Nordic Tour-Stockholm

Sweden was once the regional hegemon of Northern Europe. 1523, the Swedish rebels defeated the Danish army and Sweden gained independence. Gustav Vasa was elected king of Sweden and established the Vasa dynasty. Sweden defeated the armies of Denmark and Poland in several wars in the16th century and became the military hegemon in Northern Europe. During the Thirty Years' War, during 1642- 1648, Sweden sent troops to the European continent many times. 1648, the allied forces of France and Sweden finally defeated the holy Roman emperor. Sweden acquired German territory, former Pomerania and other places. Finland has always been a dependency of Sweden. After the Thirty Years' War, Sweden's power in the Baltic Sea reached its peak. 1809, Russia defeated Sweden in the Gulf of Finland, and the Kingdom of Sweden lost many dependent countries, including Finland. 18 14, Sweden suppressed the Norwegian independence movement, which was Sweden's last battle. After 200 years, we will remain neutral and there will be no more wars, including World War I and World War II. Long-term peaceful development has made Sweden one of the most developed countries. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is located on the east coast of Sweden, near the Baltic Sea, with beautiful scenery and is a famous tourist attraction. The urban area is distributed on 14 islands and a peninsula, and more than 70 bridges connect these islands.

The Swedish Imperial Palace was built in 1697, which was gradually established after the old imperial palace was burned down. 1760 was the first time to establish the scale.

On the day we went, there happened to be a royal guard ceremony, which was very short and interesting.

Sweden is a country composed of thousands of islands. Get up in the morning and go to Nybroplan, the ferry terminal, and take a boat to Voxholm Island, where there is a castle museum. Amazingly, you can enjoy the geographical location of Stockholm and the scenery of nearby islands along the way by boat. An hour's journey, beautiful scenery! When you arrive in Stockholm, you must experience the elegance of Thousand Islands. The fare of the boat is not expensive, 7-8 euros for one way.

The city hall in Stockholm is very distinctive. The city hall was built by architect Ragnar? The design of stberg was completed in 1923, and the designer adopted antique design. The building consists of two large squares, an inner courtyard and an indoor lobby, and is made of 8 million red bricks. The designer originally hoped that the roof was open and the blue sky was the top. It is called "Blue Hall". After completion, it was found to be impractical, and finally the roof was rebuilt and added. The most famous activity of the "Blue Lobby" is the dinner after the Nobel Prize is awarded in June and February of 5438 every year.

The organ in the hall has 10270 pipes on the roof.

The "Golden Lobby" is inlaid with more than 80,000 pieces of gold/kloc-0, which can be used for 700 people to enjoy the banquet. On the 106-meter-high tower overlooking Stockholm, there is a national symbol of Sweden at the top.

Riddarholm Church is the funeral church in The Swedish monarch, located on Knight Island in Stockholm. Its church group was dissolved on 1807, and now it is only used for burial and commemoration. Magnus III La Dulos (died in 1290), Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde (died in 1470) and The Swedish monarch were buried here from Gustav II Adolf (died in 1632) to Gustaf V (died in 1950).

Knights Island Church is one of the oldest buildings in Stockholm, some of which can be traced back to the late13rd century, when it was a monastery. After the Reformation, the monastery was closed and became a Protestant church.

Sweden has a strange history. Carl John, King of Sweden, was a Frenchman. He could not speak Swedish until his death. He was a subordinate of Napoleon. Bernardote was born in Pau, Gascony, the son of local prosecutors Henry Bernardote and Jenny Saint Jean.

Bernardote joined the French army on September 3rd 1780, and became the first class of Wang Jiahai Army Corps, and began to serve in Corsica. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, his military genius made him rise steadily. 1792, promoted to colonel, and by 1794, he had become a brigadier general of Sambul and Meuse Army. 1On June 26th, 794, Bernardote, who worked under General Jules Dang, won a great victory in the Battle of Furong and became an army general. 1796, he made great contributions to the successful evacuation of the French army from the Rhine after defeating Archduke Karl of Austria. 1797, Napoleon, who was ordered to lead his troops to fight in Italy from the Rhine, performed extremely well in the Battle of Taliamento.

