Which province is Sanmenxia in?

Classification: Region >> Henan >> Sanmenxia City

Analysis:

Dynasty Know > Region > Henan > Sanmenxia City

Sanmenxia City is located in the western border of Henan Province, at the junction of Henan, Shaanxi and Shaanxi provinces, with Luoyang in the east, Nanyang in the south, Shaanxi Province in the west and Shanxi Province across the Yellow River in the north. The total area is 10496 km2, and the landforms are mainly mountains, hills and loess tablelands, of which mountains account for 54.8%, hills for 36% and plains for 9.2%, which can be described as "five mountains, four tombs and one river". Most areas are between 300-1500m above sea level, located at Laoya Cha 'nao Peak in Xiaoqinling, lingbao city, with an altitude of 2413.8m. Sanmenxia City is located on the terrace on the south bank of the Yellow River, facing Sanmenxia Reservoir on three sides, shaped like a peninsula, and is known as "surrounded by mountains and water on three sides".

-Sanmenxia Reservoir

The Huangshui River from Tongguan to Jin Meng, which is Shaanxi County, was blocked by Taihang Mountain and rushed out of the Sanlu Pass with great hydraulic power. Later generations called these three rapids from east to west "Man Gate", "Shen Gate" and "Ghost Gate" respectively, that is, three gates. The rocks that still stand in the middle of the river between Sanmen are called the three islands of man, god and ghost respectively.

From the Western Han Dynasty to the Republic of China, the Yellow River has been a big shipping river. Boating on the Yellow River and fighting against the surging Yellow River have become a symbol of the Chinese nation's struggle against fate. Sanmenxia is regarded as a land of fear by boatmen in past dynasties, where the Yellow River roars. No one noticed the narrow riverbed and the solid granite under the riverbed, which may be the basis for damming the river before the 20th century.

The 20th century is the beginning of human beings challenging nature with greed and boldness. The great potential energy of water aroused the reverie of people who thought they had some skills. Sanmenxia is so unique in the whole Yellow River that it not only has a solid riverbed, but also can control the flood and sediment of 92% of the basin area, so it cannot but be mentioned frequently.

Finally, the beautiful and magical Sanmenxia, as the outlet of the Yellow River, finally fell into the hands of ignorant and reckless human beings after being guarded for millions of years.

◆ Sanmenxia Reservoir started.

1954 In April, the State Planning Commission decided to set up the Yellow River Planning Commission, and under the guidance of the Soviet expert group, the Yellow River basin planning was compiled. The central government decided to entrust the design of Sanmenxia hub dam and hydropower station to the Soviet Union. At the end of the year, it took only eight months for the Planning Report to be published.

In this report, Sanmenxia water control project was selected as the key project of the first phase of comprehensive utilization of the Yellow River: the water level is 350 meters and the total storage capacity is 36 billion cubic meters;

Main tasks:

(1) Reduce the once-in-a-millennium flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River from 37,000 m3/s to 8,000 m3/s; In this way, the flood disaster of the Yellow River can be completely avoided, and the flood threat in the lower reaches of the Yellow River will naturally be alleviated.

(2) All the upstream sand is intercepted, and the clear water is discharged, so as to realize the "Huang Heqing" and prevent the downstream riverbed from silting.

③ Adjust the water quantity of the Yellow River, with an initial irrigation of 22.2 million mu and a long-term irrigation of 75 million mu.

④ The installed capacity is 900,000 kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 4.6 billion kWh.

⑤ Improve downstream shipping.

Conclusion: The comprehensive benefit is great (the conclusion of the Three Gorges Dam demonstration is the same after more than 30 years).

However, there are two serious problems that cannot be avoided in the planning report:

① The reservoir will flood 2.07 million mu of farmland and resettle 600,000 people.

② precipitation. Although the reserved sand storage capacity is 65.438+047 billion cubic meters (accounting for 2/5 of the total storage capacity), if the upstream sand reduction benefit is not included, the service life of the reservoir is only 25-30 years.

This calculated figure is shocking. After 25-30 years, the Yellow River stopped flowing in Sanmenxia. How to solve this problem? Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the goal is to focus on "upstream sediment reduction". As long as there is no more sand in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, isn't the problem of reservoir siltation no longer a problem?

