List of Italian marshals

The list of Italian marshals is listed in the following order: name, rank, and the longest time as a marshal of Italy's highest empire was to celebrate the victory of the second Italian-Ethiopian war. It was made by/KLOC-0 on March 30th, 938, and was only awarded to Prime Minister Mussolini and King Vittorio Emanuele at that time. Strictly speaking, these two men are not military figures, and the military talents of the king are unknown, but Mussolini's military talents are not flattering.

0 1, Vittorio Emanuele Vittorio Emanuele III, Supreme Imperial Marshal1869.11-1947.12.281938.

02. Benito Amircare Andrea Mussolini, Supreme Marshal of the Empire1883.07.29-Italian Prime Minister During World War I, Italy had two commanders, Cadorna and Diaz. The former is a very capable and overbearing soldier, who was treated unfairly because of the defeat in the battle of Yizong River. The latter's ability is not as good as Cadorna's, but it can always plan operations carefully and carefully distinguish between fighting. It can be said that these two men were the first ministers of Italy in World War I, and 1924 was awarded the rank of marshal.

0 1 luigi cadorna luigi cadorna (1850.9.4-1928.12.23)1924.438+01.24, Marshal.

Armando Diaz armando Diaz (181.12.5-1928.2.29) 6438+0924.438+01.24, Marshal.

1926 Italy was promoted to the second batch of marshals, five of whom were corps-level generals during World War I.

Emanuel Philibertvon Savoyen Emmanuel Filibert, (1869.1.13-191.7.4)1926.6.25, Marshal.

04 Pietro Badoglio (1871.9.28-1956.1.1)1926.6.25, Marshal.

Enrico Caviglia Enrico Caviglia (1862.5.4-1945.3.22)1926.6.25, marshal.

Gaetano Giardino Gaetano Gendino (1864.1.24-1935.1.21)1926.6.

07 guglielmo Pyccorit giraldi guglielmo pecori giraldi (1856.5.18-1941.15)1926.6.25, Marshal.

1935 after the victory of the invasion of Ethiopia, two marshals were promoted.

Emilio de Bono Emilio de Bono (1866.3.19-1944.1.11). 56638.66666666667

Rudolph Graziani Graziani (1882.8.11-0/955.1.11):/kloc-

Italy promoted four marshals during World War II.

10 Ugo Cavallero Ugo Cavallero (1880.9.20-1943.9.14):1942.7.1,Marshal.

1 1 ettore bastico ettore bastico (1876.4.9-1972.12.2):1942.8.12, Marshal.

12 umberto ii, umberto ii. Von Savoyenne (1904.9.15-1983.3.18), field marshal.

13 giovanni messe, giovanni messe (1883.12.10-1968.12.18):18 He was awarded the title of "Leader" on 1925. 19251dictatorship from July 25th, 1945 died in Dango, Como, Italy on April 28th. Mussolini was born in Pio, Preda, Dauvia on July 29th, 883. Mussolini believed in socialism and atheism in his early years and joined the Socialist Party. The outbreak of the First World War dramatically changed Mussolini, making him turn from extreme left to extreme right in thought, go to war fanaticism and quit the Italian Socialist Party.

192 1 year, Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party. 19221October 28th, Mussolini staged a coup,1kloc-0/October 30th, and was appointed Prime Minister by Italian King Emmanuel III. Mussolini declared the National Fascist Party as the only legitimate political party in Italy in 1925 and 1, thus establishing the fascist dictatorship in Italy.

