High school geography elective 2 knowledge points

Elective 2 Geography focuses on environmental issues. The following are the knowledge points of Geography Elective 2 in Grade One for you, hoping to help you.

Geography Elective 2 Knowledge Points in Senior One (1)

1 Manifestation of urbanization: the urban population is increasing, the scale of urban land is expanding, and the proportion of urban population in the total population is rising (a sign to measure the level of urbanization in a region).

2 the significance of urbanization P36

Socio-economic development is the main driving force of urbanization.

Urban development is particularly closely related to the process of industrialization. Industry is the main pillar of urban economy, which can arrange a large number of labor employment, but it does not provide broad development space for service industry.

The rise of cities is closely related to the development of the tertiary industry.

6. Urbanization characteristics of developed areas; Early start, high level, anti-urbanization: late start, low level, fast speed, unreasonable development (South America? False urbanization? India, Bangladesh, Indonesia? Urbanization lags behind? )

Vigorously promoting agricultural modernization and transferring rural surplus labor force to non-agricultural industries and towns are the fundamental ways to solve China's "three rural" problems.

CBD features: tall and dense buildings, frequent economic activities, obvious internal areas, large population difference between day and night, and high traffic accessibility.

8 Western urban structure theory: concentric circle model, sector model, multi-core model P3233

The center is a place to provide various goods and services to the surrounding areas, and its level is mainly divided according to the functional type and service scope of the center.

10 The size and number of towns in a region are inversely proportional, and the spatial distribution of towns is mainly influenced by commercial factors, administrative factors and traffic factors.

Geography Elective 2 Knowledge Points in Senior One (2)

1, Medium and Low Yield Platform Management-Huanghuaihai Plain

Topography; Macro-level and micro-ups and downs.

The ground structure of the vast alluvial plain: west? Alluvial fan at the foot of gentle slope plain

Medium? Main body of alluvial low plain

East coast plain

Geographical background: Low-yield fields are mainly distributed in alluvial low plains and coastal plains.

Three obstacles to agricultural development-saline-alkali, drought and flood, frequent sandstorms.

Reasons for formation:

Nature-low terrain; The climate is characterized by large wind and sand in spring drought, large annual temperature difference and concentrated precipitation.

Man-made-unreasonable irrigation leads to salinization; Unreasonable reclamation leads to sandy wasteland.

Principle: prescribe the right medicine according to depression.

Low wetland (Xindianwa) model: fish pond? Ota model

Features: returning salt in spring and autumn, showering salt in summer and stabilizing salt in winter.

Comprehensive control of water and salt movement law: returning salt in spring and autumn, spraying salt in summer and stabilizing salt in winter.

(precipitation, evaporation, groundwater level and surface soil salinity)

The key of saline-alkali land (Beiqiuwa): soil desalination

Core: controlling water, perfecting irrigation and drainage system, and scientifically regulating water and salt movement.

Measures: water diversion and salt sprinkling, well irrigation and well drainage, and agricultural biological measures.

2. Development of agricultural resources in mountainous areas-low mountains and hills in the south.

(1) Return to the desert? Oasis?

(2) Advantages, problems and countermeasures of agricultural resources.

Advantage problem countermeasure

Climate resources: Light and hot water resources are quite abundant, and most of them are well coordinated with the unstable monsoon climate, such as drought, low temperature and rain in spring and summer, adjustment of crop planting order, development of water conservancy and establishment of shelter forest system.

Rich and diverse biological resources, fast plant growth, strong regeneration ability, high output capacity, single variety of utilization, low investment, extensive management, serious damage, lack of serial development of superior resources according to local conditions, and strengthening ecological construction.

Land resources The land types are diverse, the vertical combination is tight, the soil layer is thin and unstable, and it is prone to soil erosion. Red soil in low-yield fields is widely distributed (acid, sticky and thin). According to local conditions, develop three-dimensional agriculture and improve red soil (lime neutralization, sand mixing, planting green manure crops and applying organic fertilizer).