But how to reduce sediment? The prescription prescribed by ambitious romantics is "soil and water conservation". If the soil and water in the upper reaches are preserved, sand will not flow into the Yellow River. Therefore, the effectiveness of soil and water conservation is directly related to whether the Sanmenxia project can be launched. However, romanticism's "soil and water conservation" is realized through words. In the "technical task book" submitted to the Soviet side, the data given by the Chinese side are: by 1967, the sediment volume can be reduced to 50%; It can be reduced by 100% after 50 years. Even the "big brother of the Soviet Union" who is famous for his heroism can't stand this kind of data. In this regard, Soviet experts put forward the revised opinion that "soil and water conservation measures are estimated to be lower and more cautious", and then changed the sand from 1967 to "reduce by 20% and reduce by 50% after 50 years" just like elementary school students do arithmetic problems.

Today, that is, 40 years later, if you have the opportunity to visit the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi and Shanxi, you will see that soil erosion is increasing. And if you travel to Yulu, what you see is that during most of the year, Liu Huang, who is muddy between large dry floodplains, crawls slowly and becomes the Yellow River of seasonal rivers, and is cut off from 1975 to 1990, 19 times. In recent years, several times a year.

1955 In the summer, at the second meeting of the first National People's Congress, the Sanmenxia Project was unanimously approved by all the deputies to the National People's Congress. Just as the Three Gorges Project shocked the world today, in the words of Premier Zhou Enlai, "such a worldwide report is known to the whole world".

In this excitement and turmoil, two scholars stand out. They have no party background and no political impulse. They are just scientists and engineers, honest, diligent and responsible for their own careers and countries. One of them is in the prime of life and is a professor at a famous university; The other just graduated from school and is only 25 years old.

They don't agree to build a dam in Sanmenxia or a high dam. They calmly and confidently put their academic opinions in the hands of decision makers who control the people's destiny. Looking back today, their criticism of Sanmenxia project at that time was almost unpleasant, which became a prediction of this troublesome and embarrassing project in the future. Their opinions were not heard at that time; Their academic and humanistic values are not for those who later occupy important positions.

The person you seek is very important. When I met them at 199 1, not only were their positions not much different from those of more than 30 years ago; Their new demands based on deeper education are still ignored.

One is Professor Huang Wanli, and the other is a literary engineer.

◆ "Good News" of Sanmenxia

1958165438+1October 25th, Sanmenxia Project completed the closure of the Yellow River!

1June, 960, the dam was built 340 meters, which can stop the flood!

In September of the same year, the sluice was closed to store water and stop sand!

As the water level of the reservoir rises, people in the reservoir area leave their ancestral homes in batches. On February 9 196 1, the water level in front of the dam reached 332.58 meters (not reaching the design height), and the sediment deposition developed rapidly; At the same time, the original simple and optimistic idea of relocation has also encountered difficulties, and the project has actually been unable to progress as originally envisaged. Heroes from all walks of life argued endlessly and couldn't come up with a correct idea. However, the project is still going on.

1961April, the dam was completed to the planned elevation of 353 meters. 10 months later, in February, 1962, the first 15mw unit was put into trial operation. On the surface, the project construction is completed as designed. The river blocked by the dam was cut off and the sediment sank to the bottom of the reservoir. River water without sediment flows out of the drainage hole, realizing the "Huang Heqing" outside the dam.

As usual, the newspaper is full of good news. However, the person in charge of Sanmenxia has never been happy, because it has not only failed to solve the urgent needs of immigrants, but in the one and a half years since the impoundment,/kloc-0.5 billion tons of sediment have all been laid in the river from Sanmenxia to Tongguan, raising the Tongguan river bed by 4.5 meters. The Weihe River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River coming down from the Qinling Mountains, used to have a large flow, but now it has become "poor water intake", so that flood levees have to be built on both sides of the Weihe River without floods.

The groundwater in Guanzhong Plain can't be drained, and the fields are flooded. Ordinary people only see their land decreasing year by year. I don't know why, in fact, their land has been salinized and even swamped because of the reservoir storage. The worst problem is the "tail adhesion" of the riverbed, that is, the sediment deposition extends upstream, which has threatened the industrial base centered on Xi' an.

