has the meaning of sweeping the world, encompassing the universe, and encompassing the four seas." "The Battle of Chibi": "Then Jingzhou was defeated, and the power spread all over the world."

"Afang Palace Fu": "After the six kings finished, the four seas -." "The Tombstone of Five People": "The four seas are so big, How many people are there? "Liuhe up and down and four directions, generally refers to the world.

For example, "After passing the Qin Dynasty, Lun Kuang acted as the supreme and controlled Liuhe", "Then Liuhe is his home, and Dihan is his palace." Li Bai's poem "Ancient Style": "The King of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic the tiger is! "The far-flung places in all directions of the Eight Wastelands are still called "the world".

"The Theory of Guo Qin": "It encompasses the meaning of the four seas and swallows up the heart of the Eight Wastelands. "Liang Qichao's "Young China Theory": "Throughout the ages, there will be eight shortages. "

Many ancient articles on rivers specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, and ministers fight in Hebei.

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"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond. "The Battle of Yao": "The Duke sent Yang Chufu to chase him and reach the rivers. "

Another example is "The Tomb of the First Tomb in Hangzhou, the River is Wide and Deep" in "The Essay on Sisterhood", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "river" refers to the canal. The left side of the river is the east of the river.

The ancients regarded the east as the left and the west as the right. "The Heroes Meet Jiang Qianzhong": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes from Jiangzuo to meet Ziyi. "

The river represents the area south of the Yangtze River. "The Battle of Chibi": "The river represents heroes, and Xian surrenders to it. "

Jiangnan is the general name for the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is familiar to me. "

Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" "Huaizuo is east of Huai River.

"Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo is the famous capital and the best place in Zhuxi". Yangzhou is east of Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.

However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions referred to are not the same. Below, Mount Mount is used as the example. The standard "Shandong".

For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong gave birth to prime ministers, and Shanxi made generals." "Hongmen Banquet" said: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth. "

"On Passing the Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then joined forces and destroyed the Qin clan. "Kuandong refers to the area east of Hangu Pass or Tongguan in ancient times, and refers to the northeastern region east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong who raise troops to fight against the evil forces. "Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Guanxi refers to the area west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi to deal with future troubles. "

The scope of Guanzhong refers to different areas. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made Ziying his prime minister. "

"On Passing the Qin": "The First Emperor's heart was that he thought Guanzhong was solid. "The Western Regions in ancient times were called my country's Xinjiang and the areas west of it.

"Yandang Mountain": "According to the Book of the Western Regions, Arahat Nuojuluo lived in Longqiu, Furong Peak, Yandang Mountain, on the southeastern coast of Sinian. "Shuo Mo refers to the desert in the north. It can also be called "Shuo" alone, which refers to the north in general.

"Collecting Herbs": "Shuo Mo is full of peaches and plums. "Mulan Poems": "The fresh air spreads to the golden watch, and the cold light shines on the iron clothes." "

Shuoqi refers to the wind from the north. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxue Mountain Temple" "Still coming back against the Shuofeng" refers to the north wind.

Baiyue is also called Baiyue, Zhu Yue. In ancient times, the Yue people lived in various parts of Guangdong, and were collectively called Baiyue.

In ancient texts, "Guo Qin Lun" "takes the land of Baiyue from the south" and "Gathering Herbs". "The more you go, the more peach and plum trees will grow."

The five famous mountains are collectively called Dongyue Mountain, Xiyue Mountain, Zhongyue Mountain, Beiyue Mountain, and Nanyue Mountain. The five mountains cover Chicheng. "

The capital of Gyeonggi and its surrounding areas. "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong": "The ancestor of the village, Zuo Zhongyi, studied in Gyeonggi. "

Sanfu originally referred to the three officials who governed the Gyeonggi area during the Western Han Dynasty, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Heng Shao was good at literature and traveled in Sanfu. "

"Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke's daughter married to the wife of an official in Jifu. "After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "Fu".

Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan. After Xiang Yu destroyed Qin, he granted this place to three surrenders of the Qin army.