There are many rivers and rich water resources, which are beneficial to hydropower development and irrigation with complex terrain. It is difficult to develop hydropower projects and develop irrigated agriculture.

(3) The task of ecological construction is serious soil erosion.

Reason: occupying cultivated land and firewood

The economic loss is greater than that of the Loess Plateau.

(4) Comprehensive development of mountain resources

Objective: Make full and reasonable use of abundant natural resources.

Reasons: ① The ratio of mountainous area to plain area is 4: 1, and it takes the road of three-dimensional agriculture.

② Less arable land per capita.

③ The ecological environment is fragile.

Benefits: ① It is beneficial to develop the potential of land resources.

② It can reduce the pressure on cultivated land.

③ Multi-level layout of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.

④ It is beneficial to improve the ecological environment.

Development measures, develop superior resources series

Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation-the most effective measure

Ecological construction: ① Vigorously promote domestic coal;

Solve the problem of farmers' living energy ② Carry out technical transformation of stoves to save fuel.

(3) Make biogas and create a fast-growing firewood forest.

④ Development and utilization of small hydropower

3. Integrated river management

(1) Causes of the Yangtze River Flood

Natural causes:

? ① The Yangtze River flows through humid areas, with a wide basin, many tributaries and a long flood season. Generally speaking, the flood season of the north and south tributaries is staggered. When there is heavy rain in the basin, the floods in the upper main stream and the middle tributaries are larger;

(2) There are insufficient flood storage places in the middle reaches;

③ The flood discharge capacity in the middle and lower reaches is insufficient;

Man-made reasons:

(1) Deforestation aggravates soil erosion. On the one hand, it reduces the ability to conserve water, regulate runoff and cut off the peak. On the other hand, a large amount of sediment enters the river, raising the river bed and reducing the flood discharge capacity of the river.

(2) Reclaiming land around the lake will shrink the lake and weaken the function of flood storage and peak clipping.

(2) Comprehensive benefits of the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project: flood control (primary task), power generation, shipping, aquaculture, water supply, tourism, etc.

Flood control benefits:

? ① Effectively control the flood in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and improve the flood control standard of Jingjiang reach;

② Relieve the threat of flood to Wuhan, reduce the sediment deposition in Dongting Lake and greatly reduce the loss of flood storage.

Power generation advantages:

? ① Relieve the shortage of energy supply in Central China and East China, and effectively reduce the pressure of railway transportation;

② Improve the quality of atmospheric environment and reduce the occurrence of acid rain.

Shipping benefit: the 660 km Chuanjiang waterway from Yichang to Chongqing has been improved, the water flow has slowed down, the river channel has been widened and deepened, and the shoal has been submerged. This 10,000-ton ship can go straight from Shanghai to Chongqing.

(3) Resettlement in the Three Gorges reservoir area is the key to the success of the project.

The arduousness of the task; ① The ecological environment in the reservoir area is fragile, the residents are economically poor, and the environmental capacity of immigrants is insufficient;

(2) education, science and technology, culture are backward, and the local concept is strong;

(3) Improper placement is easy to cause trouble, and moving back is of great significance.

Resettlement conditions for immigrants; ① According to the characteristics of flood disaster, the migrants in the reservoir area are relatively dispersed (which is conducive to resettlement nearby).

② From the perspective of immigration structure, 57% of the non-agricultural population has no resettlement problem.

(3) From the policy level, it is valued by the government and supported by the state.

Measures-there are two main ways to develop immigrants: relying on the local area and moving from other places.

(4) Environmental impact:

The beneficial effects are as follows: ① reducing the damage of flood to the ecological environment in the middle and lower reaches;

② It is beneficial to prevent schistosomiasis;

(3) reducing the sediment deposition in Dongting Lake;

(4) Increase the flow in dry season and improve the water quality in dry season;

⑤ Adjust the local climate;

⑥ Reduce environmental pollution and acid rain hazards.