1In March, 962, the Ministry of Water and Electricity had to hold a meeting in Zhengzhou, temporarily shelving the wonderful "Huang Heqing", and the operation mode of Sanmenxia Reservoir was changed from "retaining all sediment in the upper reaches" to "retaining flood and discharging sediment". The water level must be lowered. The first 150000 kW generator set was useless in less than a month, so it had to be moved to Danjiangkou Power Station in Hubei Province.

After making a turn of 180 degrees, the siltation slowed down, but due to the high sill of the bottom hole, the flow rate was still too small, and the "tail warping" siltation continued to develop upstream, raising the Tongguan river bed, causing a chain reaction of siltation in Weihe River, Luohe River and Yellow River. Shaanxi province, which suffered heavy losses, can't stand it any longer. At the Third Session of the Second National People's Congress held in 1962, it was proposed that the water level in front of the dam should be below 3 15m, and all flood gates should be opened-in other words, the Yellow River should flow without a dam!

In order to tell their own disasters, Shaanxi local officials bypassed Zhou Enlai, which is famous for its muddle, and went directly to * * * to "report" to the court.

◆ Sanmenxia reconstruction

Had to rebuild the original project. The first phase of Sanmenxia reconstruction project is to build two more flood discharge and sediment discharge tunnels on the left bank of the dam and rebuild four water diversion and power generation steel pipes to increase the flood discharge and sediment discharge capacity. If readers think this statement is not intuitive enough to understand, they can think like this: The Yellow River used to flow well, but it was blocked by a "majestic dam" during 1957- 1960; Two years later, the accident began. Four years later, it was unbearable to look back, but the dam was already "towering" there. Since it can't blow up, we have to add pipes and open holes to let the sand and water blocked by the front dam flow out from the newly opened tunnel next to it and the pipes originally used for power generation.

-This is the "two holes and four tubes" scheme. The establishment of this plan is considered as the reconstruction plan that the beloved Premier Zhou personally participated in "saved a project that was on the verge of failure". However, as everyone can see, this is an emergency plan, which is romantic at all.

The renovation project started at 1965 and was completed three years later. At this time, the reservoir siltation has been reduced, but the sediment discharge capacity is still insufficient. Above Tongguan, the so-called "tail lifting" siltation continues. /kloc-in the summer of 0/969, Xi 'an was in a hurry again. Zhou Enlai was at a loss, so he had to entrust Liu Jianxun, director of the Revolutionary Committee of Henan Province and commander-in-chief of the Yellow River flood control, and Ji Dengkui, deputy prime minister, to preside over the "meeting attended by the four provinces and the Ministry of Water and Electricity" in Sanmenxia again.

Everyone at the meeting knows that two holes and four pipes can't solve the problem, and "preventing the once-in-a-thousand-year flood in the downstream" is no longer mentioned, and it has become "ensuring Xi' an and ensuring the downstream". The less ambitious "reasonable flood control and sediment discharge runoff power generation" has been determined. More specifically, he said, when the water level is 315m, water and sand will be discharged downwards, and the discharge will increase to 10000 cubic meters per second. As for whether the downstream is safe, no one has mentioned it yet. As long as Tongguan doesn't "skip" again, it will be Amitabha.

This time, the measure is to open the original diversion bottom hole 1-8 (these holes were insisted by Mr. Huang Wanli to be reserved for future use, and then Zhang Guangdou, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences and vice president of Tsinghua University, blocked them according to Soviet design. It costs tens of millions of yuan to dig a hole again); At the same time, the import of diversion steel pipe for power generation after transformation will be reduced by13m, which will become "low-head power generation". In this way, the original design of high-power hydro-generator is useless, so we have to use a small generator of 50 thousand kilowatts.

The second reconstruction took two and a half years, and by June 1973, 12, eight construction diversion bottom holes were dug. When the water level in front of the dam is 315m, the flow rate increases from 6,000 m3/s to 9,060 m3/s, and the application principle is changed to "store clear water, discharge muddy water and adjust sediment". The problem of discharge and sediment discharge capacity of Sanmenxia dam with a hole in the sky and two conduits beside it is temporarily solved.

