What were the Jin States in the Warring States Period?

In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, with the construction of water conservancy, the use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng, the economy of vassal states developed and the political situation changed. The influence of high officials in vassal states gradually expanded, such as Sanhuan in Lu, Shi Tian in Qi and Liu Qing in Jin. They use their own economic strength to control and carve up public offices and fight with each other to expand their territory. In the end, the six Qing countries of Jin fought, leaving only Han, Wei and Zhao. In the twenty-third year of Zhou Weilie (403 BC), the King of Zhou officially recognized the three clans as princes. In the 11th year of King Zhou An (before 39 1), Tian Min abolished Qi Kanggong and became a king on his own, which was also recognized by King Zhou An. The victory of Sanjin Hotan declared the political law of "the strong survive and the weak are eliminated". Therefore, from the beginning of Wei's political reform, countries rushed to carry out the political reform movement aimed at enriching the people. The core of the reform is to fix workers on the land to increase the state's tax revenue. With the deepening of social civilization, the rulers' greed for material enjoyment has expanded rapidly. The most direct way to increase exploitation is to plunder more land, and the most convenient way to plunder land is war. Therefore, wars were frequent during this period. According to statistics, there were 230 wars in the 255 years from the first year of Zhou Yuanwang (475 BC) to the twenty-sixth year of Qin (2265438 BC+0 BC). When the war broke out, both sides dispatched tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people at every turn. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled all kinds of historical materials into a book called The Warring States Policy. Since then, this historical stage has been called the Warring States Period.

Seven Heroes in Warring States Period:

During the Warring States period, Qi, Chu, Yan, Qin, Han, Zhao and Wei were the most powerful, and they were called the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States".

More than 100 countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, after continuous merger, there were about a dozen countries in the early Warring States Period. Great powers have Qin, Wei, Han, Yan, Zhao, Qi and Chu, that is, the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". In addition, there is Yue, a relatively powerful country. Small state-owned Eastern Zhou, Song, Wei, Zhongshan, Lu, Teng, Zou and so on. In addition, there are many ethnic minorities in the surrounding areas, such as the northern and northwestern, Loufan, Donghu and Yi areas, and the southern Ba, Shu and Yue areas.

Territory geography of the seven countries:

Qin: It is located in present-day Guanzhong of Shaanxi and southeast of Gansu.

W: It probably occupies the south of Shanxi, the north, the middle and the east of Henan.

Zhao: It occupies today's northern and central Shanxi, central and southwestern Hebei and a part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

H: About the central and western parts of Henan and the southeastern part of Shanxi.

Qi: It includes northern Shandong, southern Hebei, western China and southeastern Shanxi.

Chu: It occupies a part of Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

Yan: It occupies a part of northern Hebei, Liaoning and Jilin.

In the early Warring States period, the "Seven Heroes" came into being, and all countries focused on internal arrangement. The country recruited talents and made great efforts to govern the country, such as Li Kui, Wuqi, Shang Yang and others' political reforms and political reforms all took place in this period.

The mid-Warring States period was a period of great war. It is really a melee situation: "There is no peace in the country, and there is no peace in the old age" and "There is no fixed relationship between the country and the land." In order to maintain their own survival and expand the power of their own territory, monarchs have claimed the king and dominated the party. On the one hand, strengthen centralization, reform and strengthen armaments; On the other hand, in diplomacy, we frequently strive for "integration" and "Lian Heng" of other countries.

In the late Warring States period, Zhao Haoqi Xiang of Qin took Fan Sui as the prime minister and adopted the strategy of "attacking from far to near", which destroyed the "alliance" of various countries, enhanced Qin's national strength and military strength, became the first power in the Warring States period, and weakened the strength of all countries.

Political reform and new monarchy in various countries

First, Wei Li lost money in political reform

Wei Wenhou (reigned from 445 to 369 years ago) appointed Li Kui to carry out reforms, made full use of his education, established army soldiers, reused Wuqi and Ximen Bao to govern places, developed the economy, and became the first powerful country in the early Warring States period.

1, abolish the Shi Qing Shi Lu system and establish a feudal bureaucratic system. According to the principle of "eat hard, get meritorious service", choose the best officials, weaken the privileges of nobles, and establish a feudal bureaucratic system.

2, according to the implementation of teaching.

3. Implementation of flattening method.

4, known as the "French classic"

Second, the influence of Wuqi Reform on Chu.