The adverse effects are in the reservoir area; (1) Flooding the land and cultivated land in the reservoir area,

② Improper resettlement and urban relocation will lead to new problems such as soil erosion and environmental pollution;

(3) It may induce earthquakes and increase the possibility of geological disasters such as landslides on the reservoir bank;

④ The sediment deposition in the reservoir area and the reservoir tail is intensified;

⑤ The natural landscape is affected to some extent;

⑥ The living environment of aquatic organisms and rare species will have a certain impact;

⑦ Increase mosquito breeding and affect human health.

(5) Eco-environmental problems and countermeasures

Irreversibility (inundation of cultivated land, aquatic organisms)-take remedial measures or recover some losses.

Significant impacts (resettlement, soil erosion)-Take effective measures to control and mitigate its adverse impacts.

Less impact (earthquake, terrestrial organisms)-Take measures to prevent the occurrence of hazards or reduce the degree of hazards.

4. Development of commercial agricultural areas-construction of agricultural and forestry bases in Northeast China.

(1) Land resources

Advantages: ① The cultivated land area is large (the total area is large, accounting for1/5 of the whole country; The per capita area is large, twice that of the whole country; The area of each labor force is five times that of the whole country; )

② Fertile soil (high organic matter content, deep and fertile soil layer; Black soil, chernozem land productivity level is high)

(3) The terrain is flat and concentrated, which is suitable for large-scale mechanized farming.

Question: ① Black soil loss? The soil layer becomes thinner and the fertility decreases.

Reasons: excessive reclamation of black soil destroys the natural environment; Concentrated precipitation, rainstorm

Measures: ① Fertilize black soil and increase the application of organic fertilizer and grass fertilizer; Planting green manure and pasture; Returning straw to the field (the most effective measure to maintain and improve the fertility of black soil in recent years)

Soil and water conservation slope management, gully management, afforestation

② Wetland destruction? Wetlands are forbidden to be reclaimed and protected.

Marsh soil: rich in organic matter, with great production potential. The terrain here is flat.

Marsh: it is an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem in Northeast China, and it is a reservoir and water source.

When developing swamps, we should pay attention to protecting swamps in a planned way and coordinate the relationship between grain production and ecological environment protection.

Marsh operation (reservoir, water source; Regulate climate and protect the environment; Red-crowned crane, swan habitat; Wetland plant resources) to protect the biodiversity of wetland ecosystem.

Negative effects (the area of salinized land is enlarged; Reduced river runoff; The groundwater level drops; (reduction of animal and plant resources) climate change

Construction of commodity grain base: on the basis of continuing to develop planting industry and improving its own production capacity, we will vigorously develop deep processing of aquaculture agricultural products, so that agricultural products will appreciate greatly at multiple levels.

(2) Forest resources

Advantages: ① The forest area in China is the largest (36%, three times that of the whole country, and 8 times that of the whole country per capita, accounting for 42% of the whole country);

② The most important cutting base in China (forest volume1/3);

③ Wide suitable forest area;

(4) Forest trees are rich.

Problem: Forest resources have been seriously damaged. Displayed as:

① imbalance between picking and feeding;

(2) The forest coverage rate drops and the ecological environment deteriorates;

(3) Clear cutting is the main method of forest harvesting, which wastes resources seriously.

Measures:

① Insist on reasonable logging;

② Actively build artificial forest;

③ Promote the regeneration of precious tree species;

④ Improve the comprehensive utilization rate of wood;

⑤ Strengthen the construction of nature reserves.

Comprehensive development measures:

(1) tap the development potential of forest industry (from log production as the center to silviculture as the basis and comprehensive utilization as the key direction);

② Improve the utilization rate and depth of wildlife resources;

③ Develop orchard forestry and tussah production, and strengthen the construction of forestry base.

5. The reasons why Japanese cities are concentrated in the Pacific coast are: mountainous areas and few plains, maritime temperate monsoon climate, lack of resources, many imports, tortuous coastline and convenient trade in Gulf ports.

6. Factors to be considered in urban site selection: geology (avoiding disaster-prone areas, considering foundation bearing capacity), topography (plains) and rivers (docks are built at the concave banks of rivers), and attention should be paid to environmental protection.

