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Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." Last name won, Zheng Ming. Han nationality, the son of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang, was born in Zhao, so his surname is Zhao. In the pre-Qin period, surnames were not uniform. Men said their surnames and women said their surnames, so Qin Shihuang was called Zhao Zheng. 13 years old, king. At the age of 22, he was crowned as an adult in Yongcheng, the old capital, and officially ascended the throne. At the age of 39, he completed the historic cause of reunifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 246 years, the King of Qin ascended the throne, and because he was young, he was in charge of the Empress Dowager and Prime Ministers Lv Buwei and Lao Ai. In the first 238 years (the ninth year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ruled personally, getting rid of Lu, Mao and others, and reusing Lisi and Mao. From 230 BC to the first 22 1 year, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, thus completing the great cause of reunifying the whole country and establishing the first unified and unified Qin Dynasty. He believed that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and he called himself the "emperor". He has done right and wrong all his life, and he is called "Qin Huang Hanwu" with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Life experiences of characters

According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was the daughter of general Zhao. Before she gave Qin Shihuang, she was a concubine. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, Evonne became pregnant in1February and gave birth to a child, but in fact she was the illegitimate child of Lv Buwei and Evonne. According to the research results of modern medicine [source request], it is rare to be pregnant for twelve months; At the same time, menopause as a sign of pregnancy will also be suspected by strangers. So it is possible that Sima Qian made mistakes in Historical Records. ) Ying Zheng is an underrated son of protons. He spent his boyhood in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace.

ascend the throne

In the third year of King Xiangzhuang (247 BC), King Xiangzhuang died and Zhao Zheng became king of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was old and afraid of being discovered by him, he gave false eunuch Laoyi to the Queen Mother. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and Laoyi, a false eunuch, assumed the title of Wangfu, made a long letter, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Laoai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and has established a huge force.

In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai used the decree to launch a rebellion and attack the Hall of Prayer for the New Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and made them public. Put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu.

Abolish the enfeoffment system nationwide and replace it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.

Later, although the nobles of the State of Qin listened to their words and issued an "expulsion order" to expel the diners from the six countries, they were discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion" and later appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.

fleshpots

Shortly after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. After the unification of the six countries, the luxurious Epang Palace was built immediately, with a maximum of 720,000 workers (imaginary number means a large number).

Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, there were many palaces, but during the period of unifying the six countries, the construction was even stronger. Every time a country is destroyed, it is necessary to copy its palace buildings near Xianyang, and the total area has reached an amazing level. The whole Guanzhong area, from the north of Weihe River to the east of Yong Men, to the Jinghe area, is full of palaces.

After reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, formerly known as Epang Palace) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers are employed every year. Although some people argue that these people are guilty, the proportion of 700 thousand is amazing compared with the national population of only 20 million at that time. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation stone of this palace was laid only in the Qin Dynasty.

In addition, there are Xingle Palace and Liangshan Palace.

According to Three Ancient Stories, there are "145 Chinese and foreign temples" in the State of Qin. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the State of Qin has "300 palaces inside Shanhaiguan, more than 400 outside Shanhaiguan", in addition to "within 200 Li of Xianyang" and "270 palaces".

Where there is a palace, there must be a beautiful woman. When the Six Kingdoms perished, beautiful women from all countries were plundered and put into the built palaces. According to Sanfu's old records, there are more than 10,000 women in the harem, and they are angry. Moreover, after the death of Qin Shihuang, most of these maids were forced to die.

Lishan Tomb was built when the King of Qin ascended the throne. It lasted for more than 30 years and was built by 700,000 workers every year. The tomb now preserved has a circumference of 2000 meters and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, the roof is cast in copper, the mercury is the rivers and lakes, and the organs are full. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the mausoleum were buried alive after the completion of the mausoleum.

In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.

die

In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and fell ill. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Qin Shihuang's youngest sons, Hu Hai and Reese, forged testamentary edict and made Hu Hai Prince of Qin Ershi. And gave the prince the death penalty.

United China

From 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of far-reaching and near-attacking, divided and alienated from each other, and launched the war of Qin destroying six countries. Qin Shihuang destroyed Korea in 17 years, Zhao in 18 years, Wei in 22 years, Chu in 24 years, Yan in 25 years and Qi in 26 years. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established.

Qin Shihuang closed his doors and meditated on Mount Tai.