1935 10 sent troops to invade Ethiopia. When the League of Nations imposed sanctions, he led Italy to withdraw from the League of Nations in February 1937 and 65438+. 1936 In May, Ethiopia announced its integration into Italy. In July of the same year, they joined the German Armed Forces in the Spanish Civil War and assisted General Francisco Franco. In the following three years, tens of thousands of Italian troops and a large number of planes were sent to Spain to fight. Starting from 1933, Mussolini could not deny the connection between his Italy and neo-Nazi Germany. In the world outside these two fascist regimes, it is almost natural for contemporary people to think that the fascist and Nazi systems are similar. Politically and militarily, Mussolini actively cooperated with Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. 1936 10, signed the Berlin agreement with Hitler in Berlin, stipulating the formation of the Rome-Berlin axis on important international issues. 1936165438+10. In October, Germany, Italy and Japan joined the international agreement to reduce production. 1938, Mussolini ordered the abolition of parliament and completely established a personal dictatorship in China. In order to further consolidate his personal rule, the dictator has served as several cabinet ministers. 1April 939 Italy annexed Albania. 1940 On June 10, Italy officially joined the Axis countries and entered the Second World War. On September 27th of the same year, Italy, Germany and Japan signed the Trilateral Alliance Treaty.

Mussolini became the supreme commander of Italy's wartime high command in May 1940. In June of the same year 10, he declared war on Britain and France, sent troops to southern France, and launched attacks on British Somalia, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt in an attempt to establish the Mediterranean Empire. 65438+ 10 invaded Greece. In April, 194 1 sent troops to cooperate with the German attack on Yugoslavia. On June 22, he declared war on the Soviet Union and sent troops to cooperate with the Germans to attack the Soviet Union. 1In July, 943, the British and American allied forces landed successfully in Sicily. After a series of military defeats in Italy,1On July 24th, 943, the great fascist parliament passed the motion of no confidence against Mussolini. The next day, Mussolini was deposed and arrested by King Emmanuel III, imprisoned in Ponca, and then transferred to Lena Island, not far from the coast of Sardinia. On July 27th, he was transferred to Ponza. On August 7th, he was transferred to the naval base in Maddalena. Finally, on August 27th, he was transferred to a villa in Campo Imperatore, Gran Sasso, Italy. On September 12 of the same year, Germany launched "Operation Oak" and successfully rescued Mussolini from house arrest with a glider. /kloc-in September of 0/7, he became the puppet prime minister of "Italian society and country" in Salo, northern Italy. Against the kingdom of Italy, it has been occupied by allies in the south.

1On April 27th, 945, Mussolini was found and captured by guerrillas on the way to escape. The next day, Mussolini and his lover Clara Petac were shot in Mezegra, Como province. After being exposed by angry people. (Pietro Badoglio) (187 1- 1956) Badoglio was born in Asti province, Piemondo province in northern Italy. After graduating from the Army Academy in Turin, Badoglio joined the Italian land team and was promoted to lieutenant in 1892. After that, he was stationed in Eritrea in 1896, and in Libya in 19 12, he took part in Italy's battle to capture Tripoli, the North African territory of the Ottoman Empire, and was promoted to major because of his outstanding military achievements. After the outbreak of World War I, Badoglio joined the army with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Badoglio was promoted in the war, but in 19 17, he met his first big trouble. 19 17 Badoglio became the commander of the 27th Army of the 2nd Italian Legion. In the Battle of Caporeto, the Italian Second Corps lost to the Italian army. Although there were only 40,000 casualties in the whole regiment, the number of soldiers captured by the enemy was as high as 265,000. Although Badoglio was responsible for this, he was not punished, but was promoted to lieutenant general in the same year. 1918110. In October, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was falling apart, the Italian army, with the support of British and French troops, defeated the Austrian occupation troops in northeast Italy, forced the Austrian army to surrender unconditionally, signed an Italian-Austrian armistice agreement, and recovered occupied Trentino and Austria. This day became the founding day of Italy. Badoglio, then the deputy chief of staff of the Italian Army, was regarded as the founder of this victory and was directly promoted to general of the army.

