Water conservancy construction restricts the environment and protective measures?

Water conservancy projects are all projects to improve people's livelihood, and the original intention of building dams is to bring beautiful living conditions to mankind. However, in real life, water conservancy projects not only bring great benefits to local economic construction and social development in flood control, irrigation, power generation, fishery breeding, tourism development, humidity improvement and water resources regulation, but also bring many damages and potential hazards to society and nature, such as soil erosion and ecological destruction. With the increase of large-scale water conservancy projects in China, the environmental problems brought by water conservancy projects are becoming more and more prominent, especially some large-scale water conservancy projects, which have wider influence scope, more complex potential factors and longer cycle, and some impacts may accumulate or produce lag effects or even be irreversible. For example, at present, experts are discussing the strongest influence factors of the Three Gorges on the ecological environment. Therefore, the relevant units involved in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects should pay more attention to environmental issues on the premise of expanding the construction scale. In the process of construction, the possible adverse effects on the production and life of the project site are considered in advance, and effective preventive measures are taken to minimize this impact.

Impact of Water Conservancy Project on Environment

Analysis of the impact on natural environment The impact of water conservancy projects on nature has been recognized by most experts: it is embodied in water source distribution, climate, hydrology, sediment deposition, geology and many other aspects.

The impact on the utilization of water resources The distribution and imbalance of water resources in China, the scope and situation of the impact are also different. According to the statistics of the Yangtze River Committee, there are 48,000 large and small reservoirs along the Yangtze River in China, which are still under construction. The completion of these reservoirs makes the density distribution of reservoirs unreasonable and greatly changes the habitat and distribution of species. It's hard to control, and the rainy season has no effect. However, in the rainy season, due to many river closures, it is easy to cut off the flow, resulting in the depletion of downstream water resources. The construction of "Happy Valley Water" intensive hydropower project has triggered fierce competition for hydropower resources construction among various groups. All kinds of water conservancy projects, especially the rapidly developing small hydropower projects, first "circle" a big river from the upstream, resulting in the state that the small and medium-sized tributaries along the river basin "have no dams and the rivers are constantly cut off". It is reported that Shuihe Hydropower Station 17 in Shimian County has been built and is under construction, only 34 kilometers away from Sichuan.

Impact on Climate The impact of water conservancy projects on climate generally refers to a large scale. The bigger the project, the greater the impact. For most projects, there is no such factor. Of course, for high-density water conservancy projects, its synergistic effect is equivalent to that of large-scale water conservancy projects, such as the Three Gorges Dam and the intensive dam construction in the Yangtze River Basin. The construction of large-scale water conservancy projects is equivalent to the formation of a huge flowing water body, which will definitely have different degrees of impact on the climate in local areas. Inferred from the "El Nino phenomenon" hypothesis, the interception of large-scale water conservancy is equivalent to cutting off the channel of heat transfer, thus reducing the role and efficiency of this huge flowing water body in temperature and climate regulation. River closure also leads to the change of water level in downstream rivers and lakes, which seriously affects the downstream climate change.

2. 1.3 Impact on water level geology After the completion of the reservoir, a large amount of water storage has changed the flow direction of the downstream water body and the distribution of bottom water, changed the surrounding environment to varying degrees, especially in non-flood season, and caused the groundwater level to drop. For some areas with poor vegetation, the contradiction between supply and demand of upstream and downstream water sometimes occurs due to different flood seasons. Water conservancy projects usually need river bed excavation, blasting and slope cutting. These behaviors will destroy the stability and balance of the original natural mountain to varying degrees, and even lead to landslides and collapses in serious cases. The water pressure of large reservoirs may affect the underwater and surrounding rock mass structure, and even cause earthquakes.

Influence of sediment deposition: The water storage of the reservoir is composed of many tributaries in the upper reaches, some from hillsides and some from plains. Especially when the water is fierce, the huge river flow will take away a lot of sediment. When a large number of water carriers are encountered and a buffer zone is given to the rapids, these sediments will settle down and stay in the reservoir area, forming a large number of sediments accumulated at the bottom of the reservoir all the year round, which will be consolidated under the action of gravity and water pressure, reducing the capacity of the reservoir area and making the water and soil organically mineralized.

Impact on social environment Water conservancy project construction has a strong public welfare, and social and economic benefits are usually very significant, which is also the main function of water conservancy projects. But many water conservancy projects have also disturbed people's peaceful life.

Large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects can save a lot of water resources. In the period of steady water flow, it can bring people living downstream a peaceful life, but in the event of a flood, it will exceed the bearing capacity of the dam, which will certainly bring disaster to people living downstream. Therefore, for large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects, reasonable resettlement must be considered. Including the construction of industrial and mining enterprises, factories, economic operation, etc.

Impact on people: before, during and after the construction of water conservancy projects, a large number of people may need to migrate, which is a self-behavior that violates the laws of nature. From the perspective of human history and biology, large-scale migration can easily lead to the outbreak of epidemics and plagues. After Danjiangkou Reservoir and Xin 'anjiang Reservoir, which we are familiar with, were built, mosquitoes bred and malaria was once popular. At present, the rare drought downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir also needs our further consideration. In the process of construction, the random discharge of production and domestic wastewater makes water pollution or industrial wastewater pollution bring disaster to people around. Different degrees of noise will be generated during the construction process, which will have a certain impact on the daily life of local residents.

