The making process of handmade pottery_How to make pottery

Ceramic art is very common in our daily lives, and its production process is complex and interesting. So, how to make a pottery art? The following is an introduction to the pottery making process that I have compiled for you. I hope it can help you.

The production process of pottery

Mud making: Porcelain stones are collected from the mining area, first manually crushed with a hammer into egg-sized pieces, and then pounded into powder using a water hammer. It is washed to remove impurities and then precipitated to form a brick-shaped mud block. Then mix the mud with water to remove the residue, rub it with your hands, or step on it with your feet to squeeze out the air in the mud and make the water in the mud even. I did not see this part of the ancient kiln, and I felt deeply regretful, so I searched carefully on the way to Sanbao Village and was lucky enough to see it with my own eyes. This porcelain stone processing method has a long history and should be synchronized with the history of porcelain making in Jingdezhen.

Bullet drawing: Throw the mud ball at the center of the turntable of the wheel car, and draw the rough shape of the blank by bending, stretching, and releasing according to the technique. Drawing is the first process of forming. For billet forming, you must first be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud material. The total shrinkage rate of Jingdezhen porcelain clay is approximately 18 to 20%, which varies depending on the size, variety, shape of the vessel, and the hardness of the clay. Due to the softness of Jingdezhen porcelain clay, the drawn bodies are thicker than those molded from other clays. When drawing blanks, we should not only pay attention to the shrinkage rate, but also pay attention to the shape. If larger-sized products are encountered, they must be drawn in sections. From each section, the skill and level of the drawing master can be seen. The special beauty of Jingdezhen ceramics and the formation of porcelain culture are inextricably linked to its unique materials and craftsmanship. To a certain extent, Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world. In addition to the local "god-given" high-quality clay, basically It is those "uncanny" skills that turn these ordinary "things" into human "pets". Therefore, what is truly protected by the "gods" is the continuous division of labor, evolution and inheritance of this porcelain making technique. These skills passed down for thousands of years have created and formed the most dazzling halo in the history of human ceramics and even the history of civilization. This halo is dazzling and awe-inspiring.

Imprint blank: The shape of the stamp is formed by turning according to the inner arc of the blank. Cover the semi-dry blank on the mold, press the outer wall of the blank evenly, and then demould.

Cutting the billet: Place the billet on the sharp barrel of the wheel, turn the wheel, and use a knife to cut the billet to make the billet thickness appropriate and smooth inside and outside. This is a process with high technical requirements. Lifting the blank, also called "repairing the blank" or "turning the blank", is a key link in finalizing the shape of the utensils and making the surface of the utensils smooth and clean, with a coherent and regular shape. Internal and external trimming is an extremely important molding technology in Jingdezhen porcelain making technology and is superior to other kiln systems. It is a unique technical guarantee for the formation of Jingdezhen ceramic style. The craftsman not only needs to be familiar with the properties of the mud, but also needs to be proficient in the curve changes of the shape, the shrinkage ratio of each part during firing, and the thickness of the mud left in each part. Generally speaking, the thickness of the clay body is different in different parts of the same utensil, because the shrinkage rate and stress of different parts when fired at high temperature are inconsistent. Therefore, the thickness of the clay body in different parts should be controlled when cutting the clay to prevent It deforms when fired. The control of the thickness of the billet and its identification method during billet cutting are the key to mastering the billet cutting technology and ensuring the quality of the billet. According to general experience, to measure the thickness of the green body, touch it up and down with your fingers and tap it gently, and listen to the sounds of different parts. If the porcelain body is thicker, it will make a "gurgling" sound when it is played. When it is trimmed to a medium thickness, it will make a "dong-dong" sound. When the high-grade porcelain body is trimmed to an appropriate thickness, it will make a "porphyrin" brittle sound when it is played. Voice.

Drying: Place the processed and formed blanks on a wooden frame to dry.

Carving: Use a knife made of bamboo, bone or iron to carve patterns on the dried body.

Glazing: Ordinary round vessels use Jiu glaze or Dang glaze. Use blown glaze for cutters or large round ware. Most ceramic products need to be glazed before being fired in the kiln. The glazing process seems simple, but it is an extremely important and difficult to master process. It is not an easy task to ensure that the glaze layer on each part of the body is uniform and of appropriate thickness, while also paying attention to the different fluidities of various glazes. Jingdezhen ceramic decoration can be roughly divided into two basic types: underglaze decoration and overglaze decoration.