1798 On August 6th, Bernardote married Dé siré e Clarey (1777 ~1860). Desire is the daughter of a silk merchant in Marseille, Napoleon's ex-lover, and her sister Julie Clary is the wife of Napoleon's eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte. 14 from July 2 to September, Bernardote served as the minister of the French army, showing great talent. During this period, he kept his distance from Bonaparte and refused to help Napoleon to stage a coup in June 1799+065438+ October. 1800 was appointed as a senator in June. 1from April to August, 800, he served as commander of Wang Dai's western army.

After Napoleon established the First Empire of France, he appointed Bernardo and other 18 people as imperial marshals. 1June, 804 to1September, 805, Bernardote served as the local governor in the newly occupied Hanover. 1805 in the second Franco-Austrian war, Bernardote led the first army stationed in Hanover to cooperate with friendly forces and encircle the Austrian army commanded by Mark in Ulm. Because of his contribution to the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon made him Prince Pontkovo. However, in the same year's battle against Prussia, when the double battle of Jena-Aursch Tate broke out, Bernardote's first army was close to two battlefields, but it did nothing and was severely reprimanded by Napoleon. From 65438 to 0808, Bernardote was appointed as the governor of Hanseatic City. In the campaign against Austria, Bernardote led his troops to participate in the Battle of Vagram on June 6th, 809/KLOC-0, and was dismissed by Napoleon because of poor fighting.

Angry Bernardote returned to Paris, and the cabinet meeting still trusted him and appointed him to shoulder the responsibility of defending Britain in Holland. 18 10, when he was going to Rome as governor, he was surprised to learn that he was chosen as the heir of King Carl XIII of Sweden. This is because Sweden just lost to Russia and Finland. Soldiers consider a soldier as the future king against Russia, partly because Bernardote was quite friendly to Swedish prisoners of war during the Danish War. A Swedish minister-Karl Otto Mohlne (Karl Otto M? Rner) played a leading role in this matter, telling Bernardote about the proposal of Sweden's succession to the throne. When Bernardote conveyed Mornay's proposal to Napoleon, Napoleon thought the whole thing was ridiculous and didn't take it too seriously. It is estimated that Bernardote was fed up with Napoleon's anger, and he insisted on going to Sweden. The Swedish government was surprised by Mornay's behavior. However, Monet finally persuaded the Swedish king and parliament, and Bernardote finally got support in Sweden. 1810 August 2 1 day, he was elected Crown Prince and Regent, and commanded the Swedish army with the title of Grand Marshal. In the same year, he gave up the title of Prince Pontecovo of France.

1October 2nd, 165438+ Bernardote arrived in Stockholm. 165438+ year15 October, he was visited by parliament and adopted as an adopted son by King Carl XIII, and was renamed Carl John. The new crown prince soon became the most popular and powerful person in Sweden. Due to the end of the old king and parliament, government power, especially foreign affairs, completely fell into his hands. Soon, Carl John proved that he was not a puppet of the French at all, but a real enemy of France. 18 13 years, he made Sweden the sixth anti-French alliance with Britain and Prussia-France. The crown prince of Sweden has brought new vitality to the alliance. He put forward the plan of Trachengbao, suggesting that the alliance should avoid Napoleon and only attack his marshal. Carl John, as commander-in-chief of the Northern Union Army, defeated Udinaw in Berlin in August and Ney in Dunniwitz in September. However, after the decisive victory in the Battle of Leipzig, the Alliance decided to weaken Denmark and protect Norway at all costs, and defeated the Danish army in Bonn Haff in June+February, 5438. 1814 65438+10 In October, the defeated Denmark and Sweden signed the Kiel Treaty, ceding Norway originally belonging to Denmark to Sweden. At that time, the Norwegian Governor did not want to merge with Sweden. /kloc-in may of 0/7, the constitution was enacted and independence was declared on its own. Carl and John invaded Norway on July 26th, forcing Norway to sign the Moss Treaty in August 14, agreeing to establish the United Kingdom with Sweden. The invasion of Norway was Sweden's last war so far.