In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang led 70 civil and military ministers and Confucian scholars to hold amenorrhea ceremony in Taishan. Closed Zen is a ritual for ancient rulers to sacrifice heaven and earth. The so-called "sealing" refers to building an earthen altar to worship heaven. The so-called "Zen" refers to offering sacrifices to the land, that is, offering sacrifices to the land on the flat hills under Mount Tai. As this activity was not held for a long time, ministers did not know how to conduct the ceremony, so Qin Shihuang called Confucian scholars to ask. Confucian scholars have different opinions. Qin Shihuang found it difficult to implement, so he shut out the Confucian scholars, opened a driveway according to his own ideas, erected a monument on Mount Tai, and held a meditation ceremony. Later, he went to the nearby Fuliangshan to attend a meditation ceremony.

Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential ones as follows:

1. unify the written language, making it the foundation of a country and continuing to this day.

2. Abolishing the feudal state and establishing counties became the standard management mode after the unification of China, which lasted for thousands of years.

Unified currency and weights and measures. It greatly facilitates domestic business exchanges.

4. The cars are on the same track and the roads are at the same distance. The construction of Qin Zhi Road has greatly facilitated domestic traffic.

5. Burn books to bury Confucianism, unify thoughts, and avoid splitting the country because of historical problems.

6. The construction of Lingqu strengthened the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever.

7. Build the Great Wall to make it a natural dividing line between agricultural and nomadic peoples. The Great Wall has long been a national border.

8. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making it the territory of China forever.

The injustice suffered by Qin Shihuang:

Ying Zheng was a very unjust emperor in the history of China. After the reunification of China, the intellectuals began to be reviled and cursed, and his grave became the biggest garbage dump where anyone could dump his personal grievances and social abuses.

In the imperial society of more than two thousand years, it is not creative to criticize Ying Zheng. Jia Yi's On Qin has been pirated again and again. Scholars are not ignorant of Ying Zheng's merits and demerits. In order to scare the ruling emperor and make him more tolerant and kind, they alarmist. The ruling emperor knew that he was almost as bad as himself, and belittling Ying Zheng was tantamount to raising himself, so he turned a blind eye and enjoyed the result. The monarch and his subjects have different views on Ying Zheng. After the end of the imperial society, intellectuals yearning for democracy, especially overseas elites, invented a new crime: "the ancestor of absolutism." Transplanting the root of China's decline in the18th century to Ying Zheng, he thinks that Ying Zheng is a big cancer that restricts China's democratic thought and system. This very Marxist view is held high by anti-Marxist people and looks ridiculous.

It seems that philosophy and history are curtains thrown down at will by utilitarians.

Let's start with burning books. According to Sima Qian's statement that "all poems, books and hundreds of languages are burned by doctors", Ying Zheng did not burn all the bamboo slips such as poems and books, but owned these books by people other than doctors. It should be the same. If they were all burned, where did today's poems, books and hundreds of languages come from? Many scholars believe that today's poems and books were recreated by scholars in the early Han Dynasty from memory or oral tradition, and academic attention should not be paid too much. Several major archaeological discoveries since the 1990s have proved that the poetry books of the Han Dynasty are in the same strain as those of the pre-Qin Dynasty. This is tantamount to directly denying the suspicion that the so-called "burning books" caused the dating of civilization. Sima Qian sighed in the Chronicle of the Six Kingdoms: "Alas! What a pity! The unique "Ji Qin" does not contain the sun and the moon, and the text is slightly lacking. " The accusation of burying the history of the Six Kingdoms is directed at Ying Zheng. The question is, who can deny that these lost six-nation history books are not the masterpieces of the arsonist Chu Wangba? Let's look at the fate of the "book of medical skills, divination and tree planting" protected by Ying Zheng. How many books have been handed down to today? No, the earliest technical classic was Hanshu? Art and literature. Why are most of the books burned by Ying Zheng handed down, but none of them have been found under his protection? This shows that Ying Zheng is not alone in the inheritance and fracture of civilization.

