The economic, cultural and military development in Ming and Qing Dynasties is detailed! ! urgent

Economic development: First, the development of regional economy. Developing characteristic regional economy is an important content and feature of China's economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. China has a vast territory, different natural conditions and different development backgrounds. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the development tracks and characteristics of different regions were also very different, forming several distinctive economic zones.

1. Jiangnan economy that pays equal attention to efficient agriculture and silk and cotton textile industry. Jiangnan, centered on Taihu Plain, has been the most economically developed area in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of Jiangnan was mainly to make rational use of existing agricultural resources and further improve the intensive production. The agricultural management mode of high input and high output is one of the characteristics of Jiangnan economy; The development of agricultural and sideline products processing industry, especially silk and cotton textile industry, is another feature of Jiangnan economy; Market development started earlier, and towns with agricultural and sideline products processing and distribution centers are densely covered; The proportion of urban population and non-agricultural population is high, and the level of urbanization is far ahead in the country.

2. The Pearl River Delta, which is oriented by foreign trade, has risen rapidly. The development of the Pearl River Delta generally began in the Song Dynasty. Although it started late, it developed rapidly. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, it had become one of the advanced countries in China. With the change of agricultural production structure, the initial formation of market mechanism and the rapid growth of commercial population, an economic structure oriented by foreign trade and centered on entrepot trade is gradually taking shape.

3. North China Plain. Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces in North China Plain are located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is one of the earliest developed areas in the history of China. During the hundreds of years from 12 to 14 century, the economic development of this area was destroyed and its economic status was reversed. In Ming Dynasty, the government's immigration and reclamation policies made the economy of North China Plain rise again, and further developed in Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic development of North China Plain was mainly manifested in the adjustment of planting structure, the rise of agricultural and sideline products processing industry and the formation of rural market network.

4. The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the largest commodity grain export areas in China. Jiangxi was the earliest in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and began to immigrate to Huguang from the end of Yuan Dynasty. The development of the two lakes began with the influx of immigrants from Jiangxi. The first climax was in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the second climax was in the early Qing Dynasty, and it was further extended to Sichuan Basin. "Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan", accompanied by a large-scale immigration and development process; By the early Qing Dynasty, the grain supply and demand pattern of "Jiangsu and Zhejiang grain and rice have always belonged to Huguang and Huguang to Sichuan" had been formed. As the most important commodity grain export area in China, the establishment of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River not only improves its status, but also has great significance to the economic development of Jiangnan and even the whole country.

In addition, the Qing Dynasty was the formation period of China's unified multi-ethnic country. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, we vigorously developed and governed the frontier areas. Among them, the authors of Economic Benefit are Northeast Plain and Taiwan Province Province. After nearly 200 years of immigrant development, by the middle of Qing Dynasty, the agricultural economy of Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province had made great progress and became a new grain production base. Agricultural products processing industry and commerce have also developed initially, laying a solid foundation for larger-scale development in the future. [ 1]

Second, develop commodity circulation. From Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the scope and scale of commodity circulation in China increased greatly, and the circulation pattern also changed greatly. The development of commodity circulation is another remarkable feature of China's economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mainly manifested in:

1. The circulation scope is expanded. In Ming dynasty, the sea was banned for a long time, and the Yangtze River shipping was underdeveloped. The north-south trade is mainly the canal, and the east-west trade is mainly confined to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the Qing Dynasty, with the opening of the sea ban, the economic development of the North China Plain, the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the development of new areas such as Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province, the coastal and riverside trade developed on a large scale. According to the book "The Germination of Capitalism in China", it is estimated that in the early Qing Dynasty, the inland river shipping mileage of China reached more than 50,000 kilometers, and the coastal routes reached 1000 kilometers, which basically reached the modern scale. [2](P27 1) On the other hand, with the expansion of the national territory of the Qing Dynasty and the development of border trade, the trade between Xinjiang, Mongolia and the mainland has also developed on a large scale, and the land trade line of northern Xinjiang opened by Shanxi businessmen from Mongolian grassland to Russia has reached as far as Wan Li.

Cultural development: According to the extreme development of feudal autocracy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cultural development in this period is characterized by the emergence of many summative works and some satirical literary works! And the existing creative things come out! The reason is that the Ming and Qing dynasties in which it lived were the late stage and the decline period of feudal autocracy!