After the war, Badoglio became a member of parliament and kept his military post. At the beginning, bardo Leo did not accept the fascist government of benito mussolini, so he was excluded by all parties. 1922 was demoted and transferred to the Italian ambassador to Brazil. But after a series of political changes, Badoglio returned to the top of the military. 1924 on may 4th, bardo Leo was re-appointed as the Italian chief of staff. 1926 On May 26th, he was awarded the rank of Italian Marshal. 1929 bardo Leo was handed over to the Italian governor in Libya.

After the outbreak of World War II, Badoglio became the Italian Chief of Staff for the third time. Badorio was well aware of the low combat effectiveness of the Italian army and repeatedly persuaded Mussolini not to go to war with the Allies easily. Ambitious Mussolini turned a deaf ear to Badorio's suggestion. 1940 10 At the end of the year, Mussolini, who wanted to show his strength in front of Hitler, brazenly ordered the invasion of Greece. Prior to this, Marshal Badoglio had repeatedly expressed his clear opposition. He believes that if the Italian army's attack cannot be won soon, the war will be prolonged and the resources that Italy already feels scarce will disappear. As expected, after the attack on Greece began, the Italian army made a fool of itself and lost again and again under the resistance of the tenacious Greek army. It is not clear what role Badoglio played in this process. Anyway, in June 5438+February this year, Badoglio was kicked out of the General Staff by Mussolini as a scapegoat.

During the period of 1943, the war situation in the Axis countries deteriorated sharply. After the allied forces landed in Sicily, Italy in July, the failure of Italian national concept was high. On July 24th, at the meeting of the Fascist Grand Council of the Italian Parliament, bardo Leo's proposal of waging war and making peace with allies was widely supported by the participants. The next day, July 25th, Italian King vittorio emanuele stepped in, relieved Mussolini of his post and put him under house arrest on the advice of Badorio. Then, the Italian established a military autocratic regime with Badoglio as the core. On the one hand, he ordered "maintaining alliance with Germany and continuing to fight", on the other hand, he began to negotiate with the United States and Britain on the conditions for withdrawing from the war. At the same time, Mussolini's overthrow became a signal of domestic anti-fascist forces, and a powerful strike wave swept through various industrial zones in the north. On August 5, representatives of Badoglio secretly negotiated the terms of the armistice with their allies in Sicily. Italians hope that the allied forces will land in northern Rome and send an airborne division to occupy Rome. In early August, erwin rommel led his troops across the border into northern Italy to support eight German divisions of Marshal Albert Kesselring stationed in southern Italy. The Germans disarmed 800,000 Italian troops and arrested a large number of Italian officers. On August 3 1, the Allies issued an armistice agreement to the Italians in the form of an ultimatum: all armed forces surrendered immediately and unconditionally; Take it or leave it. Because the allied high command didn't trust Badoglio, the treatment of Badoglio's government was not better than Mussolini's. On September 3rd, representatives of Badoglio government signed the armistice agreement drafted by the allied forces, and Italy surrendered to the allied forces. At 6: 30 pm on September 8, Eisenhower read the armistice declaration on the radio. 1.5 hours later, badorio also read the armistice declaration. At this point, the Germans began to surround Rome. Badoglio, with members of the royal family and cabinet, escaped from Rome in five cars at night, headed for the Adriatic coast, and then fled to the south by two allied speedboats. 10 10 13, Badoglio officially withdrew from the "Axis" alliance and declared war on Germany. At the same time, the governments of Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union also issued declarations recognizing Italy as a party fighting against * * * *. However, Badoglio's military government, which fled to southern Italy with the king, did not get the support of the people. On the contrary, the position of the king who supported Mussolini in the war was extremely unstable because of more and more doubts. 1On June 4th, 944, the Allies broke through the Gustav line across central Italy and liberated the capital Rome. 10 days later, Badoglio resigned. After the war, Badorio returned to his hometown of Anmonde and died in 1956. (Emilio de Bono) (1866.03.19-1944.01.1) helped Mussolini organize a project in the early 1920s. During this period, Bono served as police chief, fascist militia and governor. At this time, Bono tried to assassinate Italian leftist officials, but was unexpectedly pardoned.

