Why is Mongolia divided into inner and outer Mongolia?

19 1 1 After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the eighth Zhebuzun Danba Hutuktu of Kulun, with the support of Russian military force, announced that it would break away from the rule of the Qing Dynasty and establish "Great Mongolia". 19 13 years, Russia and Beiyang government signed the Sino-Russian Statement. According to the statement, Outer Mongolia recognizes the suzerainty of China and is a part of China territory. China and Russia recognize the autonomy of outer Mongolia. China recognizes the jurisdiction of outer Mongolia over Cobdo, and does not allow troops or immigrants to be stationed in outer Mongolia. 1965438+On June 7, 2005, China, Russia and Mongolia signed the Chaktu Agreement in Chaktu, which made this statement concrete. Accordingly, on June 9 of the same year, Outer Mongolia announced the abolition of the independence of "Greater Mongolia". The princes of outer Mongolia turned to Beiyang government for help, and were willing to revoke autonomy and restore the old system of outer Mongolia in Qing Dynasty. 19 17 After the Russian revolution broke out, the Soviet Union was too busy with the civil war to look east. 19 19, Beiyang government took Xu Shuzheng, the general directly under it, as the northwest frontier ambassador and commander-in-chief of the northwest frontier defense force, and sent troops to outer Mongolia.

After Xu Shuzheng moved to Outer Mongolia, he ignored the local cultural and religious traditions of Outer Mongolia and forced reforms, which aroused the strong national sentiment of the people of Outer Mongolia and triggered a new round of independence movement. Among them, the traditional religious faction of Zhebuzundanba who turned to the Russian army for help and the emerging production faction of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party who turned to the Russian army for help regarded the army of China Beiyang Government as an aggressor. 1921February 1 1 day, Enqin's Russian white army invaded Cullen and expelled the defenders of China. On March 18 of the same year, the troops led by Suk-Basor and Joe Balsam defeated the defenders of China in the Trade City. Soviet troops entered outer Mongolia in May of the same year, entered Kulun with the troops of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party on July 6, defeated Enqin's Belarusian army, and expelled China's army from outer Mongolia in the same year. Since then, the Soviet Union has adapted Tangnu Lianghai into an independent Tangnu-Tuva People's Republic.

1921July1kloc-0/day, outer Mongolia established a constitutional monarchy. After the death of the living Buddha of Zhebuzundanba 1924, the outer Mongolian government announced the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic on126. Its capital is Cullen and its name is Ulaanbaatar. After the second independence of Outer Mongolia, the Beiyang Government of China and the Nanjing National Government never recognized Mongolia's independent status. 1928, the national government changed Outer Mongolia into mongolia local in the administrative area. It was not until August 1945, when the Soviet Union invaded the northeast of China, that the China National Government signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, with two important annexes: First, "three months at most is enough to complete the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the northeast of China"; Second, as a condition for the Soviet troops to withdraw from northeast China, "if the referendum in Outer Mongolia confirms this wish, the China government should recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia".

1945101On October 20th, an independent referendum was held in outer Mongolia. The voting was conducted under the leadership and specific organization of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, the Mongolian people and the presidium of the National Great Hural, although it was nominally observed by Lei Zhangfa, the plenipotentiary of the National Government and the deputy minister of the Interior (it is not a rumor that someone "supervised the Mongolian referendum"). According to the announcement of the Central Voting Committee of the People's Republic of Mongolia at that time, "there were 487,409 votes for the national independence of the People's Republic of Mongolia, that is, 100% of all the people who participated in the referendum, and no one voted against it. 1945165438+1October 15 (three months after Japan's surrender) The Soviet Union defaulted and did not withdraw its troops from the Northeast. At the end of the year, China sent Jiang Jingguo to visit Russia, and Stalin threatened East Mongolia to become independent. Jiang Jingguo told Stalin: "We in China persisted in the war of resistance for eight years, just to recover all the lost land. If we don't cede such a large piece of land today, wouldn't we lose the original intention of the war of resistance? "At that time,' East Mongolia' was a part of the Northeast occupied by the Soviet Union, so the National Government of the Republic of China issued an announcement on 1946654381October 5, recognizing the independence of Outer Mongolia (at that time, the Constitution stipulated that' the territory of the Republic of China includes all provinces, Mongolia and Tibet').