3. Ancient culture Common sense

The ancient astronomical four signs The ancients divided the twenty-eight constellations into four directions: east, north, west and south. The seven constellations in each direction were imagined as four animal images, called the four signs in the east. Qisu is like a giant dragon flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so it is called Dong Cang Long; Qisu in the north is like a snake and turtle appearing in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called Northern Xuanwu; Qisu in the west is like a tiger leaping out of the sky in late autumn and early winter. The night sky, so it is called the Western White Tiger; the Southern Qisu resembles a flying red bird that appears in the night sky in the cold winter and early spring, so it is called the Southern Red Bird. The other name of the moon is the moon, which is the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems. .

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon is like a hook, it is called silver hook and jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

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(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a golden wheel, a jade wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror.

(4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.

(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces in the middle of the month, Guanghan and Qingxu, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.

(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is called Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. Ancient Geography Rivers In many ancient articles, they specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, ministers fight in Hebei." "On the Passage of Qin": "Then practice Hua Hua City, because the river is a pond."

"Sacrifice to Sisters" "The first tomb is in Hangzhou, the river is wide and the river is deep", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "he" refers to the canal. Xihe is also called Hexi, the area west of the Yellow River.

For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Meet at Mianchi outside the Xihe River." "On the Passage of Qin": "So the Qin people handed over and took the place outside the Xihe River."

Jiangdong Yangtze River Edom. For example, Li Qingzhao's poem says: "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong."

"Battle of Chibi": "With the help of my father and brother, I separatized Jiangdong." Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.

The ancients regarded east as left and west as right. "The meeting of heroes and Jiang Qian fell into the trap": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes on the left side of the Yangtze River to meet Ziyi."

The river refers to the area south of the Yangtze River. "Battle of Chibi": "The heroes on the river surface, Xian returned to them."

The general name for Jiangnan and the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "The south of the Yangtze River is good, and the scenery is familiar to me before."

Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" Huaizuo east of the Huai River.

"Yangzhou Slowness" "The famous capital of Huaizuo, the best place in Zhuxi", Yangzhou is to the east of Huai River. As the name suggests, Shandong is on the east side of the mountains.

However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions they refer to are not the same. The following is "Shandong" with Weishan as the standard.

For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong will produce prime ministers, and Shanxi will produce generals." "Hongmen Banquet": "When Peigong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth."

"On the Passage of Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then merged and destroyed the Qin clan." In ancient times, Guandong refers to Hangu Pass or The area east of Tongguan refers to the northeastern area east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong, who raised troops to fight against the evil forces." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Guanxi refers to the area west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi, so they are worried about future troubles."

Guanzhong refers to different scopes. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be king in Guanzhong and made his son and infant his prime minister."

"On the Passage of Qin": "The first emperor's heart was that Guanzhong was solid." Chronology The main chronology in ancient my country There are four types: (1) The method of chronology of the year when the prince ascended the throne.

The year is marked by the number of years the prince has been in power. "The Biography of Lian Lin": "In the sixteenth year of King Zhao Huiwen, Lian Po was the general of Zhao."

(2) Year number chronology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to have reign names.

After that, every emperor who came to the throne had to change the Yuan Dynasty and mark the year with the year name. Such as the "Ten Years of Yuanhe" in "Pipa Xing".

(3) Calculation of stems and branches. For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested and looked forward to it in the third month of Dingmao."

(4) The use of both stems and branches in the year number. When recording the year, the emperor's year number is placed first, and the stems and branches are listed behind.

"The Autumn Day of Tianqi Renxu" in "The Chronicle of Nuclear Boat". There are three main methods of marking the moon in ancient my country: Ordinal method of marking the moon. For example, in "Collecting Herbs": "Like March flowers on the plains, there are April flowers in the deep mountains."

Earthly Branches Monthly Method. The ancients often referred to the twelve earthly branches as twelve months, and a specific word "build" was added before each earthly branch.

For example, Du Fu's poem "The Thatched Cottage": "The deserted village is built in the month of Zi, and the only tree is the old man's house." "The month of Jian Zi" refers to the eleventh month of the lunar calendar according to the Zhou Dynasty's lunar calendar. The law of seasons and months.

For example, "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "The cold weather is coming in Mengdong, and the north wind is so miserable." "Mengdong" represents the tenth month of the lunar calendar.

There are four main types of date-keeping methods in ancient my country: Ordinal date-keeping method.

"Xiangjixuan Zhi": "On the night of March 5th, the moon is half bright."