Besides, Ying Zheng had previously allowed Reese to do things, and issued a decree prohibiting the past from serving the present, and it was forbidden to slander the emperor behind his back. After the deception failed, Mr. Hou Sheng and Mr. Fang Sheng cursed Ying Zheng and agreed to escape. Isn't this contempt for the law? It is a fact that more than 400 intellectuals were buried alive, and it is also a fact that they were punished according to law. This is completely different from the fact that emperors such as Qin Ershi, Zhu Yuanzhang and Luo Zhi later persecuted loyal ministers and killed innocent people. Besides, are the Confucian scholars really buried alive? Later scholars took Fu Su's exhortation to Ying Zheng that "the philosophers recite the teachings of Confucius" as the basis of Confucian scholars, but how could they ignore Sima Qian's conclusion of "cheating magicians"? Who were the Confucian doctors employed by Ying Zheng, Chun, Fu Sheng, Shu, Li Ke, and CCBA buried alive?

Compared with Zhu Yuanzhang and Qin Ershi, Ying Zheng was a gentleman tyrant. Even in the historical records hostile to Ying Zheng, only two random killings of Ying Zheng are recorded. After conquering Zhao for the first time, he personally went to Handan to bury all his mother's enemies alive; The second time, his dissatisfaction with Reese's extravagance was leaked by people around him, and Ying Zheng executed people around him. Except for these two murders, the basis of punishment can be found in Qin law, and the first defendant should be Qin law.

Later generations thought that even if Ying Zheng had laws to follow, he was a tyrant who should be guillotined, because Qin law itself was a tool and symbol of tyranny. Let's say that this statement makes sense, but the Qin law was not invented out of thin air after the reunification of Qin, but a continuation of Shang Yang's revision of Fa Jing, which was the decisive factor for Qin to realize the reunification of China. Is Ying Zheng subjectively wrong in spreading the successful experience of Qin to the whole country? Do you expect him to implement the six national subjugation laws or the British Magna Carta in 1000 years?

Wan Li Great Wall, Lishan Tomb and Epang Palace are three crimes that testify against Ying Zheng's large-scale construction and enslavement of the people. Fan Wenlan, a great historian, thinks in A Brief History of China that Ying Zheng spent 3 million people to build a large-scale project, including 300,000 troops from Fusu and Meng Tian, 500,000 troops to build the Great Wall,/kloc-0.5 million tombs in Mount Li and Epang Palace, 500,000 tunnels and other 200,000 handyman. The total labor force accounts for 15% of the total population in China. Chao Cuo in the early Han Dynasty even thought that "a family of five today has no less than two servants." In proportion, the labor force accounts for 40% of the total population. This simple calculation of 1+ 1=2 is enough to nail Ying Zheng to the shame column forever, but this is by no means the case. If you look at Tai Shigong's Chronology of Ying Zheng, you will know that these civil engineering projects and frontier immigrants, which were not started in the same year, have been repeatedly calculated by historians. For example, in the thirty-second year of the first emperor, he attacked Xiongnu in the north and dug Lingqu in the south. In thirty-three years, Meng Tian began to build the Great Wall after 300,000 troops defeated the Xiongnu, and the builders were still 300,000 troops who attacked the Xiongnu in the north. "On Qin" makes it very clear that "Meng Tian built the Great Wall in the north, guarding the fence, and the Xiongnu was more than 700 miles away. Hu people dare not go south to herd horses, and scholars dare not bow their heads and complain. " Jia Yi didn't say that he would use other labor, nor did Sima Qian. Did China's army become professional during the Qin Dynasty? After driving away the Huns, you are only responsible for standing guard and not building? As for the construction of Epang Palace and Qin Mausoleum, it was thirty-five years since Ying Zheng. Although the Great Wall will not be completed, the 34-kilometer-long Lingqu should be completed after nearly five years of construction, so the laborers naturally went to repair the tomb of Lishan Mountain. The tomb of Mount Li is true. Epang Palace is a luxurious palace piled up with lies. The latest archaeological evidence shows that the literati's rendering of "Shu, one side of Chu" is at best a large mound with a length of 1400 meters and a width of 500 meters, a semi-finished project with only squares and walls built. The palace burned for three months is not a square palace, but a Xianyang Palace. The scale of Epang Palace described by Sima Qian is the blueprint of Ying Zheng, but later generations have turned it into reality. How can you even lose your basic judgment? Needless to say, two thousand years ago today, where can a palace built in four years be luxurious? Big shells on Chang 'an Avenue? In addition, Jia Yi and Sima Qian never said that they would use more than 700,000 laborers to build Epang Palace, let alone burn it down by the king of Chu. Sima Qian's original words were: "There are more than 700,000 prisoners in the hidden palace, divided into Epang Palace or Mount Li." How can historians only remember the crimes that Jia Yi and Sima Qian accused Ying Zheng, and ignore the accurate records to imagine them out of thin air? According to historical records, even in the year of Ying Zheng's death, when the corvee was at its worst, there were no more than 800,000 laborers doing private work for Ying Zheng. Coupled with the construction of social infrastructure projects such as the Great Wall, the total labor force should be1200,000. Chao Cuo's meaning should be understood as follows: During the ten years of Qin Dynasty's rule, two people in a family of five served hard labor successively. According to the national population of 20 million, there are 8 million people who have served hard labor, with an average of 600,000 to 700,000 per year. This figure is generally consistent with the stipulation in the Qin law that every citizen should serve two years of corvee before the age of 60, and it is also consistent with the conclusion that "the corvee in Qin Dynasty is roughly equivalent to that in the early Han Dynasty".