First of all, "Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism" and "Wang Lu Xue Xin" successively occupied the position of cultural ancestor. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties became the ruling ideology of the society, which was adapted to the culture of Ming and Qing Dynasties in the late Pingping period, which unified the feudal autocratic empire. Zhu, Lu Jiuzhou and others, starting from Confucius and Mencius, primitive the feudal political principles and ethics around the categories of "reason", "qi", "communication", "device", "mind" and "thing", demonstrated the eternity of feudal order from different ontological angles, and summarized Confucian orthodoxy as "the foundation of the universe-". Neo-Confucianism, as an official philosophy, has an unshirkable responsibility for the development of China's cultural thought and social progress.

Second, contrary to the dominant position of Neo-Confucianism, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the emergence of capitalism, anti-feudal early enlightenment thoughts appeared. Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, argued with Neo-Confucianism, the authentic culture of feudal society, from different angles. Ming Yi Waiting for Visits and Collection of Books severely criticized the feudal autocratic monarchy system. Due to the interference of feudal autocracy on culture, such as Daxing Wenzi Prison in the early Qing Dynasty, Taoism was endowed with scientific and technological knowledge in the early Enlightenment of18th century. Unfortunately, due to the shackles of feudal politics and economy, the process of "western learning spreading to the east" was slow in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, but it was completely interrupted with the expulsion of Jesuits in Yongzheng period.

Looking at the four characteristics of cultural development in Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can draw the following conclusions: the culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties was the peak of the development of feudal culture in China, but it still ran along the old track. Although new phenomena appeared once after the emergence of capitalism and the beginning of cultural exchanges between China and the West, they did not break the inherent pattern. Due to the shackles of feudal politics and economy, China's culture, which was in the leading position in the world, lagged far behind European culture, which also laid the groundwork for the tragedy of modern China.

During the Ming dynasty:

When Zhu Yuanzhang was just founded, the national army reached 6.5438+0.8 million, and later it even exceeded 2 million in Yongle to orthodoxy. 1405 1 1 In July (the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Ming Taizu Chengzu ordered Zheng He to lead a huge fleet of more than 240 seagoing ships and 27,400 crew members to sail and visited more than 30 countries and regions in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, which deepened the friendly relations between China and Southeast Asia and East Africa. From Liujiagang, Suzhou, to 1433 (8 years of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), there were 7 voyages. For the last time, in April of eight years, Xuande returned to Guri and died on the ship. The folk story "Popular Romance of Sambo Eunuch's Journey to the West" calls his travel adventure Sambo Eunuch's Journey to the West. Zheng He's fleet to the Western Seas is a huge fleet, which is completely compiled according to maritime navigation and military organization. At that time, it was a powerful maritime mobile formation in the world. Many foreign scholars call Zheng He's fleet a task force, and Zheng He is the commander or commander-in-chief of the navy. After a comprehensive analysis of the world history of this period, Dr. Joseph Needham, an internationally renowned scholar, came to the conclusion that "the navy of the Ming Dynasty may be stronger than any Asian country in history, even than any European country in the same period, so that all European countries are inferior to the navy of the Ming Dynasty." Second, the fleet establishment. According to years of research by China naval professionals, Zheng He's fleet consists of three sequences: boatmen, amphibious troops and honor guards. The boatmen are the current warship units, and they are formed into a formation called Qian Ying. Amphibious troops are used for landing operations;

From here, we can see the strength of the Ming navy at that time. Unfortunately, in May of the second year of Jiajing, two tribute missions of Japanese vassals broke out in Ningbo due to the issue of tribute qualification, resulting in many innocent China soldiers and civilians being killed or captured. "The earthquake in central Zhejiang naturally made China feel relaxed." In the Ming Dynasty, it was forbidden to go to sea again, and the city shipping company was abolished, which led to the decline of the Ming navy.

In the early Ming dynasty, the military system was established and the guard system was adopted. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the whole country was designated as Erqi Dusi (commander), with three lines and one left behind. The division of departments is generally based on provinces. Dusi governs health centers all over the country, with 339 health centers and 65,000 families. Later, it increased to 2 1 prefecture, 2 left-behind divisions, 493 guard units and 3.59 million households. Wei set up the Wei command post, which is composed of commanding officers, leading comrades and their subordinates, commanding affairs and other officials, and most of them are world officials. Each guard governs the front, back, middle, left and right 5,000 families, with 5,600 people as one guard, 1,120 people as 1,000 families and 112 people as 100 families. The total number of soldiers exceeds 2.7 million. There are about 5,000 to 6,000 guards, which is equivalent to establishing a brigade. Among them, it belongs to Ji Shen camp and has the strongest armament and fighting capacity.