7. Urban regional form (location factors affect urban form): centralized (convenient for centralized setting of relatively perfect living service facilities) and group-like (scattered land, inconvenient transportation and large investment) belt-shaped and radial.

8. The main factors affecting urban functional areas: natural geographical conditions, historical and cultural factors, economic development level, traffic conditions, etc.

9. The characteristics of the central business district: tall and dense buildings, frequent economic activities, obvious internal areas, large population difference between day and night, and high traffic accessibility.

10. The performance of the anti-urbanization stage: dense population, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, high land price, employment difficulties, and social instability in the urban center have prompted residents to move to suburbs or satellite cities with good environment, low rent and land price, complete infrastructure and convenient transportation.

Geography Elective 2 Knowledge Points in Senior One (3)

1, southwest traffic construction

(1) background:

Resource advantages: ① Rich in mineral resources and energy resources? Non-ferrous metal mines, Sichuan's natural gas reserves rank first in the country, with 70% hydropower, the largest coal province in southern Guizhou and oil and gas in Guangxi Beibu Gulf; ② Rich in tourism resources? Karst landform and ethnic customs; (3) the long border and the development of border trade; ④ Rich agricultural and forestry resources? Sichuan basin? Land of abundance? Yunnan? Animal and plant kingdom? wait for

Obstacles to traffic construction in southwest China: ① the terrain is undulating (level 3), crossing mountains and water;

② Terrain; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-the terrain is high and steep, glaciers are widely distributed, and snow-capped mountains are continuous.

Hengduan mountain area-the mountains are high and the valleys are deep, which are distributed in columns and the east-west traffic crosses.

Sichuan basin-the basin is hilly and undulating.

Yunnan-Guizhou plateau-karst area, with rugged surface;

③ Geology: Strong crustal activity and frequent geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and mudslides.

The importance of traffic construction: ① Southwest China has a vast territory, a large population, rich resources and great development potential;

② Located in the inland frontier, the distribution of ethnic minorities is concentrated and there are many poor people;

③ The heavy industry system was initially formed;

(4) The economic foundation is weak, the traffic is not smooth, and the contact inside and outside the area is inconvenient.

(2) to solve the traffic construction:

Significance (Nankun): ① It is conducive to transforming resource advantages into economic advantages;

(2) It is conducive to consolidating national unity and getting rid of poverty and becoming rich;

(three) conducive to the opening up and development of export-oriented economy;

(4) It is beneficial to the development of the tertiary industry such as tourism and commerce.

make good

① The three northeastern provinces and one city and Guangxi have formed a transportation network with railways as the backbone and highways as the foundation.

② Tibet is dominated by road transportation.

(3) Water transport-comprehensively improve the navigation channels of Chuanjiang River, Xijiang River and their tributaries, and strengthen port construction.

(4) Aviation-opening international routes in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

⑤ Pipeline-a new pipeline for transporting Sichuan gas to Hunan and Hubei.

① Highway to the sea: Chengdu? Guiyang? Nanning? Beihai (across Sichuan Basin? Yungui Plateau? Guangdong and Guangxi hills)

② Trans-Asian Railway: Kunming? Singapore

There are trade routes between Yunnan and the countries of the East Japan Alliance, which shortens the distance between the inland provinces of China and the South Indian Ocean.

(3) Agricultural development:

Conditions: sufficient light and heat benefits, abundant precipitation//unfavorable rugged surface and large terrain.

Development: ① Three-dimensional agriculture ② Characteristic agriculture Color agriculture: flowers, vegetables, fruits, high-quality flue-cured tobacco, etc.

2. Island and Sea Area Development-Hainan Island

(1) background

Geographical advantages:

(1) Land and sea location: Located at the land and sea junction of South China and Southwest China, the southwest is in the forefront of the world; A base for developing and utilizing resources in the South China Sea.

② Mutual location: near Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan; Relying on the economically developed Pearl River Delta at home and Southeast Asia, which is the most active in the Asia-Pacific economic circle, it has a vast inland hinterland, which can radiate the South China economic circle and the Asia-Pacific economic circle.