18 18, after the death of Carl Chang XIII (II), king of Sweden and Norway, Carl John succeeded Carl Chang XIV (III) as king of the two countries, thus creating the Bernardo dynasty. After he ascended the throne, he converted from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism in the Swedish court. Although he can't speak Swedish or Norwegian, he still ruled these two countries effectively, because all the bureaucrats at that time could speak French. During the reign of Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, he was worried about the construction of Sweden and tried his best. Promote the completion of the 22-year-old jota Canal, leading directly to the Baltic Sea.

On the diplomatic front, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte realized that Sweden had been in war for years and lost Finland, and its national strength was very exhausted, so she pursued a neutral policy and stopped interfering in European affairs, and Sweden enjoyed peace from then on.

He died on March 8th, 1844, and was succeeded by his son Oscar I of Sweden of Sweden. There is also Carl John Square in Kristiania Street in front of Stockholm Palace to commemorate him.

The world-famous Nobel Prize was awarded in 190 1 year according to the will of Swedish chemist alfred nobel. Nobel improved explosives, made many scientific research achievements, successfully established many factories for production, and accumulated great wealth. Because Nobel advocated pacifism all his life, he always felt sad that his improved explosives were used for destruction and war. Nobel never married and had no children. When Nobel died, he made a will: "Please turn my property into a fund, and use the interest of this fund as a bonus every year to reward those who made outstanding contributions to mankind in the previous year." According to his will, starting from 190 1, international nobel prizes were established in five fields: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. 1969, Sweden invested in the Swedish Bank Economics Award, commonly known as the "Nobel Prize in Economics". Although it is "collectively called the Nobel Prize" with the above five awards.

If you go to Stockholm, you will definitely go to the Nobel Memorial Hall.

There are different versions of the Catholic story about St. George's dragon slaying. Here is a more popular story. In ancient Libya, there was an evil dragon snake in Xili, Libya, which poisoned the villages around the city. In order to prevent this poisonous dragon snake from harming the city, people began to provide him with two sheep every day. The more greedy dragons and snakes, the more offerings become people and sheep, and finally children and young people. People have to draw lots to decide who will die. One day, the king's daughter painted a lot. In order to keep his daughter, the king took out all his gold and silver treasures and doubled his body. As a result, nobody wants to. But the king's daughter must dress up as a bride and come to the place where dragons and snakes haunt.

St George happened to pass by there that day, and the princess advised him to leave there quickly, but St George decided to stay and help the princess. After the dragon and snake appeared, St. George made a cross sign, jumped on the horse and attacked with a spear. Soon, the dragon and the snake fell down injured. St. George asked the princess to pick up the belt and wrap it around the neck of the dragon snake. The dragon snake was completely subdued.

St George and the princess led the dragon and snake back to Xilong. Facing the citizens frightened by snakes and dragons, St. George said to them: If you believe in God and are baptized, I will kill this dragon. So 65,438+05,000 citizens of Hebron, including the king, became followers of God. St. George cut off the head of the dragon snake and cut his body into several pieces. Four ox carts were used to drag the dragon and snake out of the city. The king built a church in the place where the dragon and snake died, in order to worship the pure Santa Maria and St. George with infinite magic.

Today, in many Catholic churches, in addition to the Virgin Mary, there are often different forms of icons of St. George. Below are some portraits of St. George killing dragons on the Internet.

Stockholm Catholic Church, also known as Storkyrkan. Stockholm Cathedral was first recorded as a Lutheran Cathedral in 1279 and 1527. It is an important example of Swedish brick Gothic architecture. It is adjacent to Stockholm Palace.

In the ancient city of Grastain, there is also a German church. Built in14th century. Expansion in different periods, 1878, the tower was burned and rebuilt. Because churches were built with donations from German immigrants and businessmen, they were used by Germans in the early days and were called German churches. It is a typical baroque style, which is open to the public all day in summer and only on weekends in winter. The bell tower plays music twice a day at noon and midnight.

There are many museums in Stockholm. Due to the tight time, many museums are rooted in it. Museums are all beautiful, antique, imitating church buildings and worth seeing.

Finally, I end this article with a few street views of Stockholm.