The impact on land use, cultural relics landscape and water conservancy projects in mining areas usually takes up a lot of land, mountains and canyons. Roads need to be built during the construction period, and construction materials need to occupy the site, which will waste the land during the construction process and make it difficult to reuse it later. The planned land occupation of the project may include beautiful natural landscapes, cultural relics with historical value, or rich undeveloped natural resources, which will be buried after the project runs. Causing incalculable losses.

Impact on the ecosystem

The influence of water in the reservoir area is manifested in a large amount of water surface area, which makes a large amount of water evaporated and increases the loss of water resources. After the operation of the reservoir, the water flow in the reservoir area is slow and the transparency is increased, which is beneficial to the photosynthesis of algae, makes algae grow and spread in the water, increases the concentration of pollutants in the water, and leads to the decline of water quality.

Impact on biological species The destruction of surface vegetation by the project and the destruction of animal habitat by the construction of new towns and road systems will change the original ecosystem and directly threaten the survival of diverse living things around; After a large amount of water is stored in the reservoir, a large amount of vegetation will be flooded, the living environment of terrestrial organisms will be destroyed, aquatic organisms, especially cave-swimming fish, will be directly affected, and endangered animals and plants may be extinct. The change of water temperature structure in the region may cause water quality stratification, which will do harm to the spawning of crops and fish in the downstream basin and indirectly affect the change of biological contact.

counter-measure

At present, there are two main provisions on solving and standardizing the environmental impact of water conservancy projects in China: ① natural resources law, especially laws and regulations on water conservancy and water resources; ② Laws and regulations related to environmental protection, especially those related to environmental impact assessment. For every water conservancy project construction, every link before, during and after construction must be analyzed and standardized in strict accordance with the documents. Those who are legally responsible for illegal construction or concealing facts should be investigated and dealt with according to law. It is necessary to restrain the engineering design and construction units from the legal point of view, so that in the process of scheme design, ecological construction and environmental protection should be seriously brought into the fundamental point and breakthrough point of the work. Water conservancy projects that may cause serious damage and influence to the ecological environment, national nature reserves, national scenic spots and world heritage must be declared and re-analyzed and evaluated according to law. The state and local governments should improve the existing unsystematic and incomplete legal norms and regulations in time.

Based on the overall situation, it is of far-reaching significance to think that water conservancy projects are long-term projects for the benefit of future generations. However, in the development and utilization, we should not only focus on the immediate and local economic interests, but also analyze the long-term impact on human beings, the impact on the entire natural ecosystem and the impact on the harmonious development between man and nature. We should not only consider economic and technical factors, but also comprehensively analyze and consider ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits. From the viewpoint of system theory, we should comprehensively analyze and scientifically demonstrate the significance of its favorable and unfavorable effects. It is necessary to strengthen the environmental impact assessment of water conservancy and hydropower projects and conduct a "strategic assessment" of the design concept of each project construction. For projects that cannot be passed and are not allowed objectively, they must not be passed.

Improve the dynamic role of subjective factors. Any water conservancy project is conceived, designed and built by people. The state can encourage designers and construction technicians to fully consider the ecological environment in the whole design and construction of the project and minimize the impact on the environment. For the inevitable environmental damage that may occur, we should try our best to repair it artificially. For example, in terms of ecological environment, research and design projects such as fish, artificial hatchery, ovulation field, drainage as soon as possible, sediment discharge and siltation prevention in estuaries, and warming. In the aspect of sewage treatment, it is necessary to establish the ability to effectively monitor and regulate the self-purification of water bodies, rationally use water, intercept sewage treatment, multi-stage water storage and flood control, and study oxygen-increasing buildings. Study the coordination between water conservancy projects and regional landscape, and study the ability of disease prevention and control.

* * * complement each other and build a harmonious society. Man and nature are a whole. Only when they complement each other can we maintain sustainable development. In the process of construction, perfect personnel and property protection should be stipulated, and appropriate immigration measures should be taken. Ensure that the people in this area enjoy the benefits brought by the development of water conservancy and hydropower while ensuring the quality of life. Looking back on the history of water conservancy construction in China, it mainly went through two stages: immigration and development, during which many problems appeared. The state should speed up the improvement of these deficiencies. Make reasonable arrangements for the relocation area and personnel, comprehensively utilize the flooded property after relocation or the vacant dangerous area downstream, absorb immigrants to participate in the management, development and utilization of hydropower stations, and the proceeds will be used for resettlement in turn. Let the people and the government manage together, and let the immigrants be in the unity of project operation, environmental protection and their own orderly development.

The impact of water conservancy construction on the environment is very extensive, many of which are uncertain, long-term, potential and irreversible, and should be highly valued by all relevant units of water conservancy construction. We must correctly handle the relationship between people-oriented water conservancy and hydropower project construction and ecological environment protection, scientifically and realistically analyze the comprehensive impact of each large-scale water conservancy and hydropower project on the environment, and take effective improvement measures. In the future, it is necessary to effectively protect the ecological environment in the construction of water conservancy projects. Under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, an eco-friendly hydropower project construction system will be established to realize the coordinated development of hydropower project construction and development and ecological environment protection.

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