Underglaze decoration refers to porcelain that is artistically decorated directly on the clay and then glazed and fired. It is named because the decorative patterns are located under the glaze layer of the porcelain. It mainly includes blue and white, underglaze red and underglaze multicolored. The process of decorating the glaze of fired porcelain is called overglaze color, including ancient color, pastel color, ink color, new color, etc. There are also "doucai" decorations that combine underglaze blue and white with overglaze multicolor. In fact, since the Yuan Dynasty, the history of Chinese porcelain painted decoration has basically been based on the development history of Jingdezhen porcelain. The red glaze is a precious variety with high reputation and influence in Jingdezhen

Kiln firing: First, the ceramic products are put into the sagger. The sagger is a container for baking ceramic products. It is made of refractory materials. Its function is: Prevent direct contact between the porcelain blank and the kiln fire to avoid contamination, which is especially beneficial for white porcelain firing. The kiln firing process takes about one day and night, and the temperature is around 1300 degrees. First, the kiln door is built, the kiln is fired, and the fuel is pine firewood. The kiln workers are given technical guidance, the fire is measured, the kiln temperature changes are grasped, and the ceasefire time is determined.

Painting: On-glaze colors such as multicolored, pastel, etc. are used to draw patterns and fill colors on the glaze of fired porcelain, and then bake it in a red furnace at low temperature, the temperature is about 700 to 800 degrees. .

Painting on the body before firing the kiln, such as blue and white, underglaze red, etc., is called underglaze color. Its characteristic is that the color will never fade under the high-temperature glaze.

Porcelain painting is different from ordinary paintings. This is because the color of the paint that painters see when applying glaze and painting on the body will change greatly after being fired and baked at high temperatures. It is wonderful to see the dim and unspectacular semi-finished products turn out to be such dazzling colors after being fired in the fire; at the same time, you can also know that painting for porcelain is What kind of special experience and imagination is required? Ceramics production methods

The main production methods include drawing molding, clay plate molding, clay sculpture molding, clay strip building, kneading molding, clay sculpture molding, blank painting and so on.

Stretch forming uses the centrifugal motion generated by the stretch machine. During the rotation process, the water-containing semi-solidified mud is stretched and formed according to the design concept. Casting was widely used in ancient artistic conceptions. Black pottery as thin as an eggshell, dazzling painted pottery, and crystal-clear Yue kiln ceramics all leave traces of casting. Modern ceramic art inherits the creative form of ancient ceramic art, and has new artistic creations. Drawing molding is simple and easy to learn, and has rich shapes. It is an extremely common molding method in modern ceramic art. It reflects the author's mastery of the properties of clay, molding techniques and artistic forms, and is one of several manifestations of artistic design ability. ; Casting is a young and ancient skill. It is young because of the independence and development of modern ceramic art, and ancient because it accompanies the history of human civilization and reveals its original charm.

Clay tablet forming The most important feature of using clay tablets to make pottery is that it is easy to form a large and complete surface and the molding speed is fast. Clay slab forming technology is very demanding. To do a good job in clay tablet molding, you must master the technical issues of clay tablet production, perception of the clay materials used, and the combination of clay tablets.

Clay molding uses clay molding to shape ceramics. Since the entire shape is solid, it is also called solid clay molding. The characteristic of clay sculpture molding is that it can maintain the external texture and traces of creation, and the shape does not need to consider the impact of turning the mold on the shape. It is relatively casual, has strong original artistic expression, and has the same effect as sculpture.

Clay strip construction, the clay strip method is a coil construction technique that uses clay strips to build shapes. Mud strips can be rolled by hand or extruded using a mud strip tool. When rolling the clay strips, you need to control your plasticity to avoid cracking when building the shape. If you want to use the clay strip construction method to complete a large work or a very complex work at one time, it will be more difficult. Because the work must have a certain strength to allow you to continue to coil it high, and the connecting parts must maintain a certain humidity to maintain the bond between the embryonic bodies. During the process of building the plate, it is necessary to control the dryness and humidity of the mud and pay attention to the outline of the shape. The works created by the clay strip construction method are characterized by simplicity, smoothness and rich changes.

Kneading sculptures? Kneading sculptures are made by hand, and they are mostly small toys, such as dolls in various postures, acrobats, cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and monkeys from the Tang and Song dynasties. There are many kneaded sculptures from Qiong kiln in Sichuan handed down from generation to generation, and their shapes are all very vivid.

Small toys kneaded in porcelain kilns in Henan and Hebei areas are also very popular. Most of them are made of white glaze and black glaze. Among the animals, there are lambs with long necks and high heads, and lions with curly hair and sitting with open mouths. The images are vivid and powerful without being exaggerated.

Biscuit painting? Use paint to paint on bisque vases, bowls, plates, jars and other utensils (bisques).

