Before Prussia unified Germany, how many free states were there in Germany, and what were their names?

Prussia (German: Preu? en； Old Prussian: Pr ū sa; Polish: Prusy；; Lithuanian: Purse; ; Latin: Borussia or Prutenia) is a historical place name in Europe, which generally refers to the Prussian kingdom between17th century and19th century. Because Prussia in a short time? Within a hundred years, Germany rose and unified, and the Second Reich was established, so Prussia is sometimes the spirit of modern Germany? A synonym for culture.

Early history

German order

Legally speaking, Prussia does not belong to the boundary of Germany's holy Roman Empire. Just because the elector of Brandenburg later merged with East Prussia, the whole kingdom of Prussia became a part of the German crucible country. In the early Middle Ages, Prussia was a wild land. The residents of Didai were old Prussians, belonging to the Baltic race, belonging to the same race as Latvians and Lithuanians. Brandenburg was built by Henry of Saxony in the 10 century, and has been inherited and chained by different families since then. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, the German colonial movement began to enter the east coast of the Baltic Sea. 1 170, the Duke of SoBowser Law of Pomerania established his first colony in Prussia, Oliwa Abbey near Danzig. The monastery was burned down by the Prussians. 1226, the territory of Duke Conrad (a member of the Teutonic Order), the son of the Polish king and the leader of the Principality of Mazovia, was also attacked by Prussians. Taking this as an opportunity, the Teutonic Knights carried out a crusade in Prussia for nearly 200 years, and successively built Torun, marienburg, Coulm and El Equal Fortress. Prussia became the territory of the Knights, and European nations such as Germans, Poles and Lithuanians came to immigrate. The school forced the knights to believe in Christianity and use German. /kloc-After the 6th century, the Prussians became extinct. Prussia under the Teutonic Order nominally belongs to the papal territory, but the pope only enjoys nominal suzerainty? In order to attract settlers, the Teutonic Order established a series of free cities in its territory according to the laws of the Hanseatic League. . 1379 Knights of Dayton joined the Hanseatic League. 1370, the Polish royal family lost its heir. 1386, the daughter of Polish King Hedwig married the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Poland and Lithuania joined forces. Since then, a series of attacks have been launched against Teutonic knights who blocked their access to the sea. 1410 On July 5, 2000/kloc-0, the Teutonic Order was defeated by the Polish king in the famous Tannenburg War (the story of the famous Polish writer Crusader Knight), and then the Order went to war with Poland and Lithuania? Straight at a disadvantage. 1466 The Torun Treaty (Dorn) that ended the war stipulated that apart from paying 6 million Shen Ge, the Knights also divided Prussia into two parts, and West Prussia was merged into the Kingdom of Poland, while East Prussia was still ruled by the Knights and became a vassal state of Poland.

The rise of Brandenburg

15 12, Albrecht from the Hornsoren family in Brandenburg was elected as the leader of the Teutonic Order, and he was a close relative of the Elector of Brandenburg. Under the influence of Martin Luther, 1525, he announced his conversion to Lutheranism, thus cutting off contact with the Vatican, the nominal sovereign state of the Knights, and then announced the dissolution of the Knights, becoming the Duke of Prussia, with Albright as the Duke of Prussia. Surrender to the secular monarch under the supreme power of Poland? 16 18, Albert Friedrich, the son of Albert, died childless, so the Principality of Prussia was inherited by his eldest daughter, John sigismund (belonging to the Hohensolen family), and the Principality of Brandenburg-Prussia was established. This move laid the foundation for the development of Hornsauron dynasty in the future? Foundation. In the Swedish-Polish War of 1660, the Brandenburg Emperor Friedrich William abolished Poland's suzerainty over Prussia and established a centralized political system. After the Thirty Years' War, Brandenburg began to run a small scorpion team. 1655 When the First Northern War broke out, Brandenburg, as an ally of Sweden, entered the war for the first time and defeated Poland. From then on, Brandenburg had complete sovereignty over East Prussia and no longer had to submit to the King of Bali. 1672, the Franco-Dutch War and the Third Anglo-Dutch War broke out. Sweden is an ally of Britain and France, and the Brandenburg army is one of the holy Roman imperial armies. Frederick William I (Brandenburg), the elector of Brandenburg who succeeded to the throne in 1640, defeated Sweden in the Battle of Ferbeilin and was called the great elector from now on. 1688, friedrich wilhelm, the "great elector", died of illness and passed it on to Frederick I, the deputy elector (Prussia).