However, Tongguan river bed has not recovered to its original elevation, which is still more than 3 meters higher than before the reservoir was built. 1In August, 1992, the Weihe River and Luohe River flooded into the Yellow River, burst its banks and flooded more than 600,000 mu of farmland. About 50,000 migrants who returned to the reservoir were affected, and nearly 30,000 people were homeless. If a catastrophic flood occurs, the reservoir area will also suffer great disasters. As for downstream siltation, Ding wrote in Sanmenxia Reservoir and Its Application 1985:

(After reconstruction) Due to the open-air discharge of the reservoir in recent years, when the flow is small, the water level of the reservoir is very low, and small water belts and large sediments are formed after scouring in the reservoir area, which intensifies the siltation of the downstream rivers. As for the Sanmenxia project itself, after less than five years of water storage, the storage capacity is lost by half, and the comprehensive benefit covers that were once on the lips: power generation, irrigation and shipping (maintaining downstream water depth 1 m) are all empty.

If readers think that the reconstructed Sanmenxia can finally breathe a sigh of relief, they are wrong again.

The above is only the construction and reconstruction of Sanmenxia dam, and the most sensitive and serious problem-reservoir inundation loss has not been talked about. When 360 meters was originally designed, 3.33 million mu of cultivated land was flooded and 900,000 people were relocated. Later, in 1958, Premier Zhou Enlai curbed the Soviet-style Haomai, and when the initial water level was set at 335 meters, 856,000 mu of cultivated land would be flooded and 310.89 million people would be resettled. Later, the reservoir area collapsed, and the number of immigrants increased by 84,900, with a total of 403,800. Among them, 39,900 people who * * * moved to Ningxia, Dunhuang, Gansu and other remote areas have moved many times because of acclimatization, and now most of them have moved back. 12.1kloc-0/00000 people who moved from Guanzhong plain to mountainous arid plateau gully region also moved back to their original places because they could not produce.

This generation of hundreds of thousands of people who live in the rich valley plains have been devastated for more than 20 years and have moved away from home. Their struggle to return home has been going on. Finally, they were able to return to their hometown because the Sanmenxia Dam lowered the original water storage elevation. However, the fertile land they have cultivated for generations has been covered with thick sediment from the Yellow River. Many places have been occupied by the army and state-owned rural areas. They had to wage a long struggle to recover the occupied land.

◆ Xiaolangdi is coming up again.

The reconstructed Sanmenxia will be the same as the natural conditions before the reservoir is built. What Sanmenxia wants to restore is to make every effort to discharge all the incoming sand, which is completely different from the original intention of the earliest Sanmenxia project-"stop all the upstream sand and discharge the clear water".

For more than 30 years, I spent a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, and returned to the original point-trying to become a natural situation without a library!

At this time, Sanmenxia was built in order to improve siltation and flood control in the lower reaches of the Yellow River? When readers read the following passage, they don't know what to think:

..... But because the flood and sediment of the Yellow River have not been basically controlled, the higher the riverbed siltation, the greater the flood threat and the more dangerous the flood control situation ... Comprehensive benefits ... It is more urgent to solve the flood threat of the Yellow River. ...

Sounds familiar, doesn't it? This is almost exactly the same as the statement that Sanmenxia was launched at the beginning. But this is not talking about Sanmenxia, but another new dam on the Yellow River-Xiaolangdi. What the Sanmenxia project failed to do in those years was handed over to Xiaolangdi in the lower reaches of Sanmenxia this time. The total storage capacity of Xiaolangdi is 65.438+02.65 billion cubic meters, which is said to reduce the sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for about 20 years. The romantics on the Yellow River have a new favorite this time.

What will be the prospect of Xiaolangdi?

And how to put Sanmenxia Reservoir? At the beginning, I spoke so full. However, this little thing is hard to beat the establishment that has mastered the tools of public opinion propaganda. The Sanmenxia project is still great, because it shows that the "land-making function of the Yellow River" has flooded the land, but it has created new land due to siltation. Of course, there are vast artificial lakes that attract beautiful white swans.

◆ Account

The success or failure of Sanmenxia Project is not allowed to be discussed openly and practically in China.

But the accounts always have to be counted. Let's first look at the direct economic losses:

(1) The high dam project runs at low dam, which means that a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources are wasted only by the project itself;

(3) Two updates, including the cost of repairing worn holes and turbines;

③ More cultivated land is flooded and destroyed;

④ More than 300,000 people were relocated at that time, and 6.5438+0.5 million people moved back later;

⑤ Since the operation of the reservoir, due to the change of the natural conditions of the river, the reservoir area includes the regulation of the lower reaches of the Weihe River, flood control facilities on both sides of the river, saline-alkali land treatment, and protection works that must be built for bank collapse and landslide;

⑤ The rising of water level leads to salinization of fertile land, which leads to reduction of production; During the period of "water storage and sand retention", the fertile land in the downstream production levee was washed away by the release of clear water;

These, the most conservative estimates, are not less than10 billion.

Look at the damage to the environment:

① The groundwater level around the reservoir rises, and more than 500,000 mu of cultivated land is salinized;

③ Farmland loss caused by bank collapse caused by reservoir impoundment;

(3) destroying precious cultural relics in the birthplace of culture;

Needless to say, there is a mistake in time: if these manpower, material resources and financial resources are invested in dike reinforcement and other effective water conservancy facilities in the lower reaches of the Yellow River; Investment in transportation and communication systems; Investment in educational and cultural facilities; Even if we only invested in water saving, afforestation, protection and irrigation in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the situation in the whole basin would not be like this today.

So, why? What causes a large group of China people who can't be said to be unpatriotic, let alone have no professional expertise, to degenerate so miserably?

◆ "Huang Heqing"

1964, when Sanmenxia first decided to rebuild, Zhou Enlai explained:

1958 the decision of Sanmenxia project seems a bit urgent. NPC reported that Huang Heqing put pressure on me. 1958 just lowered the water level. When the mind is hot, it is always easy to see one side, ignore or ignore the other side, and can't look at the problem dialectically. The reason is that we don't know enough. Insufficient understanding of nature and insufficient attention. We didn't put it in the right place, and the relationship was not good.

Why "urgent"? Why does the brain get hot? How can the word "Huang Heqing" cause stress? Why is it that on such an obvious issue, it is "put in an inappropriate position and has a bad relationship"? from beginning to end

What do you take too seriously, so you have to sacrifice others?

As an observer of later generations, I don't tend to equate their "Sanmenxia fans" in the 1950s with the Three Gorges "Daku fans" who advocated building dams on the main stream of the Yangtze River in the 1960s and 1980s. That is to say, I don't think they have the desire to enjoy and control money like those people in the * * * era (I personally saw a whole row in Beijing and Beijing in the spring of 1989. According to the estimate at the beginning of 1989, the project has not been officially started, and no less than 400 million yuan has been spent on this miscellaneous project. It just means that they are too persistent, too romantic and too simple in the face of possible scientific and technological achievements. Then, at that time, Li * * * was still the party's decision-maker, Deng Zihui, * * *, and Chairman Mao, the great savior. What did they want?

In June 1964 and February 12, Zhou Enlai said these words:

We fought an unprepared battle for the Sanmenxia project. ..... Only five or six years after the founding of the People's Republic of China decided to build the Sanmenxia Project. At that time, I wanted Huang Heqing, and I was ambitious and boasted. ...

This repeatedly mentioned "Huang Heqing" comes from an ancient sentence, and people who know it can immediately read the following three words: "Sages come out".

The key to all problems lies in the last three words.

The reason why Sanmenxia got on the horse was to "Huang Heqing", but the reason why it didn't say anything was to prove that "saints came out". Since ancient times, who can make Huang Heqing? * * *, the great leader Chairman Mao! So, who is a saint is not clear? !

Not to mention the era of 1950. Even today, hundreds of millions of people in China still live in the historical shadow of looking forward to a wise king. In our ancient agricultural country with a history of thousands of years, water control has always been a great achievement of Ming Jun, not only in history, but also in everyone's consciousness.

"Huang Heqing" has become a symbol. In order to realize this worship of gods, the main driving force from top to bottom at that time was actually a kind of fanaticism and piety similar to "saints come out of the mountain to rule the world"-of course, the language used was the so-called "people are masters of the country", in fact, the people were dominated by saints. When the resources of the whole country can be concentrated in a planned economy, all kinds of great achievements will naturally be "invincible"