Academic masters Fan Wenlan, Jian Bozan and Bai Shouyi all made mistakes. The reason they can think of is the preconceived idea, subjectively denying Ying Zheng first, and then sorting out the serious sins about Ying Zheng after the Han Dynasty, and repeating them constantly. Among them, Bai Shouyi is even more interesting. He wrote Du Mu's poems and Fu after one thousand years as serious historical materials in The General History of China. These serious mistakes even become more and more serious. In 2004, a historical rubbish published by China Federation of Literary and Art Circles embellished the mistakes of Fan Wenlan and others, accusing Ying Zheng of eight crimes. Ying Zheng has become a more terrible demon than Yamaraja. This is not a narrative of history, it is just a fantasy and nonsense.

To be disrespectful, the historical masters of materialism have failed to achieve even the most basic morality on the Ying Zheng issue.

Sima Qian's relatively fair evaluation of Ying Zheng is also debatable, and there are many contradictions before and after writing; For example, in the case of cheating Confucianism, Fu Su's admonition was used to point out that it was Confucius' protege who was cheated and killed, and later he used "cheating" to draw a conclusion, only recording the number of people cheated, without mentioning anyone's name. This is neither logical nor in line with Tai Shigong's academic spirit. If the facts are as serious as Sima Qian described, it is impossible for all the people who were killed in the pit to be unknown. Ying Zheng wants to "know the world and punish the queen." How can you not publish the names of the people killed in the world? If all the names of these people are lost in a hundred years, will the number of people killed be accurate? Let's just say that this is a fact, which shows that it is a very serious crime for Ying Zheng to pit and kill 460 people. Which crime is more serious than the tyrant killing thousands of people in vain later? Furthermore, Sima Qian thought that Ying Zheng was narrow-minded and cruel, but the facts listed were not sufficient and questionable, such as mobilizing 3,000 torture officers to cut down all the trees in Xiangshan to vent their anger. Most of Xiangshan? Three thousand people can cut down all the trees? On the contrary, many records of Sima Qian prove that Ying Zheng is a virtuous corporal, forgiving the emperor, letting bygones be bygones, and correcting mistakes, such as the discovery and use of guest Reese, and the advice of Zheng Guo, a water conservancy engineer who built Zheng Guoqu, such as being humble to Shang Yang and emphasizing humility and sincerity. Some people analyzed that Sima Qian deliberately belittled Ying Zheng in order to ridicule his own Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Regardless of the public opinion, Liu Che is indeed a direct disciple of Ying Zheng on the issue of east-west expansion. Therefore, it is not unreasonable for Sima Qian to borrow the ancient to satirize the present.

Ying Zheng went to the guillotine step by step under the pen of Jia Yi, Sima Qian and Ban Gu, brilliant writers and masters of Chinese studies. The great happiness he created for future generations was drowned by saliva and became a very unjust emperor.

Note: According to legend, the height of the King of Qin is about 1.95 meters, 8 feet 6 inches.

Shortly after Qin Shihuang (259 BC ~ 2 10 BC) succeeded to the throne, he began to build his own mausoleum in Sun Mountain. After the reunification of the six countries, 700,000 people were recruited from all over the country to participate in the construction of the mausoleum. It was used for nearly 40 years before and after, and by the time Qin died, the cemetery had not been completely built. According to historical records, the tomb is 50 meters high, and there are various palaces and rare treasures displayed in the tomb for four or five weeks. The scale of the project is rare in history.

The toilet resistance in Qin Bing is known as the eighth wonder in the world.