③ Transportation location: Located in the western Pacific Rim, between Japan and Singapore, directly facing Southeast Asia and close to the international deep-water channel. The South China Sea connects two continents (Asia and Oceania) and two oceans (the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean). It is the sea passage for China to Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe, which is conducive to relying on ports to develop export-oriented economy and participate in the international economic cycle.

Advantages of tropical resources:

① Climate resources: sunshine, heat and precipitation are sufficient/three crops a year, which is suitable for developing tropical high-efficiency agriculture.

(unfavorable; Harm of low temperature in winter and spring and typhoon in summer)

Biological resources: medicinal plants, wood plants, rare birds and animals. The largest gene bank of tropical species in China is conducive to developing into a base for tropical crops and tourism.

(3) Land resources: Various types of utilization are the natural basis for the industrial layout of the circular belt.

Advantages of marine resources: China is the largest marine province, with jurisdiction over more than 600 islands and 2 million square kilometers of sea area, which is its most prominent resource advantage.

(2) Characteristics of natural environment:

Topography: The whole island is approximately oval, with medium height and low surroundings.

Affected by topography and distance from the sea, the natural environment has the characteristics of circular distribution.

Layout of characteristic industries with altitude resources of ring-name landform types

The coastal plain below the land and sea 100 meters has a good economic foundation and traffic conditions, and the export-oriented processing industry is developed.

hills

Tropical agricultural production base, covering an area of 100 ~ 200m, with flat terrain and good soil.

hilly area

The hilly and mountainous areas -500~ 1 100 meters are rich in species, and the water source areas, forestry and tourism are developed.

3. Island development and protection:

(1) Rational industrial layout: The development layout of the circular belt is the basic feature of Hainan Island's resource development and productivity spatial layout, which adapts to the distribution characteristics of the circular belt in Hainan Island's natural environment and the objective requirement of developing an export-oriented economy.

① The development of coastal cities focuses on vigorously building ports and processing industrial zones, promoting the development of automobile, petrochemical and tertiary industries, improving the investment environment and promoting the development of export-oriented economy;

② Hills and plateaus are suitable for developing tropical agriculture,

(3) Develop tourism and characteristic industries in mountainous and hilly areas, and restore and protect tropical forest vegetation.

(2) Characteristic economy:

Characteristic industries: pillar industries cultivate and develop pillar industries and build a modern large-scale industrial system; Building the industrial corridor in the west, giving play to the role of radiation; Vigorously develop ecological industries and high-tech industries.

Tropical high-efficiency agriculture: melon and vegetable production base, tropical fruit production base, tropical crop production base, breeding base and aquaculture.

Characteristic tourism: holiday and leisure resort

(3) Marine environmental protection:

① Support the development of eco-environmental protection industry;

(2) Raise the public's environmental awareness, encourage the public to actively participate in environmental protection, and reduce and eliminate man-made damage;

Coral reefs, mangroves and shelterbelts around the island-reduce the threat and loss of storm surges, prevent waves from eroding the coast and protect biodiversity.

③ Strengthen the management and monitoring of the marine environment and keep abreast of the changes in the marine environment.

4. Background of cross-regional allocation of resources:

Utilization of natural gas: advantages: ① clean, clean and convenient to use; ② High combustion efficiency and low relative price.

Present situation: At the beginning of 2 1 century, China took the development and utilization of natural gas as the focus of energy structure optimization and industrial upgrading of petroleum industry.

Distribution of natural gas (onshore): Features: more in the west and less in the east, more in the north and less in the south;

Distribution: Sichuan, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Qaidam Basin and Tarim Basin.

Four atmospheric regions: Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan and Chongqing, Ordos.

Development and utilization pattern: ① the output of eastern oil and gas fields (northeast and north China) is decreasing;

② The western region is a new strategic replacement area for China's oil and gas industry;

(3) the restrictive conditions of oil and gas development in the western region;

(a) The shortage of funds for exploration and development is getting worse.

B. the market demand for natural gas in the western region is limited.

C. The existing infrastructure cannot meet the needs of external transportation)

④ There is a huge demand for natural gas in the eastern region, and domestic natural gas products are the most in short supply.