Magic camp: one of the three forbidden battalions in Ming Dynasty, it was a special force in charge of firearms in Ming Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, along the Ming system, the magic machine camp was often guarded in the Forbidden City and the Three Seas, and the emperor was also escorted when he visited.

In the eighth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (14 10), Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, learned the method of magic gun and set up a magic camp. Ming Chengzu put forward the operational principle of "magic weapon first, cavalry last" in the battle of marching into Mobei. Magic weapon battalion played an important role in fighting infantry and cavalry, making the application of firearms more professional and becoming a branch of Ming army. This battalion is one of the three battalions of the Beijing Army (the other two battalions are the Fifth Battalion and the Three Thousand Battalion), and it is equipped with muskets, ware and so on. Later, matchsticks were added. This independent artillery team was in a leading position in China at that time and even in other countries in the world, about a century earlier than the Spanish Musketeer (founded in 15 10), which became the first established unit in Europe. Battalion strength: 3,600 infantry (all armed with firearms); 1000 cavalry; 400 artillery (managing field heavy artillery and Dalian Pearl artillery); * * * 5000 officers and men. Equipped with firearms: 3600 lightning (infantry gun); 9000 kilograms of drugs; 900,000 pieces of lead weighing eight dollars; Dalian Pearl Gun 200 rounds (multi-barrel); 675 kilograms of drugs; Handle 400 (spear for artillery self-defense); General Zhan Kou 160 (field heavy artillery).

According to historical records, in order to ensure a long continuous shooting, the magic camp is usually divided into three rows. The first platoon was first shot by soldiers in the queue at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1, and then by soldiers in the queue at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 6544. After each shot, the soldiers in the front row immediately returned the magic spear to the soldiers in the middle row, and at the same time took over the loaded magic spear from the soldiers in the middle row. On the one hand, the soldiers in the middle row are responsible for taking the spears from the soldiers in the front row and then passing them to the soldiers in the third row to load the ammunition; On the other hand, he is responsible for receiving the loaded magic spear from the third row of soldiers and passing it on to the first row of soldiers.

Compared with the previous generation, the forms and methods of wars in Ming Dynasty have changed greatly, among which the application of firearms played a core role. If the application of China firearms in the battlefield in the Song Dynasty is still in its infancy, then the Ming Dynasty is an era of great development, which is closely related to the development of Zhu Yuanzhang.

Zhu Yuanzhang made his fortune near the Yangtze River. At the beginning of his development, a man named Jiao Yu presented his developed firearms, so Zhu Yuanzhang's team became the only rebel in the Jiangnan Uprising Army equipped with firearms as a standard. The water network in the south of the Yangtze River, coupled with Liu Futong's Northern Expedition, made the cavalry team that Mongols were proud of unable to exert its due power, so Zhu Yuanzhang, who owned firearms, soon tasted the sweetness. Firearms played an extremely important role in a series of battles with Chen Youliang. During the offensive and defensive war in Nanchang, Chen Youliang invaded Nanchang with 600,000 troops. As a result, Zhu Jun of Nanchang, with his ware, made Chen Youliang unable to capture for a long time. In the Poyang Lake War, Zhu Yuanzhang's army gave full play to the power of firearms, and used the most advanced firearms in China at that time, such as artillery, fire milling, rockets, fire thistles, large and small muskets, large and small general barrels, large and small iron cannons, and arrows, which created a precedent for bombarding enemy ships with "naval guns" in water wars.

After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, firearms became one of the standard weapons of the Ming army. Usually, the composition of the Ming army is "milling ten, sword brand twenty, bow and arrow thirty, gun forty", and the proportion of firearms accounts for 10%. With the development of firearms, two new arms appeared in the Ming Dynasty, one was magic soldier (firearm soldier), and the other was chariot, which was abandoned in the Warring States period and rejuvenated.

It can be seen from here that China's military strength in the Ming Dynasty was always in the forefront of the world. Of course, what can only be explained here is military equipment. The combat quality of soldiers and the command quality of generals are another matter.