Background: With the decline of Chu State, the King of Chu mourned Wuqi's political reform. Wu Qi (about 440 BC-about 3865438 BC+0 BC), a native of Wei, failed to seek development in Wei, went to Lu, studied under Zeng Shenmen, and married Yoshida Juer. Ceng Zi broke off the teacher-student relationship because he didn't go home to attend his mother's funeral. Lumugong used him as a general. He killed his wife and demanded to be a general. After Wei, he participated in the political reform. Before 383, when Wu Qi was in office, he was pushed out by Wei Xianggong's uncle and left Wei to return to Chu. In the twentieth year of Zhou 'an (382 BC), King Mourning of Chu appointed Wuqi to carry out political reform, cut down redundant staff, abolish Shi Qingdishi, an aristocrat, clearly examine the law and prohibit private invitation, which became increasingly powerful. However, the old forces of Chu were too powerful. When Wang Gang of Chu died, Wuqi was shot dead by random arrows.

The contents of the reform are:

1. Apply for an express decree: enact a series of laws and publicly announce that the orders of governments at all levels are strictly examined and supervised at all levels to ensure the implementation of the new law.

2. Take away the title: Anyone who has been a monarch for three generations will take back the title, abolish the special treatment of those who are alienated from the public, and move some old nobles to desolate areas.

3. Reduce officials: Reduce salary expenses and use the saved funds to train the army.

4. Rectify the official camp and block the private door: require officials to be private without harming the public, and serve the landlord regime wholeheartedly regardless of their reputation and reputation.

In 200 BC, Qi Weiwang and Zou Ji began to reform together.

Wei Huiwang moved its capital to Daliang, recruited talents, built water conservancy projects, and used troops abroad in an attempt to annex the Weiguo with Puyang as its capital, causing dissatisfaction among neighboring countries. At this time, Zou Ji and others were appointed to carry out reforms, vigorously rectify politics, encourage people to remonstrate, formulate laws and call for exile, and the economy developed rapidly, becoming a big country with strength second only to Wei. In the Battle of Guiling in the 16th year (353 BC) and the Battle of Maling in the 28th year (3465438 BC+0 BC), the State of Qi took Tian Ji as the general and Sun Bin as the strategist, and defeated Wei Jun with ingenuity. Since then, Qi has become the strongest country in the Central Plains. In order to meet the demand for talents, Qi Xuanwang has expanded the Jixia Academy, which is located in Linzi, the capital of Qi. Scholars who came to Xia Ji were given generous salaries and comfortable living conditions, which enabled them to concentrate on their studies, cultivate their disciples and promote academic progress and prosperity.

D. Shang Yang's reform

In the 13th year (356 BC) and 19th year (350 BC) of Zhou Xianwang, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out the most thorough political reform. Shang Yang's political reform encouraged population proliferation, emphasized agriculture and restrained commerce, abolished the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu", rewarded military service, compiled household registration and implemented the law of sitting in a row, making Qin the most powerful country after the mid-Warring States period. Although Shang Yang was later killed by a car crack, the new law was not abolished.

Main contents:

1, abandoned mining fields, open buildings and government.

Buildings are the boundaries of cultivated land. Originally, everyone has a field, but there is no fixed boundary. Because fallow land is everyone's public land, cultivated land often needs to be re-divided. Shang Yang's reform encouraged the people to expand the cultivated land area and develop production, that is, to set up buildings as fixed farmland boundaries for the people to expand cultivated land and provide favorable protection for land users. Fengjiang is the boundary between emperor and vassal, and also the boundary of aristocratic fiefs or fields. The boundary pillar is sealed with soil and symbolized by trees, which is called river closure. The opening of the frontier was the demarcation of private farmland houses of nobles at that time. Opening the frontier is to break the old frontier, re-plan, and don't move it privately. This maintained the feudal private ownership of land and was beneficial to the development of local economy.

2. Reward soldiers and prohibit private fighting.

Reward military service. Anyone who has served in military service can get a title, land and official position. Kill an enemy soldier, get his first-class title, an acre of land, nine acres of houses, and an illegitimate child, and you can be an official with a salary of fifty stones. Military merit grade 20, (1) male scholar; (2) architecture; (3) image (also known as asking for help); (4) no longer; (5) doctors; (6) official doctors; (7) public doctors; (8) public transportation; (9) Five Heroes; (10) Zuo Shuchang; (1 1) right elder; (12) left tillage; (13) intertillage; (14) right table; (15) is getting less and less; (16) Dashang Building; (17) conductor; (18) big sister; (19) Guan Neihou; (20) behind the car. Privileges, commutation, costumes and graves are all granted according to titles. Private fighting is strictly prohibited, and offenders will be punished according to their severity. In this way, people are encouraged to fight for the country, and a large number of yeomen and landlords have emerged, forming a situation in which "the people are brave in public war and the people are afraid of private war."