Prussian kingdom

Found a state

65438+ 170 1 At the beginning of the eighth century, Friedrich III, the great elector of Brandenburg (son of Friedrich William), supported the Habsburg dynasty in Austria to declare war on the French Bourbon dynasty in exchange for the title of king. In 65438+ 10/8, Frederick III was crowned King Frederick I of Prussia in Koenigsberg. Since then, Prussia has existed as a Wang Guocai. Since then, Prussia's glorious history of more than 200 years has started.

Rise and expansion

Inheriting the military autocracy of Teutonic Knights, Prussia's army has always been famous for its strict discipline and high teaching quality, especially Frederick II (Prussia) (that is, frederick the great) is famous for his arrogance and bravery. ? 1740 succeeded to the throne, that is, it attacked Silesia seven months later, which triggered the Austrian succession war. Through the war, Frederick II established the "army? "Personal honor, and the genius of Prussia? Military country. At the same time, Frederick II accepted Voltaire's enlightenment thought, improved the judicial and educational systems, encouraged the religious freedom of his brother, and fostered the development of science and art? By the time Frederick II died in 1786, Prussia had become one of Latvia's powerful countries, and its administrative institutions were the most efficient and clean in Europe. After Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ, nephew of Frederick II, succeeded to the throne, he bought ansbach and Bayreuther, and visited Poland for the first time. The second and third divisions. After the French Revolution, Prussia joined the anti-French alliance, but was defeated by France. 1795, Prussia was forced to agree to France's annexation of Prussia west of the Rhine. His son Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ (acceded to the throne in 1797) participated in the anti-French wars in 1806 and 10, and was defeated by Napoleon in Jena and forced to flee to Koenigsberg. 1807, Prussia and France concluded a peace treaty in Tilsit, Nieman River, and Prussia ceded 160000 square kilometers of land, including most of the territory belonging to Poland (the division of Poland by the second and third divisions and the southern half of the territory acquired by the third division), so as to overlap all the territory west of the Elbe River and compensate 65438. After the fiasco of 1806, Prussian Prime Minister Carl Stein began to carry out reforms, including citizen participation. Politics to awaken their nationalist feelings; Release serfs; Implement local autonomy; Reorganize the central government agencies. Friedrich Wilhelm University was founded in Berlin on 1809, and Gerhard von scharnhorst began to reform the Prussian army. Since then, Pope's patriotism has been high. 18 12 winter, Napoleon's army was defeated from Russia, and Prussia joined the anti-French alliance again the following year, and declared war on France in March 18 17, 10/0/0/24 October. Pu Jun defeated the French again at Waterloo. According to the territorial adjustment of the Vienna Conference, Prussia's territory extended from the Meirmaier River to the Rhine River, becoming the only powerful country with German-speaking residents in the German Confederation and one of the powerful countries in Zhangzhou.

Unify Germany

1834, Prussia established the German Customs Union in Germany, and all German states joined the Union except Austria and Hamburg. During the European Revolution in 1848, King Friedrich William IV announced the establishment of a "free government". Convene the constitution? Discussion, and refused to accept the German confederation parliament as the title of "German emperor". However, after the European Revolution in 1848, Frederick William IV returned to exclusive rule. 1857 is mentally ill, and William Zhang is the regent. Frederick William IV died in 186 1 and the regent ascended the throne @ named William I (German). 1862, he clashed with parliament because of the budget and tax issues needed for military reform. He planned to abdicate, but withdrew his life at the suggestion of former ambassador to France Bismarck. Bismarck expressed support for military reform and said that if he was appointed as Prime Minister, he would force military reform and new military service at all costs. 1862 On September 22nd, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister.

