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A review of Confucius' teaching thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

Based on The Analects of Confucius, this paper analyzes the historical background of Confucius' teaching in accordance with his aptitude, Confucius' understanding and practice of teaching in accordance with his aptitude, and the influence of this teaching thought on later educational practice. It also discusses the application and development of teaching in primary and secondary schools at present, and shows the profoundness of Confucius' teaching thought.

Keywords: individual differences in teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

First, the historical background of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

Confucius' teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has its objective historical conditions. On the one hand, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the governors rushed to recruit wise men for their own use and selected all kinds of talents in an eclectic way, which laid a social foundation for Confucius to teach students in accordance with their aptitude and cultivate all kinds of talents. On the other hand, in order to meet the demand of social change for talents, Confucius advocated the principle of "teaching without distinction", so his students are complex: they are of different ages, different origins, unlimited regions, greatly different in education level, moral cultivation and personality characteristics, and have different learning purposes. In this case, only by starting from everyone's actual situation and teaching according to individual personality characteristics and specific requirements can we achieve the expected educational goals. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is also an individual teaching organization suitable for the productivity level at that time. At that time, due to the overall level of social productivity, teachers only contacted individual students in teaching. Even if there are dozens or more students, teachers can only treat them individually because of their age, knowledge level and learning content, which gives teachers the opportunity to understand the "talents" of each student, which is the premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

Second, Confucius' understanding and practice of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

Confucius proposed teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which was 500 years earlier than quintilian, an ancient western educational theorist. He has his own unique views and practices on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude:

1, Confucius paid attention to understanding students' situation and acknowledged individual differences among students.

Recognizing the individual differences of students is the premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Confucius attached great importance to this point in practice. He often classifies and summarizes students' aspirations, thoughts, words and deeds through conversation, observation and understanding. In addition to the differences in age and background, there are also differences in intelligence, personality, temperament, talent and ambition.

As Confucius once said: "Those who are born with knowledge are also in the world; Those who learn and know, second; Learn from difficulties, secondly; If you are trapped and don't study, the people will be next. " Yan Hui can "know ten by listening", while Zi Gong can only "know two by listening", which shows that Confucius has long noticed that students have obvious differences in intellectual flexibility. Confucius also reflected his views on personality and temperament differences in his speech. He said: "Chai is also a fool, a teacher and a joke." "After the teacher passed, the business was not so good." Another example is "from fruits", "from gifts" and "from art". In his view, people's personality can be divided into three types: "crazy", "middle bank" and "stubborn". "If you can't do it in China Bank, you must be crazy! Crazy people are enterprising, and enterprising people do wrong things. Confucius once commented on the talents of Meng students, saying that' a thousand times the country can be endowed with governance',' if you seek success, a thousand rooms in the city can be slaughtered for it', and' if you are red, you can make it a guest'. He also said that "peace can also make the South" and "if you don't make it, Huo Zhi is ignorant and wins 100 million times." All these reflect Confucius' insight into the differences in students' talents. Lutz is willing to have a "thousand times the country", "compared with three years, it can make you brave and know the side"; Ran Qiu only wants to govern a small country that is "60 to 70 is like 50 to 60", so that "compared with three years, the people can be satisfied"; Gong Xihua just wants to "think about things in the universe, if we meet, we would like to make a small speech", while Ceng Dian's ambition is "those who are in late spring, those who are already in spring, those who are crowned by five or six people, those who are six or seven teenagers, those who are bathed in deduction, those who dance in the wind and those who return singing".

2. Confucius conducted targeted teaching according to the individual differences of students.

On the basis of understanding the students' situation, Confucius conducted targeted education according to their specific conditions. The Analects of Confucius recorded a classic example of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude for their shortcomings. Lutz asked, "When you hear a good idea, do you want to do it at once?" Confucius said, "If you have a brother and a father at home, how can you have an opinion?" Ran Qiu asked the same question, and Confucius replied, "Of course you have to do it!" Gong Xihua on the side did not understand and thought that the teacher's speech was inconsistent. Confucius said: "Lutz is reckless when he is in trouble, so we should restrain him and make him cautious;" And Ran Qiu is afraid of things, so encourage him to do it boldly. "Confucius also conducts different teaching according to the students' intelligence level. "People in the above, also can; Under China people, you can't talk. " Teaching should pay attention to from shallow to deep, suitable for people. Meng asked Confucius what "filial piety" meant, and Confucius replied: "No violation". At that time, due to the limitation of Meng's understanding ability, Confucius did not further ask about the content of "non-violation", and Confucius stopped talking about it. Later, Fan Chi asked Confucius what "disobedience" meant. Because Fan Chi's understanding ability has reached a corresponding level, Confucius further stipulated that "inviolability" means that parents should be treated according to the provisions of etiquette before and after their death, and they should not be violated. According to the characteristics of students of different ages, Confucius also has different teaching emphases. "When you are young, your blood gas is undecided and you should quit it; It is also strong and bloody, and it is fighting; I am also old, my blood gas is declining, and I have to quit. "

3. Confucius advocated the combination of unified requirements and training specialties.

Confucius' teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is not without the same requirements. His training goal is unified: to cultivate political gentlemen with both ability and political integrity, and to enable students to master six arts, such as "courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics". There are unified requirements, but they do not adopt a one-size-fits-all approach and advocate that "a gentleman is not a tool." People with both ability and political integrity should be eclectic and develop in many ways, not cast in the same mold. Therefore, he attaches importance to the development of students' personalities and specialties. Under his careful education, 3,000 disciples have made different achievements, among which 72 sages are proficient in "Six Arts", and 10 "Top Scholars" have their own strengths. Among them, Yan Hui, Min Ziqian, Zhong Gong and Ran Bo Niu Shande. Those who are longer than words are: Zi Gong and Zai Yu; There are good at politics and Ran Qiu; Ziyou and Xia Zi are good at literature.

Thirdly, the influence of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude on the later development of educational theory. The educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has a great influence on later education.

Since Confucius founded private schools for more than two thousand years, almost every important educator or thinker has consciously or unconsciously applied and developed the educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

As a direct descendant of Confucius' theory, Mencius inherited and carried forward the educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, emphasizing different teaching methods for students in different situations. He said: "The reason why a gentleman teaches five things: those who rain, those who succeed, those who are talented, those who answer, and those who are private." Some students should enlighten in time, some should achieve their virtues, some should develop their talents, some should solve their problems, those who can't get started can be taught indirectly, and even "those who disdain to teach are enough." Refusing to teach is enough to be a warning strategy for people, and in fact it has become a kind of teaching. Therefore, "teaching is also a skill", and everything is suitable for people.

"Xue Ji" thinks: "If a scholar makes four mistakes, the teacher must know it. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four have different hearts, know their hearts, and then save them. " Therefore, teachers should master students' psychological differences and realize that they have duality. That is, "more, less, easy and stop, although each has its own shortcomings, but more is convenient for the rich, less is easy to specialize, easy to be brave, stop in order, each has its own strengths, and it is good to save its losses." Therefore, the Book of Learning requires "teaching, being good, and saving the lost". Teachers should pay attention to students' individual differences and help them develop their advantages and overcome their shortcomings. "Being good at saving the lost" makes the relationship between "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching" clearer.

Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty also proposed that training students should "meet their needs" like dealing with wood. Liu Zongyuan borrowed a tree from an unknown hunchbacked old man in the biography of planting trees to illustrate that educators can only achieve the best results by adopting different teaching methods according to the age characteristics and psychological characteristics of students' physical and mental development, that is, "the nature of trees is natural" and teaching students at all ages separately.

It was Zheng Xuan, a famous educational activist in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty who really theorized Confucius' educational thought. Zheng Xuan retreated from Confucius's "seeking, so he entered; From being a person at the same time, I quit "is summarized as" everyone did it because they lost others ",which first made Confucius' educational thought principled. Zhu further summarized it as "Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", making Confucius' educational thought of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" a classic teaching principle.

Mr. Tao Xingzhi, a modern educator in China, also attaches great importance to the application and development of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. The Yucai School, founded by him, has not been established for a long time, but it attaches importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, advocates "the integration of teaching and learning" and "the teaching method must be based on the learning method", so it has trained many outstanding talents.

Modern educational psychology research shows that the individual differences of students exist objectively, including: individual differences in cognition, including differences in intelligence and cognitive structure; Differences in personality types; Differences in temperament types; Differences in abilities, including general abilities and special talents. Confucius attached great importance to the individual differences of students. Teaching is restricted by students' individual differences, so we can learn from each other's strong points, promote personality development and cultivate all kinds of talents. This is the essential relationship between teaching and students' differences, and also the connotation of Confucius' educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

Four, the basic requirements for the implementation of personalized teaching in primary and secondary schools.

1. Study and understand students in detail, and find out each student's interests, hobbies, personality characteristics, learning attitude, knowledge base, health status, family and social background, etc. , and focus on the typical students at the upper, middle and lower levels to conduct case studies, and then gradually advance from point to point. The ways of research and understanding are mainly through the observation of activities in and out of class, or through the analysis of students' homework, conversations with other teachers, home visits, "educational consultation" or psychological tests.

2. Combine teaching students in accordance with their aptitude with unified requirements. Nine-year compulsory education requires that teaching should be geared to all students, so that the vast majority of students can achieve the basic requirements of * * * through hard work. The basic requirements of "* * *" here refer to the educational objectives and teaching plans uniformly stipulated by the state. This is an important guarantee for teaching to meet the basic requirements stipulated by the state. Teachers should educate and require students to correctly handle the relationship between learning various courses and developing personal interests, hobbies and specialties, so that they can learn all the basic courses offered by the state for primary and secondary schools. Under this premise, we should give key guidance according to individual differences, so that students can fully develop their potential abilities and specialties.

3. Treat students' individual differences correctly and take different concrete measures. Individual differences among students exist objectively, and the factors affecting individual differences are quite complicated. A student may show advantages in some aspects and disadvantages in others. Or good at observation, or good at memory, or good at thinking. There are also differences between thinking in images and being good at logical reasoning. Teachers must comprehensively and concretely analyze the different characteristics of students, treat them differently with a developmental perspective, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. In teaching, students with excellent grades or special talents should also be divided into two parts, and higher requirements should be put forward for fully developing their talents. However, we should give enthusiastic concern and care to the underachievers, deeply study the characteristics of their psychological activities, and set out from reality to formulate a set of measures suitable for their special circumstances. Only in this way can the quality of each student be developed in an all-round and harmonious way. In a word, Confucius' educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has great vitality at that time, now and even in the future, and is our precious wealth. Therefore, under the guidance of historical materialism, we should correctly and comprehensively evaluate Confucius' educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, inherit and develop this precious heritage, and apply it to the practice of comprehensively implementing quality education. (Author: Zhejiang Jiaojiang Teacher Training School)