"March 5th" refers to the 15th day of the lunar calendar. The method of keeping track of the stems and branches.

For example, "The War of Yao": "Xinsi in the fourth month of summer, the Qin army was defeated in Yao." "Xinsi in April" refers to the moon phase calendar method of April 13th in the lunar calendar.

It refers to using special names to express the moon phases such as "朔, 朏 (fei), Wang, Ji Wang, Hui" to mark the date. The first day of each month is called Shuo, the third day of each month is called Shuo, the middle of the month is called Wang (the fifteenth day of the small month and the sixteenth day of the big month), the day after Wang is called Ji Wang, and the last day of each month is called Hui.

Use both stems, branches and moon phases. The stems and branches are placed in front, and the moon phase is arranged behind.

Time-keeping methods There are two main types of time-keeping methods in ancient my country: Sky color time-keeping method. The ancients originally divided the day and night into twelve hours based on changes in the sky. Their names are: midnight, rooster crow, Pingdan, sunrise, eclipse time, yu (yu), day and night, 日昳 (die), 晡 (bu) Time, sunrise, dusk, and people are determined.

For example, "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "The cock crows into the machine, and it can't rest every night." "After the dying dusk, the lonely man settles in the beginning."

Earthly Branches Time Method . The twelve earthly branches represent the changes in the twelve hours of the day and night.

There are roughly three situations in which people are called by their names: (1) Calling yourself by your given name. For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself."

(2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou".

(3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back."

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4. Sort out the common knowledge of ancient culture

1. Age titles 01. Infant: baby under one year old 02. Child: refers to children aged 2-3 years 03. Chuipiao: refers to Young children (also called "Zongjiao") 04. Cardamom: refers to a girl who is thirteen years old. 05. Jizi: refers to a girl who is fifteen years old. 06. Crown: refers to a man who is twenty years old (also called "weak crown"). 07. Erli Year: refers to Thirty years old 08. The age of no confusion: refers to the age of forty 09. The year of knowledge: refers to the age of fifty (also "knowing destiny", "half a hundred") 10. The age of sixty: refers to the age of sixty 11. The age of seventy: Refers to the age of seventy 12. The age of the octogenarian: refers to the age of eighty or ninety 13. The age of the Yiyi: one hundred years old 2. The imperial examination of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (started in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and was abolished in the 31st year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty) (1) Level: Academy Examination (also called "Children's Examination", county-level examination, children take part, and those who pass the examination are "student members", that is, "scholars".)

Township Examination (also called "Qiuwei", provincial examination Level examination, students take the exam, and those who pass the exam are called "Juren"). (also called "Chunwei", national exam, students take the exam, and those who pass the exam are called "Gongshi".)

Palace exam (national exam) The examination was conducted by the emperor and participated by tribute scholars. Among them, the first was called "No. 1 Scholar", the second was called "No. 2" and the third was called "Tanhua") (2) Content: Four Books and Five Classics, etc. , stipulates that the article format is "eight-legged essay" 3. Major ancient festivals (01) Yuan Day: the first day of the first lunar month, the beginning of the year.

(02) Day: The seventh day of the first lunar month, the Lord is a child. (03) Shangyuan: On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, lanterns are put up for a show, also called the "Lantern Festival" (04) She Day: Around the spring equinox, sacrifices and prayers for farming are performed.

(05) Cold food: two days before Qingming, no fire for three days (Wu Zixu) (06) Qingming: in early April, tomb sweeping and sacrifice. (07) Dragon Boat Festival: On the fifth day of May, people eat rice dumplings and draw dragons (Qu Yuan) (08) Qixi Festival: On the seventh day of July, women beg for tricks (Cowherd and Weaver Girl) (09) Zhongyuan Festival: On the fifteenth day of July, people worship ghosts and gods, also called "Ghost Festival" " (10) Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th, appreciate the moon and feel homesick (11) Double Ninth Festival: September 9th, climb high and plant dogwood to avoid disasters (12) Winter Solstice: also called "solstice", the starting point of solar terms.

(13) Laba Day: the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, drink "Laba porridge" (14) New Year's Eve: the night of the last day of the year, the old and the new. 4. Ancient Punishments (01) Tattoo Punishment: Also called "Ink punishment" is tattooed with ink on the forehead and cheeks.