German Empire: Rise and Fall

After Bismarck came to power, he began to plan the great cause of Germany. Bismarck advocated the establishment of a "small Germany" that excluded Austria. Prussia defeated the Dedan War and the Puao War in 1864 and 1866 respectively, and led the North German Confederation and the southern German States in 1870, defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War. 187 1 year 1 month 65438+8 years, that is, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the kingdom of Prussia/kloc-0, William I ascended the throne in the mirror gallery of Versailles, France, and became the emperor of the German Empire, thus establishing the German Empire headed by the kingdom of Prussia, the so-called German Empire. Because Prussia has 2/3 of the land and 3/5 of the territory of the German Empire, and it is far superior to other kingdoms and countries in the empire in military, economic and industrial aspects, the German Empire has become an expanded version of the Kingdom of Prussia. Each state enjoys autonomy in internal affairs and finance, but gives diplomatic, military (except Bavaria) and customs powers to the central government of the German Empire. Prussian history has since been incorporated into the calendar of the German Empire. 1888, William I's son Friedrich IV der Aufrichtige died after 99 days in office-his grandson William II (Germany) ascended the throne and became the third generation emperor of the German Empire? Its rule ended in Germany's defeat in the First World War. 1918165438+1On October 7th, a revolution took place in Bavaria and the king abdicated. The German Revolution broke out immediately in Berlin, demanding that the Kaiser abdicate. At that time, William II personally commanded the battle in the German base camp in Siba, Belgium. After learning about the Ballasted Track Revolution, he only tried to give up the title of German emperor? While retaining the title of King of Prussia, Army Commander Hindenburg advised him to abdicate completely. To avoid more trouble? German Chancellor Prince Max von Baden announced that the Kaiser abdicated before noon on June 9th, 165438, and handed over the post of Chancellor to German Social Democratic Party leader friedrich ebert. William II went into exile in Holland, and the German Empire and Prussia Kingdom perished. 165438+1October 1 1, Germany surrendered to the allied forces.

Prussia from 19 19 to 1947.

Due to the civil war between the Spartan Corps and the provisional government of Berlin Social Democratic Party, Albert convened the National Assembly in Weimar in 19 19, and adopted the interim German Constitution, namely Weimar Constitution, in February 10. According to Weimar Constitution, Prussia became a state of the country, namely "Prussian Free State". En), the implementation of local autonomy, its territory is the territory of the Kingdom of Prussia. But the Treaty of Versailles ceded the former Prussian kingdom of West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia to Poland? Memmel in East Prussia was ceded to Lithuania, the southern part of Rhineland was established as Saar, and the northern part of Schleswig was returned to Denmark. In the1920s, the Prussian autonomous state was mainly led by the German Social Democratic Party and the Catholic Central Party. 1932, the Nazi Party won the excellent base in the German Parliament and Prussian elections, and Hermann G?ring became the Speaker of the German Parliament and Prussian Speaker? And mastered the Prussian Ministry of the Interior and the police. 193365438+1On October 30th, the Nazi Party came to power, and then the German system of root autonomy was abolished, and the Prussian Constitution was abolished. And the legislature were dissolved, leaving only the administrative unit? During the Second World War, the leaders of the Allies and the Soviet Union reached a consensus after many meetings. Prussia was the birthplace of German militarism, the base camp of German officers and Yong Ke nobles, and Germany was the only country. The source of control thoughts and attack thoughts must be given? Eliminate. American President Roosevelt said at the Tehran conference that "Prussia should be reduced and weakened as much as possible", while Churchill thought that "Prussia, the military leader of Germany? The core of evil must be separated from the rest of Germany. " The Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference established the integration of East Prussia into Poland and the Soviet Union. And the original opinion that Germany abolished Prussia after the war. On March 1947 and 1 day, the Supreme Council of Allied Military Control over Germany officially ordered the abolition of the Prussian organizational system. The former Prussian Qin territory was merged into Poland and the Soviet Union respectively, as well as Britain? Areas occupied by France, the United States and the Soviet Union. The property of the former Prussian national government was divided between the Allies and the Soviet Union. 1949 after the founding of the german democratic Republic, Brandenburg, Saxony-anhalt and eastern mecklenburg-western pomerania were established in the territory of the former Prussia (1952)? In the Federal Republic of Germany, the states established on the territory of the former Prussia include Beijin-westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein. In addition, Lower Saxony, Rhineland-Falc, Hesse, Baden-Wü rttemberg and Urbana all have former Prussian kingdoms and Prussian territories. In Prussia, which was incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, all German residents have basically been moved.