Tao is the art of earth and the art of fire. In fact, it is the art of life. Do it yourself, either drawing or kneading, each piece of work is born from your own hands, with the smell of mud, and more reveals your personality. The creation of modern ceramic art mainly expresses the author's ideas through the shape, material, texture, decoration and glaze color of the work, satisfying the requirements of modern people to return to nature and reflect their own personality. Ceramic art is ranked among the ranks of painting, sculpture and other plastic arts. The unique artistic language and rich expressive power attract many potters, artists, pottery enthusiasts, students and children to engage in pottery creation or production. Starting from the clay killing (clay training), the application of techniques such as panyu, clay pulling, kneading, and drawing, pieces of art are born from one's own hands, decorating one's beautiful life. Ceramic making techniques

(1) Ni strip forming method

1. Take an appropriate amount of clay, pinch and turn it naturally with both hands to make it into a round rod shape.

2. Place the round clay stick horizontally on the workbench, rub it evenly with your fingers, and rub it while rolling, moving your fingers left and right, from thick to thin.

3. Natural, Knead the mud strips gently and roll them into strips of uniform thickness and size as needed.

4. Place the mud strips on the turntable to make a bottom, then turn and connect the mud strips while pressing them tightly, while turning the turntable, and increase the height in sequence, and finally make the shape you need.

5. Each additional layer needs to be flattened, compacted and evenly pressed inside and outside to avoid cracking during drying.

6. The shape can be adjusted with clay slapping, hand slapping and hand turning, and the original handwriting effect of the clay strips can be retained.

(2) Hand-kneading (sculpture) shaping method

Hand-kneading and sculpture-shaping method is one of the most primitive, basic and simple methods for making pottery, and it is also suitable for beginners of pottery. The most basic exercise to experience the thickness, hardness, dryness and wetness of mud. You can just knead it with your hands without using tools. You have a greater degree of freedom. You only need to knead the mud ball into the shape you want with your hands. Just the shape, this is one of the oldest methods of making pottery. You can also use tools such as sculpting knives to make statues, and hollow out the statues when the mud is half dry.

(3) Mudboard forming method

Mudboard forming is to roll mud blocks into mudboards manually or with a mud press, and then use these mudboards for shaping. When rolling the mud board, place the mud block between two pieces of cloth and spread it from the center of the mud block to the surroundings (turn the cloth block). Pay attention to the thickness of the mud and make sure it meets the needs of the ceramic work being made. When making, the softness of the mud should be used to shape it like cloth, while the hardness of the mud board can be used to shape it like a wooden board. Clay tablet molding has a wide range of applications, from flat to three-dimensional, the shape can be changed. The clay tablet can be bent and rolled when it is wet and soft to create a natural and beautiful shape. It can also be made into a stiff shape when the clay tablet is semi-dry. Straight objects.

(4) Impression (print blank) forming method

The impression (print blank) forming method is a method that uses plaster molds for shaping. Since ancient times. This method is widely used in ceramic production. Usually we use plaster molds. The master mold can be made of plaster or clay, and then turned into several molds according to the shape. After the molds are dry, the green body can be printed. , impression molding. When making an impression, the force must be even and pressed tightly to print the complete shape. For works with complex shapes, the molds must be separated and printed, and then combined. The interfaces must be bonded with mud. After the body is demoulded, there will be What is damaged needs to be repaired, and what is superfluous needs to be scraped off. This method can reproduce products in large quantities, which brings a lot of convenience in ceramic production. Different textures and other decorative effects can be produced on the mold according to personal needs.

(5) Casting method

Casting is a forming method that uses the power of rotation and the movements of both hands to pull the mud ball into various shapes on the casting machine. It is also a common and traditional molding method in ceramic production. But it is very technical and demanding, and some masters have been engaged in billet drawing work their entire lives.

This method takes a long time to master. You can start with simple bowls, cups, and plates. Once you are proficient, you can then make complex shapes such as bottles and cans. It takes more than a day to freeze three feet. If you want to master it, The technology of drawing blanks requires hard work.

(6) Slurry casting molding method

The mud casting molding method is widely used in the mass production of daily ceramics and is also one of the ceramic molding techniques. First use mud or gypsum as a master mold and turn it into a gypsum mold (blocked). The gypsum mold has a grouting port. After the mold is dry, pour the prepared mud into the gypsum mold and fill it up in time as the gypsum mold absorbs water. Mud, when the gypsum mold absorbs slurry and reaches a certain thickness, pour out the excess mud in the mold, control it to dry, and then take out the body from the gypsum mold after the mud is separated from the mold wall. In addition, it must be maintained (mastered) to a certain The dry humidity is required to moisturize for the next step of trimming, bonding, decoration, etc.

(7) Comprehensive molding method