Manchu:

When Nurhachi started his army, he implemented the Eight Banners system of military and civilian unity, and the political power was concentrated in the hands of princes and nobles. Major decisions are decided by nobles through consultation, which is a meeting for Manchus to discuss politics with the king.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing army was mainly divided into the Eight Banners and green camp. The Eight Banners are divided into Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Army Eight Banners. The flag is located in Dutong (Gushan Ejina), controlled by the central government of Bapu Xu Tong, and the local governor has no right to levy it. Green camp soldiers, mainly the teams reorganized by the Ming Dynasty and the provinces after the Qing army entered the customs, used green flags, so they were called green flag soldiers or green camp soldiers. The arms are cavalry, infantry and navy. In all provinces, governors, governors, prefects and company commanders are all responsible persons. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the landlords of the Han nationality raised their own training groups and practiced rural bravery. Later, due to the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Eight Banners green camp gradually got used to urban habits, stopped practicing martial arts, and gradually lost its fighting capacity. They suffered repeated defeats in suppressing the Taiping Army, so the landlords in the north and the south should always be armed and develop rapidly, and Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army came into being. There are Huai Army organized by Li Hongzhang and Chu Army organized by the Left. After being trained and armed, these landlords have been reorganized into army training and defense. After the mid-Guangxu period, due to the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national defense and training forces were all changed into secondary patrol teams, and Yuan Shikai took the training of new troops as the main national defense force.

The Eight Banners System is a social organization system in integration of defense and civilian technologies established by Taizu Nurhachi on the basis of recording Nuzhen cattle in Qing Dynasty. In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), four flags were built, namely yellow flag, blue flag, white flag and red flag. In the forty-three years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), four flags were added, called yellow flag, blue flag, red flag and white flag. Turn 300 people into a cow.

Three-level organizational forms and personnel strength of the Eight Banners;

(1) The official position of the Eight Banners grass-roots organization-Lu Niu (deputy head) is true.

Lu Niu-Manchu means "arrow". Manchu (Jurchen) travel in groups when hunting, and the leader is responsible for all the "arrows", so the leader of this organization is called Lu Niu's Ezhen in the organization. 160 1 year, with a quota of 300 people.

(2) The middle-level official position in the Eight Banners Organization-Jia La (Zhalan and Garland) is also called Shen, which is true. Five cattle records are compiled as-Ala, Ala (Zalan) =5 cattle records (5×300)= 1500 people.

(3) The highest official position in the Eight Banners Organization-the flag owner is Gushan Ezhen 5 Jia La = 1 Gushan =5× 1500 people = 7,500 people.

(4) 7,500 people per flag ×8 flags = 60,000 people

In the early Qing dynasty, the Qing government had almost no naval power. In the 12th year of Qing Shunzhi (1655), the Qing government ordered: "Coastal provinces are forbidden to sail into the sea, and offenders will be severely punished". 1684 was the twenty-third year of Kangxi, and the national maritime ban was lifted. (Recovered by Taiwan Province Province) However, at that time, the Qing government did not attach importance to naval construction. Until 1888, the Qing court established the Beiyang navy, strengthened its armament and consolidated its maritime border.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing army lost a lot of firearms in the hands of the Ming army. After entering the customs, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty once regarded firearms as heresy and ordered the prohibition of their destruction. When I arrived in Kangxi, I set up gun factories in Jiangong, Jingshan and blacksmith's camp to manufacture guns for the royal family and the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, and set up a firecracker camp equipped with shotguns and artillery. However, as long as the equipment of the Qing army is mainly cold weapons.

In the Qing dynasty, the same camp was set up.

In the 11th year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (186 1), camps were set up along the Ming Dynasty, and elite battalions of Manchu, Mongolian, Han Army, Pioneer, Guards, Infantry, Firearms and Jianrui were selected to fill them. He often guarded the Forbidden City and the Three Seas, and the emperor followed him when he visited. It has jurisdiction over 25 battalions of Ma and Bu, with more than 4000 officers and men/KLOC-0. At the beginning of Tongzhi, we chose the Eight Banners elite over our own battalion. There are always princes and ministers, but there are no places. Below it, the whole battalion has two wings. It is divided into six parts: copywriting, business, printing, salary, checking and drafting, each with its own wings and many members. In addition, the Quartermaster Bureau, the Artillery Factory, the Arsenal and the Machinery Bureau all have their own divisions with more than 15,000 soldiers.

We can compare the military equipment before and after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. What can we see? That's a matter of opinion.

The corruption and darkness of the Qing government were mainly caused by the oppression and repression of the Han people by the Qing government. Officials are unknown, and the government is unknown. New things often appear, but they are always regarded as the skills of the city. They only know how to strengthen their ruling power blindly, so they stand still and pity me for opening up China. In modern times, it is so humiliating and humiliating to the country. It's time to give the clean powder a big slap and let them wake up. Didn't you see "three years to clear the magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes and silver"

Military development: