Who invented the computer?

Who invented the computer? JohnVincentAtanasoff, a descendant of Bulgarian immigrants, 1903 10 was born in Hamilton, new york, USA, and is a foreign academician of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He has won the computer pioneer award, the honorary medal of electrical engineer awarded by IEEE in 1990, the national technical medal awarded by Bush and the first prize of Bulgarian Cyrillic method awarded by Bulgarian government in 1970. 1978, elected to the Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame. 1983, Iowa State University Alumni Association awarded him the Outstanding Achievement Award. 1June, 1995 15, died at his home in Maryland at the age of 92.

Computer Introduction A computer is a machine that uses electronic principles to process data according to a series of instructions. Computer can be divided into two parts: software system and hardware system. The first computer was the ENIAC universal computer which was born in the University of Pennsylvania on February 5, 1946.

People call a computer without any software installed as bare metal. With the development of science and technology, some new computers are constantly emerging: biological computers, photonic computers, quantum computers and so on. 1954 On May 24th, the transistor electronic computer was born.

The origin of Chinese name of computer is 197 1. In June, the National Library of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan Province Province took an examination of electronic terminology, and there were many members at that time. Guanling Fan is one of the directors. At that time, he advocated calling it a computer. Many people are for and against it. Finally, after a long debate, he decided to translate the word Electriccomputer into: electronic computer (commonly known as computer). Guanling Fan disagreed and argued for a long time. Finally, he changed it into two terms: electronic computer and computer.

Xu Chi's "Evergreen Tree of Life": Command the computer with the hand of labor, make a living by acting on nature, not only protect nature, but also completely and perfectly transform human society according to the will of progressive human beings.

The development of computer: the first computer.

Generally speaking, the first electronic digital computer recognized by most people in the world is ENIAC, which was born in 1946. It is mainly used to calculate trajectory. Manufactured by Moore Institute of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, USA, but it is huge. It consists of 17468 electron tubes, 60000 resistors, 10000 capacitors and 6000 switches. It covers an area of170m2, weighs about 30 tons, and consumes nearly150kW of electricity. Obviously, such computers are expensive and inconvenient to use. This statement is widely used in basic computer textbooks. In fact, according to the ruling of the US Supreme Court 1973, the earliest electronic digital computers should be john atanasoff, an associate professor of physics at Iowa State University, and Clifford E. Berry, his graduate assistant (19 18- 1963). The reason for this misunderstanding is that a man named Moakley in the ENIAC research team plagiarized the research results of John Atanasov in 194 1 and applied for a patent in 1946. For various reasons, this error was not reversed until 1973. For details, please refer to the entry of john atanasoff in Baidu Encyclopedia. I hope everyone will remember ABC and john atanasoff, and I hope this mistake can be corrected in future textbooks.

Later, in order to commend and commemorate john atanasoff's great contribution in the computer field, former US President george herbert walker bush awarded john atanasoff the highest American science and technology award on 1990. (1973 10 10/9, a district court in Minnesota, USA, held a135th meeting, and publicly pronounced that Maudslay and eckert did not invent the first computer, but only used the idea invented by atanasoff. And ruled that the patents of Maudslay and eckert were invalid, on the grounds that atanasoff had told Mozzaretti his initial ideas about computers as early as 194 1. However, atanasoff's University of Iowa did not apply for a patent for ABC computer, and it was not a few computer designers who applied for it, but two computer companies, Honeywell and Speryland. )

evolutionary process

1642 to 1643, the Frenchman BlaisePascal invented a gear-operated adder called Pascal, which was the first mechanical adder.

1666, Samuel Moran of England invented a mechanical counting machine which can calculate addend and subtraction.

167 1 year, the famous German mathematician G.W. Leibniz made the first mechanical computer capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

1673, GottfriedLeibniz made a stepped cylindrical wheel counter, called stepped calculator. This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder.

1694, a German mathematician GottfriedLeibniz improved Pascal and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials.

1773, Philip matthaeus manufactured and sold a small number of computers accurate to 12 digits.

1775, thirdEarlofStanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz.

In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no money to manufacture it.

180 1 year, Joseph-MarieJacquard's loom uses punch cards to control the knitting pattern.

1854, GeorgeBoole published an investigation about Helawsoftthought, which was about symbols and logical reasoning, and later became the basic concept of computer design.

1858, a telegraph line crossed the Atlantic for the first time and provided service for several days.

186 1 year, a transcontinental telegraph line connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

1876, AlexanderGrahamBell invented the telephone and obtained a patent.

From 1876 to 1878, BaronKelvin manufactured overtone analyzer and tidal forecasting machine.

At 1882, Williams. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and devoted himself to inventing the adder.

1889, HermanHollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey of 1890. HermanHollerith uses the concept of jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey to be obtained in just six weeks, which takes ten years.

1893, invented the first four-function calculator.

Old computer

1895, GuglielmoMarconi transmits broadcast signals.

1896, Horace founded the watchmaking machinery company.

1908, British scientist CampbellSwinton? The electronic scanning method and the prediction of making TV with cathode ray tube are described.

19 1 1 year, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form Computer Table Recording Company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

19 1 1 year, Dutch physicist KamerlinghOnnes discovered superconductivity at Leiden University.

193 1 year, VanneverBush invented a counting machine that can solve the difference program. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists.

1935, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) introduced IBM60 1, which is a punch card machine with arithmetic components, and can calculate the multiplier within 1 second. It plays a great role in scientific computing and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units were manufactured.

1937, AlanTuring put forward the concept of universal machine, which can execute any algorithm and form the basic concept of computability. Turing's concept is superior to other inventions of the same type because he uses symbols to deal with the concept of symbols.

1939 165438+10. In October, JohnVincentAtannsoff and JohnBerry made a16-bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes. In the same year, Zuse and Schreyer began to manufacture V2[ later called Z2], which followed the mechanical storage of Z 1 and added a new arithmetic component using RelayLogic. But when Zuze finished the draft, the plan was suspended for a year.

scientific calculator

From 65438 to 0946, the first official computer Eniac was born in the United States, but it consumed a lot of power.

1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed.

1960, the data processing system IBM 140 1 was successfully developed.

196 1 year, the programming language COBOL came out.

196 1 year, the first platform system computer was designed by MIT.

1963, the BASIC language came out.

1964, the third generation computer IBM360 series.

1965, American digital equipment company launched the first minicomputer PDP-8.

From 65438 to 0969, IBM successfully developed 90-column card machine and system 3 computer system.

1970, IBM system 1370 computer series.

197 1 year, the unIVersity of Illinois designed and completed the ilium iv supercomputer.

197 1 year, the first microprocessor 4004 was successfully developed by Intel.

From 65438 to 0972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities.

1973, IBM successfully developed the first floppy disk. 1975, ATARI8800 microcomputer came out.

1977, Modol company announced the successful development of the fully combined microcomputer PET200 1.

1977, TRS80 microcomputer was born.

1977, Apple's second-generation microcomputer was born.

From 65438 to 0978, VLSI was applied.

1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time.

1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer.

From 65438 to 0982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers.

1979 planned manufacturing. 1983, Apple Lisa computer went on the market. This is the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface.

From 65438 to 0984, Japanese computer industry began to develop the fifth generation computer-computer with artificial intelligence.

1984, DNS(DomainNameServer) domain name server was released, and there were more than 1000 hosts running on the Internet.

1984, HP released an excellent laser printer, and HP also maintained the technological leadership of inkjet printers.

1984 65438+ 10, released by Apple Macintosh. Based on Motorola68000 microprocessor. 16M can be addressed.

In August, 1984, MS-DOS3.0, PC-DOS3.0, and IBMAT were released, adopting ISA standard and supporting large hard disks and 1.2M high-density floppy drives.

1In September 1984, Apple released a Macintosh with 5 12Kb memory, but there was no improvement in other aspects.

At the end of 1984, Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed and has been adopted by many peers. Later, EIDE was further introduced, which can support drives up to 528MB. Data transmission is also faster.

1985, Philips and Sony jointly launched the optical drive.

1985, EGA standard was issued.

1March 985, MS-DOS3. 1, PC-DOS3. 1. This is the first DOS version that provides partial network function support.

1985101October180386DX is online. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, which can address 1GB memory. There are more instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrating 275,000 transistors.

1985 1 1 month, published by MicrosoftWindows. But it has not been widely used in its version 3.0. Need DOS support, similar to Apple's operating interface, so that it was sued by Apple. The lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997.

1985 65438+ February, MS-DOS3.2, PC-DOS3.2. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks. But only 720KB is supported. Only version 3.3 can support 1.44 megabytes.

1986 65438+ 10, Apple released a high-performance Macintosh. There are 4 megabytes of memory and SCSI adapters.

1September 1986, amstradan announced the release of a cheap and powerful computer AmstradPC 15 12. Equipped with CGA graphics adapter, 5 12KB memory, 8086 processor and 20mm hard disk. Using mouse and graphical user interface, the design is family-oriented.

1987, Microsoft Windows2.0 release.

1988, EISA standard established.

From 65438 to 0989, TimBerners-Lee of CERN established the prototype of the World Wide Web. Novices can also browse the Internet easily through hypertext links. This has greatly promoted the development of the Internet.

1March, 1989, EIDE standard was established, which can support hard disks exceeding 528MB, reaching a transmission speed of 33.3MB/s, and has been adopted by many optical disks.

1989 April 10, published by 80486DX. The processor integrates1.20 thousand transistors, and the clock frequency of subsequent models reaches 100MHz.

1989165438+10, released by SoundBlasterCard.

1990 On May 22nd, Microsoft released Windows3.0 compatible with MS-DOS mode.

1990165438+1October, the first generation of MPC (multimedia personal computer standard) was released. The standard requires that the processor should be at least 80286/ 12MHz (later increased to 80386SX/ 16MHz), and the transmission rate of the optical drive should be at least 150 kb/ sec.

199 1 year, ISA standard issued.

1991June, MS-DOS5.0 and PC-DOS5.0 were released. In order to promote the development of OS/2, Bill Gates said that DOS5.0 is a DOS terminator and will not spend any energy on it in the future. This version has exceeded the basic memory limit of 640KB. This version also marks the end of the cooperation between Microsoft and IBM on DOS.

1992.WindowsNT version, which can address 2GB of memory.

1April 1992, released by Windows3. 1

1993, the internet began to be commercialized.

1993, the classic game "Doom Warrior" was released.

1On March 22nd, 993, Pentium released its processor, which integrated more than 3 million transistors. The core frequency of the early version is 60 ~ 60~66MHz, and 65438+ billion instructions are executed per second.

1in may, 993, MPC standard 2 was released, which required that the optical disc transmission rate should reach 300KB/s and the transmission rate should be 320? Plays 240, 15 frames per second.

1On March 7th, 994, Intel released 90 ~ 65438+90 ~ 100 MHz Pentium processor.

1994, released by Netscape 1.0 browser.

1994, the famous real-time strategy game Command &；; To conquer (command and conquer) and release.

1On March 27th, 995, Intel released the Pentium processor of 120MHz.

1 June 9951day, Intel released the Pentium processor of 133MHz.

1On August 23rd, 995, the pure 32-bit multitasking operating system Windows95 was released. This operating system is very different from the previous version, completely divorced from MS-DOS, but still retains the DOS mode to take care of users' habits. Windows95 has achieved great success.

1 995165438+1October1,released by PentiumPro, clocked at 200MHz, with 440 million instructions per second and 5.5 million transistors integrated.

199565438+February, Netscape released its JavaScript.

1996 1 month, released by NetscapeNavigator2.0. This is the first browser that supports JavaScript.

199665438+1On October 4th, Intel released the Pentium processor of 150 ~ 166 MHz, which integrated 310 ~ 3.3 million transistors.

1996, released by Windows95OSR2, fixed some bugs and expanded some functions.

1997, the release of well-known game software, such as HeftAuto, Quake2 and BladeRunner, has driven the rapid rise of 3D graphics accelerator cards.

1997 65438+1On October 8th, Intel released PentiumMMXCPU, and the game and multimedia functions of the processor were enhanced.

1in April, 997, IBM's deep blue computer defeated Kasparov, the world champion of human chess.

1On May 7th, 997, Intel released Pentium II, adding more instructions and caches.

1June 2, 997, Intel released 233MHzPentiumMMX.