1925, bono served as commander of the Libyan legion. 1929 was appointed minister of colonial affairs and was dismissed soon after. 1935, Bono continued to be used and became the supreme commander of Italy. Although he was a fanatical expansionist warrior, his ability was limited and he was not qualified for the role of commander-in-chief, so he was replaced by bardo Leo early. Although he was not brilliant in the war of invading Ethiopia, he was promoted to marshal.

Bono opposed Italy's entry into World War II. 1942, served as the minister of war. 1943 On July 24-25, Emilio Debono attended the fascist grand committee and voted against Mussolini. Leading to the decline of the latter. When Mussolini took control of northern Italy and became the head of state of Salo, he arrested Bono. 1944 was executed by Mussolini. (rodolfo graziani) (1882 ~ 1955) Graziani began to serve in the colonial army on 1908 and participated in the First World War. From 65438 to 0927, he served in the Italian army in Libya. 1930 promoted to major general, 1932 promoted to lieutenant general. 1930 to 1934, served as commander-in-chief of the Italian colonial army in Libya, and repeatedly commanded the colonial army to crusade against the resistance of the Libyan Arab nation. Known as the "butcher". Hanged Libyan national hero Omar Mukhtar.

1935, arbitrarily elected as the governor of Somalia and promoted to general. During the Italian-Ethiopian War from 1935 to 1936, he served as the commander of the southern army and led the troops to invade Ethiopia from the south. In Abyssinia, he organized his army into four mobile units and handed them over to four commanders he trusted, namely Maretti Cluster, Bergonzoli Cluster, Agostini Cluster and F-Rushi Cluster. The first two teams are mainly armored units, and the other two teams are mainly infantry, just like the relationship between armored divisions and armored grenadiers in the future. In the whole campaign, the Graziani army from Somalia was a supporting role, and its strength was far less than that of Marshal Park Jungsu from Eritrea. However, his highly mobile troops are always different from other fronts and always occupy the initiative and advantage. The above-mentioned Bergonzoli cluster, whose commander has an alias of electric beard, is also famous in the Spanish Civil War. 1936 was promoted to Marshal in May, replacing Marshal Badoglio as Governor of Ethiopia. /kloc-0 was assassinated in February, 1937./kloc-0 was ordered to return to Italy in February, 1937. 1938 is the honorary governor of East Africa.

1September, 939, served as commander of Italian local army. 1939 10, served as the chief of staff of the Italian army. After Italy participated in World War II,1July, 940, the legendary Marshal Italo Barbo was suspiciously killed by his anti-aircraft gun fire, and was re-appointed as the governor of Libya and commander-in-chief of the Italian army in North Africa, commanding 250,000 troops to fight against the British army. When giving the order to attack, graziani protested directly more than once, saying that his troops were not ready and all kinds of equipment and supplies were insufficient. Benito mussolini, who was headstrong, forcibly attacked, only to be ridiculed by the British as Graziani's millions of Italian religionists. He went deep into Egypt as far as 80 kilometers away with snail-like power! We couldn't get in, and then we were defeated by the British counterattack under the command of archibald percival wavell. In a few months, we will be flying. 194 1 March, due to the fall of the port of Matru, all military posts were revoked, and they were recalled to Italy and relieved of their command posts.

From 1943 to 1945, Graziani was put into use again during the occupation of northern Italy by German fascists. 1943, the so-called "Saro Republic" established after Mussolini was rescued by the Germans served as the Minister of National Defense. During this term, he actively organized the elimination of guerrillas and suppressed peaceful residents. At the same time, he also strongly organized large-scale immigration to Germany to transport a large number of labor for Germany with economic collapse. On April 28th, 1945 was captured by Italian guerrillas. He was tried twice in 1948 and 1950, and was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment 19, but was released by amnesty in August of the same year. After his release, he actively participated in the activities of the neo-fascist party and wrote his memoir "I Defend the Motherland". 195565438+1October1,graziani, 73, died in Rome.