3. Pay attention to this and suppress the end, and pay for farming and weaving.

At that time, agriculture was called industry, which was the foundation of the country's prosperity, and commerce and handicrafts were called "end industries". Shang Yang's efforts to manage agriculture were exempted from taxes, while those engaged in business or lazy to pay rent were taken as official servants. This is conducive to the development of agricultural production. In order to increase taxes and encourage one family to produce one product, it is stipulated that two adult males in the family must get married separately after marriage, and women must get married when they reach a certain age, otherwise they will have to pay more taxes. Objectively promoted the development of small-scale peasant economy, thus becoming an important feature of feudal economy. A household becomes a production and business operation unit, and the division of property makes the class constantly change.

4. Implement the county system.

Qin Xiaogong used to have county-level administrative organs, but they were not common. Shang Yang's political reform generally implemented the county system. Counties with more than 10,000 households have orders, and chiefs with salaries ranging from 30,000 stone to 1,000 stone have less than 10,000 households. Officials are appointed below the county magistrate, and the monarch has the right to appoint and remove them. This system was conducive to centralization and became the embryonic form of China's feudal state machine.

On the opposition of vertical and horizontal alliances with Qin as the fulcrum

Chyi Chin confronted the east and west, and launched a struggle to win over other vassal States and isolate each other, while countries such as Korea, Wei, Zhao, Chu and Yan wavered between United Qin and United Qin. At this time, two famous politicians appeared-Yi Chang and Gongsun Yan. They are Lian Heng (splitting six countries) and Zonghe (uniting against Qin).

The powerful state of Qin continued to expand its territory to the east. In the 40th year of Zhou Xian (329 BC), Ren Wei Yi Cheung came to the State of Qin to see Hui Wenjun, and asked Lian Heng for advice, suggesting that Wei and Chu should be close. Then, with the cooperation of Wei and Chu, they attacked South Korea's new town and Yiyang, drove the army to Luoyang, held the emperor to make the princes, and finally came back to capture the territory of Wei and Chu, forcing all the princes in the world to take care of Qin in the west and complete the great cause of being king. This strategy is exactly what Hui Wenjun wanted, so he took Zhang Yi as his guest. Zhang Yi repeatedly encouraged the attack on Wei State and returned the captured land to Wei State, forcing Wei State to take Qin as the first and enfeoffment fifteen counties, which posed a great threat to other eastern countries. Zhang Yi was appointed as the state minister of Qin. In the forty-sixth year of King Zhou Xian (323 BC), the Wei Dynasty adopted the strategy of uniting with the Communist Party, prompting Wei, Korea, Zhao, Yan and Zhongshan to recognize each other as kings and jointly resist Qin. But soon, Chu sent troops to attack Wei, and Gongsun Yan's strategy was frustrated. Wei Xiang Hui Shi's activities of uniting Qi and Chu also failed and he was deported. Wei Huiwang was hit by Qi and Chu, so he had to appoint Zhang Yi as Wei Xiang in the forty-seventh year of Zhou Xian (322 BC), hoping to unite the soldiers of Qin and Han Dynasties to attack Qi and Chu. However, Zhang Yi's real intention is to ask Wei to serve Qin first, so that other vassal states can follow suit. Wei Huiwang didn't listen to Zhang Yi's advice. With the support of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and North Korea, in the second year of Wang Jing (365,438+09), Zhang Yi was expelled and Gongsun Yan was accepted as Wei Xiang. The following year, Gongsun Yan launched five countries, namely Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Han, to attack the State of Qin for the first time, thinking that they were superior to each other and were defeated by the State of Qin.

Since then, Qin has been attacking Sanjin, taking advantage of the mutual attack between Bashu and Sichuan to send troops to occupy the whole territory of Bashu and gain rich rear base areas. In the fifth year of King Shen of Zhou Dynasty (3 16), the Prince of Yan gave the throne to Guo Xiang. My son has been king for three years, and the country is in chaos. General City was captured by Prince Ping, and the people fought back, killing Prince Ping, the city was covered, and tens of thousands of people died. Qi Xuanwang took the opportunity to send troops to attack Yan, and captured the whole territory of Yan in more than 50 days. Because the Qi army killed a large number of civilians, the Yan people rebelled and the Qi army was forced to retreat. However, this incident proves that Qi's strength is still quite strong. At the same time, the League of Qi and Chu strengthened the strength of Chyi Chin.