(02) Punishment: cutting off the nose (03) Punishment: also called "stick punishment", hitting the board (back, legs, buttocks) (04) Punishment: cutting off the feet (He's Bi) (05) Palace punishment: Also called "corruption", removing the male genitals (Sima Qian) (06) Bin punishment: removing the kneecaps (Sun Bin) (07) Dapi: beheading (08) Paoluo: roasting the person to death (09) Car splitting: also called "dismemberment by five horses" " (Shang Yang) (10) Soup wok: Boil people to death (11) Cut in half: Cut off from the waist (12) Lingchi: Also known as "cut into pieces with thousands of swords" (13) Abandoned market: Kill corpses on the streets 5. Ancient chronology ( Heavenly Stems: A, B, Bing, Ding, Wuji, Geng, Xinren, Gui. Earthly Branches: Zichou, Yinmao, Chen, Siwu, Wuwei, Youxuhai.

Its characteristics are: A. Each of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches forms a calendar year, such as "Jiazi Year", "Yichou Year", etc. B. The compatibility between heavenly stems and earthly branches is always odd number versus odd number, even number versus even number, and odd and even combinations are impossible.

C. The 60-year cycle starts over and over again. *Method for converting Gregorian calendar years into Ganzhi years (omitted) (2) Year number chronology: Starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, emperors had year names when they came to the throne, and later emperors' year names were used to mark the year.

For example: the first year of Kangxi, etc. *Era year chronology and stem and branch chronology can be used together, such as: Yiyou April, the second year of Shunzhi (3) Prince year chronology: a dating method used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as: King Zhao Huiwen's 16th year, 6th year, related official positions Question 1. Words (1) confer an official: remove the worship (2) promote: move (3) demote: relegate to the left (4) remove an official: depose (5) recruit: recruit (6) Beijing officials are transferred to local officials: Migration (7) Resignation of ministers: begging for bones 2. Six ministries: (1) Ministry of Personnel (appointment, dismissal, promotion, etc.) (2) Ministry of Husbandry (land taxation household registration, etc.) (3) Ministry of Rites (ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.) (4) Ministry of Justice (judiciary, prison cases, etc.) (5) Ministry of War (military army, border defense, etc.) (6) Ministry of Industry (engineering, construction, water conservancy, etc.) * "Six Ministries" are the central official positions after the Han Dynasty. Each minister is the minister, and the deputy is the minister of geography. 1. Yin and Yang (Yin: Mountains to the north and water to the south, places where sunlight cannot easily reach; Yang: Mountains to the south and water to the north.

2. Rivers (in ancient times, "jiang" specifically refers to the Yangtze River, and "he" specifically refers to the Yellow River. 3 , Guan Nei, Guan Wai (before the Han Dynasty, "Guan" specifically refers to Hangu Pass; from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to now, the three northeastern provinces are called "Guan Wai".

4. Shandong and Shanxi ("Mountain" specifically refers to Wei Mountain, later sometimes refers to Taihang Mountain. 5. Ancient and modern place names (Dadu - Beijing; Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo, Bianjing - Kaifeng; Jingkou - Zhenjiang; Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning, Shitucheng - Nanjing ;Lin'an, Qiantang--Hangzhou; Suzhou, Wujun--Suzhou; Huaishang, Jiangdu, Weiyang--Yangzhou; Kuaiji--Shaoxing; Chang'an--Xi'an; Fengtian--Shenyang; Zhigu--Tianjin)< /p>

6. Five Sacred Mountains (Eastern Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Western Mountain, Huashan Mountain, Middle Mountain, Songshan Mountain, South Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, and North Mountain, Hengshan Mountain). Pay attention to the ancient directions, the integrity of the place names, and the different places in modern times. (1) Liuhe: refers to the four directions of heaven and earth (i.e., the above). , down, east, south, west, north).

(2) Eight desolate places: east, southeast, south, southwest, northwest, north and northeast.

Bahuang refers to places far away from the Central Plains. (3) Jiuzhou: In ancient times, the world was divided into Jiuzhou, namely Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou.

(4) Shandong: refers to the east of Laoshan. (5) Jiangnan: generally refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(6) Jiangzuo: east of the Yangtze River. Outside the Yangtze River, it refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(8) Hebei and Henan generally refer to the Central Plains, that is, the Yellow River Basin.