Marshal graziani is a tragic figure. His understanding and application of armored warfare can be said to be earlier than that of guderian. In Libya 1930 and Abyssinia 1935, he compiled and actually used the mechanized joint forces of various services and arms. However, Italy's weak national strength doomed his efforts to be only a dream. (Hugo Cavaller Luo) (1880— 1943)

Italian chief of staff, marshal. Studied at Madina Military Academy. Participated in the first world war. 19 18 was awarded the title. He was a member of the Italian delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference in 19 19. 1925 ——1928 served as deputy minister of the army. 1936 promoted to lieutenant general. From 65438 to 0937, he served as commander of the Italian East African Expeditionary Force, brutally suppressing the local national liberation struggle. /kloc-returned to China in 0/940 and was awarded the rank of general. In the same year, 12 years, he succeeded Badoglio as the army chief of staff. During his tenure, he participated in directing the war of aggression against Greece, tried to strengthen the military cooperation between Italy and Germany, and tried his best to coordinate the operational plans of Italian and German troops in North Africa. Unsuccessfully, in June 1943, he was promoted to marshal, but was immediately dismissed from the post of chief of staff. 1943 In July, Mussolini was arrested by the Badorio government after he stepped down. He was released on September 8th, 10 was summoned by Kesselring, commander-in-chief of the German army in Italy, and 14 died suddenly. (ettore bastico) (1876.4.9-1972.12.2):

Bastico is studying at Madina Military Academy. Participated in the Italian-Turkish War and World War I in191-1912. After the war, he successively commanded the First Mechanized Division and the First Black Shirt Division, and was promoted to Brigadier General and Major General. From 65438 to 0935, he served as commander of the second and third armies and participated in the war of aggression against Ethiopia. 1in April, 937, he was transferred to the commander of the Italian Expeditionary Force to direct the Spanish armed intervention. 1938 was promoted to general, and served as commander of the second and sixth armies successively. After the outbreak of World War II, 1940 12 was appointed Governor of Aegean Islands. 1941June, served as the governor of Libya and commander of the Italian army in North Africa to cooperate with the German army. Due to disagreement with Rommel, sometimes fierce conflicts occurred, and 1942 was dismissed in August. At the same time, he was promoted to marshal and transferred to the commander of the Libyan Italian army. In June of the same year 165438+ 10, he was re-appointed as the commander of the Italian army in North Africa, but he returned to China soon after repeated wars and defeats. He was awarded the honorary governor of Libya, but the title of marshal was cancelled. After the war 1947, the title of Marshal was restored. He is the author of The Evolution of the Art of War. (Umberto II) (1904 ~ 1983)

Prince Savoy was once the king of Italy (1946). He is the son of vittorio Emanuel (in office 1900- 1947). Graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Turin. 193 1 was awarded the rank of brigadier general, 1933 was promoted to the highest general. After Italy entered the war,/kloc-0 served as the commander of the army group on the western front in June, 1940, and the command post invaded France, with no remarkable results. From 1942, he was transferred to the commander of the southern army group and promoted to marshal in the same year. 1June 5, 944 served as regent and took over the power of the kingdom. 1946 On May 9th, after his father abdicated, he was crowned king. In June of the same year, 13 voted to abolish the monarchy and retreat. The rule of the Sava dynasty in Italy is over. He and his family were permanently expelled from Italy and settled in Portugal. (giovanni messe) (1883 65438+February10 ~ 1968 65438+February19)