(1) Dense population and rapid economic growth, but the current situation of energy shortage has not changed for a long time;

B taking coal as the main energy source makes the atmospheric environment worse and acid rain appears in a large area;

C coal power generation and transportation occupy a lot of land, ports and water resources)

5. West-to-East Gas Transmission:

Resource guarantee of energy transmission artery: Tarim gas area and Ordos gas area

Petrochemical base and modern industrial system.

Broad market prospect: Yangtze River Delta

Far-reaching influence:

Eastern region: ① Relieve energy shortage and promote economic development.

② Improve the energy consumption structure, reduce the harm of air pollution and acid rain, and improve people's quality of life.

(3) Promote energy production and structural adjustment of light and heavy industries.

④ Promote infrastructure construction.

Western region: ① changing resource advantage into economic advantage to promote economic development;

② Promote the comprehensive utilization of natural gas, improve the urban atmospheric environment and improve the quality of life of residents; (3) Selectively develop chemical industry with natural gas as raw material, and develop in the direction of deep processing and high added value.

④ Promote the development of natural gas and the construction of infrastructure such as pipelines, increase employment opportunities and stimulate the development of related industries.

(Relieve the environmental pressure caused by deforestation and vegetation destruction)

[Note] Power transmission from west to east and water transfer from south to north.

5. The development background of the new city:

The development of Shanghai:

Superior location conditions

Socio-economy: ① Convenient transportation;

(2) the vast hinterland;

③ High-quality labor force;

④ Adequate supply of agricultural and sideline products.

Nature: Flat terrain, fertile soil, warm and humid climate and abundant water resources.

The expansion of city scale: ① the expansion of economic scale; (2) the expansion of population; ③ The expansion of land use scale.

The urban problems faced by Shanghai are: ① narrow roads and traffic congestion;

② Crowded living;

③ Small green area and poor environmental quality;

④ Land shortage

6. Planning and development of Pudong New Area:

Development function: ① Solve the urban problems faced by Shanghai's development and build Shanghai into one of the international economic, financial and trade centers as soon as possible; ;

(2) Take the development of Pudong as the leading factor to promote the new economic leap in the Yangtze River Delta and the whole Yangtze River basin.

Development conditions: ① Close to the old city, convenient for nearby development;

(2) The terrain is flat and meets the needs of large-scale and low-cost development;

Urban planning: ① Pudong New Area is divided into urbanized and non-urbanized areas;

② Pudong New Area adopts the layout form of combining axial development with comprehensive groups;

③ Connecting Puxi and Pudong through various transportation projects;

(4) Building Pudong into a garden-style, multi-functional, export-oriented and international modern new city.

9, northwest desertification control background:

⑴ Location and scope: Northwest arid and semi-arid area, located to the west of Daxing 'anling, Great Wall and Kunlun Mountain? Altun Mountain? Qilian mountain is north. Administrative divisions cover Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and a small part of Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Shaanxi provinces.

⑵ Terrain: Plateau and basin are the main areas, with the vast, open and undulating Inner Mongolia Plateau in the middle; There are three mountains and two pots in the west (in Xinjiang).

(3) Natural features:

① Natural features dominated by drought (reason: nature? Land and sea location: deep inland, far from the ocean, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach; Terrain-vast plateau area, high mountains around the basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift)

② The difference between the east and the west of natural landscape: taking Helan Mountain as the boundary.

10, desertification distribution:

Around the semi-arid agricultural reclamation area: land desertification is distributed in points and sheets.

Semi-arid grassland and pastoral area: overgrazing leads to desertification circle of spotted land

On the edge of arid oasis, excessive logging leads to the activation of sand dunes.

In inland rivers and alluvial fans at the foothills, desertification occurs and develops due to improper utilization of water resources and the destruction of fixed sand dunes by firewood.

Industrial and mining development, residential areas and road construction do not attach importance to environmental protection, and desertification is dotted and linear, with a small and scattered area, but it is harmful.