Territorial change

The ancient Prussia region only includes the western Prussia region centered on Gdansk in southern Lithuania today, the territory of the former eastern Prussia region in Kaliningrad, Russia, west of the mouth of the Vistula River in northeastern Poland. 1295 The Teutonic Knights who occupied Prussia bought Pomerania and Danzig. 1308, New Markwell was purchased from the elector of Brandenburg, and Prussia was bordered by the Holy Roman Empire. Danzig and West Prussia were ceded to Poland in the15th century. 16 18, the principality of Prussia was merged into Brandenburg, and when the kingdom of Prussia was founded in 170 1, its territory was centered on Berlin, the capital of Prussia, including Brandenburg, Pomerania, Newmark and Altemark. And hohenzollern-Sigmarine in southern Germany. /kloc-In the 8th century, Prussia successively acquired the former Pomerania, Posen and Silesia from Sweden, Poland and Austria. After Prussia divided Poland three times, it gained New East Prussia, South Paphos, Danzig and Torun, as well as West Joe and Central Poland, including Warsaw. 1806 After Prussia was defeated by Napoleon, it was forced to cede Poland, where France became the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. After Napoleon's defeat, Prussia lost the weirs of Bayreuther, ansbach, Neuchatel (joining Switzerland), East Friesland and hildesheim at the Vienna Conference in 18 15. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw, except Posen as the center in the west? A small piece of territory was annexed by Russia. As compensation? Prussia gained two-fifths of the territory of Saxony, as well as Hannover, Bishop of Munich in the west of Germany, Westphalia and Rhineland on the east and west sides of the Rhine, and Salouis and Saarbrü cken? 19th century, after the war, Prussia successively annexed Heiyan-Rhine, Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt and other kingdoms, principalities and free cities. By the time the German Empire was founded in 187 1, the kingdom of Prussia had 22 provinces, including most of the present-day German territory except Bavaria, Baden and Wü rttemberg, as well as western and northern Poland. After the First World War, Posen Province, West Prussia and Danzig, which belonged to Prussia, were ceded to Poland, Clay Pether was ceded to Lithuania, the northern part of Schleswig was returned to Denmark, and the southern end of Rhineland was merged into Sal. After World War II, East Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania to the east of the line were merged into the Soviet Union and Poland according to the Oder-Nice River line set by the Allies. Prussia was merged into West Germany in the west and East Germany in the middle. Geographically, the organizational system of Prussia no longer exists.

Educational culture

In addition to building the army to prepare for war, the Kingdom of Prussia has also completed the great cause of national reunification, and its contribution to culture and education has been praised by future generations. In order to promote nationalism, the kingdom of Prussia began to implement compulsory national education in 17 17. It was the first country in the world to implement compulsory education, which laid the foundation for Prussia's high-quality army in the future? A solid foundation. Wilhem von william von humboldt began to reform the education system in Prussia after he became the highest education chief in 1809, which became the cornerstone of the development of science, technology and culture in the next 200 years. Berlin University was founded in 18 10. It is the first newly-built university, which further influenced the development of higher education in the world in the 19 century.