Italian general, politician and field marshal. During World War II, he served as commander of the German-Italian allied forces in North Africa and commander of the Italian Russian army in the Soviet-German war. He is one of the few Italian generals who make good use of armored forces. Giovanni messe was born in Puglia, Italy, and 190 1 began to join the army. He took part in the Italian conquest of Libya and the First World War. In this conflict, he made an important contribution to the formation and training of the elite infantry unit-Aarti Ti, and as a major, he commanded the 9th Parachute Regiment to fight in Monte Grappa. From 1923 to 1927, Messer became a junior officer in Vittorio Emanuele. 1935, Messer was appointed to command a special infantry battalion and was promoted to colonel. In September, 1935, Messer was appointed brigadier general in Verona to command a motorized brigade. Later, due to his outstanding performance in the Second Italian-Ethiopian War, Messer was promoted to command at least one Italian armored division.

1939 In April, after the Italian invasion of Albania, Messer was appointed as the deputy of General Ubaldo Soddu, who was in charge of Albanian affairs together with him and served as the deputy governor. In the Greek-Italian War that broke out at the end of 1940, Messer commanded an army to attack Greece and won a partial victory over the Greek general alexandros papagos. However, with the arrival of winter, the Italian army was forced to turn to defense, while the Greek army began to counterattack and invaded part of Albanian territory under Italian control. Until 194 1 April, in order to help the Italian army and consolidate the security of the invading southern wing of the Soviet Union, the German army attacked Greece southward and completely defeated the Greek army.

1942, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union broke out. Italy, as a member of the Axis, Mussolini decided to send troops to the Soviet Union to support the German war, and Messer was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Italian army (Corpo di Speedizione Italiano in the Russia, hereinafter referred to as "CSIR"). The Russian army in Italy is a mobile unit composed of infantry and cavalry, and participated in the Barbarossa action of Germany invading the Soviet Union. Before the operation, about 60,000 Italian soldiers fought in southern Russia. Messer never thought that Italy's military strength and supply capacity were enough to cope with the harsh environment on the Eastern Front, but during this period, Messer won the German Knight's Iron Cross for his good combat performance. 1July, 942, Italo Gariboldi took over the task of Messer and led the Italian-Russian army-the Italian-Russian army (hereinafter referred to as "Amir"), whose military strength was greatly enhanced. On September 1 day of the same year, Messer left Russia. The number of Italian soldiers fighting in the Soviet Union has increased to more than 200,000. Although the Italian army fought bravely on the Soviet battlefield, the Soviet Union began to counterattack the Axis countries after the Battle of Stalingrad. Especially in Saturn's operation, the Italian army attacked by Soviet troops from two wings suffered heavy casualties. Only 4,000 of the 30,000 people who were surrounded broke through the encirclement net, and the Soviet army shot and killed all the Italian prisoners of war.

1at the end of February, 943, Messer was appointed as the new commander of the German-Italian Panzer Corps, replacing the original erwin rommel. The German-Italian Panzer Corps was later renamed the Italian First Army (the Italian-German ratio was 3: 1), and Rommel was sent to command the Heeresgruppe Afrika. Messer fought a defensive war on the Maris Line, which blocked the attack of the Anglo-American Allied Forces. However, his delaying defensive tactics still could not resist the uninterrupted attack of the Allied Forces, and Messer could not make the Axis countries change the outcome of losing control of North Africa. On May 1943, Messer was awarded the rank of Italian Marshal. By May of 13, with the collapse of the German 5th Tank Army, the loss of the city of Tunisia and the siege of the Italian 1 Army in N 'Fei Da, Messer's army was unable to continue fighting and finally surrendered to the allied forces.

After the armistice, because some Italians belonged to royalists, many Italian officers like Messer soon found that they could put on their shirts again. 1943 When Italy stopped fighting in September, Messer became the chief of staff of the Italian Joint Combat Army, which was composed of Italian prisoners of war and allied equipment and loyal to King Vittorio Emanuele. He continued to serve in the army until the end of the war, and retired on 1945, ending his 44-year military career.

Marshal giovanni messe died on 1968 65438+ 19 in February at the age of 85.