The focus of Chyi Chin's struggle is to win the State of Chu. Chu's national strength began to weaken. At the beginning of the Warring States Period, King Mourn of Chu appointed Wuqi as Lingyin, carried out political reform, made the country prosperous, defeated Wei in one fell swoop, and sent troops to attack Qin. In 38 1 year BC, the king of Chu, Molun, died, and the new law of Wuqi was abolished, and the State of Chu went downhill day by day. In order to destroy the alliance between Chu and Qi, two years ago (3 13), Zhang Yi sent an envoy to Chu and broke with Qi. The State of Qin sent Zhang Yi to the State of Chu to preach "Lian Heng" and advised the State of Chu never to join the Qin Dynasty. He also verbally vowed to return the place 600 miles away from the Chu merchants (southwest of Xichuan County, Henan Province). Chu Huaiwang believed it and broke off diplomatic relations with Qi. When Chu sent someone to ask Qin for land, Zhang Yi said slyly, "I agreed with the king of Chu that it was six Li, but I didn't expect it to be six hundred Li." Chu Huaiwang was very angry, so he sent troops to attack the State of Qin. Qin Jun defeated Chu army in Danyang, and Chu soldiers were killed by 800 people. Chu captured Qujian, and Qin captured six hundred Li of Chu and Hanzhong. Yi Cheung also persuaded Han, Zhao, Yan and Qin Lian Heng. In the 14th year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 30 years1year), Qi, Han and Wei ruled the State of Chu and killed Tang Mei. In the sixteenth year of Zhou Nanwang (299 BC), Chu Huaiwang was deceived to the State of Qin, detained and finally died in the State of Qin. Wei took advantage of Chu's emptiness and attacked Chu. Qi did not support Chu. Chu suffered a great loss and never recovered.

In the eighth year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 307 years), King Wuling of Zhao rode and shot with clothes, changed the traditional armored soldiers into cavalry, and changed the battle of chariots into mobile warfare, which greatly enhanced the military strength of Zhao State and became a new obstacle to the eastward development of Qin State. In order to attack the State of Zhao, Qin Zhao sent Hou Wei to the State of Qi, and the King of Qi and Qin Zhao proclaimed themselves at the same time, uniting the five countries to attack the State of Zhao. Su Qin, a lobbyist, saw through the plot of the State of Qin, and advised the King of Qi to give up the Emperor's number and launch an alliance to unite the armies of Yan, Han, Wei and Zhao, and jointly attack Qin in the twenty-eighth year (287 years before). Qin was forced to cede territory to Wei and Zhao for peace. Since then, Zhao She, Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, the generals of the State of Zhao, have repeatedly crushed the military attacks and diplomatic pressures of the Qin people and defended the dignity and territory of the State of Zhao.

In 286 BC, the State of Qi destroyed the State of Song, which was once very powerful and caused anxiety among countries. Qin joined forces with Yan, Chu, Han, Zhao and Wei to cut Qi together. In 284 BC, the Qi army was defeated in Jixi (now south of Liaocheng, Shandong). Since Yan Zhaowang ascended the throne, he has made great efforts, humbled himself and sought revenge. Qin and Wei are both highly valued. Help carry out political reform, so that Yan can recover and develop quickly. As a spy, Su Qin sent a mission to the State of Qi to persuade Qi Min to attack the Song Dynasty and the State of Chu in order to weaken the power of the State of Qi. It also agreed with Zhao, Wei, Chu and other countries to jointly cut Qi. In the thirty-first year of Zhou Nanwang (284 BC), Le Yi, the general of Yan State, led the soldiers of Yan, Zhao, Qin, Wei and Chu to jointly attack Qi State. He has been attacking the capital of Qi and has seized most of the territory. Tian Dan, the general of Qi State, used the internal contradictions of Yan State to expel the troops of Yan State and recover the lost land. However, Qi has lost its ability to compete with Qin.

The State of Qin weakened the State of Qi in the struggle of "uniting the vertical" and began to develop eastward.

Jin State, the name of the Zhou Dynasty vassal, was originally named Tang. In today's southern Shanxi Province. In the first 403 years, doctors Han Qian, Evonne and Wei Si of the State of Jin established their own vassals, and the State of Jin was divided into three vassal states, namely Korea, Zhao and Wei. The capital of Jin Dynasty was the Tang Dynasty (now Yicheng, Shanxi), Jin Xiangong moved its capital to Jiangxi (now southeast of Yicheng, Shanxi), and the others were Quwo (now east of wenxi county, Shanxi).

history

At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang made his brother Yu Shu in the Tang Dynasty (now western Shaanxi), which was one of the important countries at that time. Shu was renamed Jin, and later moved its capital to Quwo (now Wenxi, Shanxi), Jiang (now Yicheng, Shanxi) and Xintian (now Houma, Shanxi). At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Jin supported Wang Ping and moved to Luoyi, killing Wang Xie, who was self-reliant in his hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He made great contributions to the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and was awarded by Wang Ping.

At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a long-term struggle for the throne between the public officials and nobles in the State of Jin. From the first year of Emperor Zhao of Jin Dynasty (745 BC), his uncle was appointed as the Taifu of Quwo, and in the twenty-eighth year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (679 BC), Duke Wu of Quwo was officially appointed as the Duke of Jin. After 60 or 70 years, the country was rebuilt by replacing the main body with side branches. The newly-built State of Jin is full of vitality. Gong Xian, the son of Wu Gong (676- 65 1 former reigning), expanded vigorously, once conquered countries such as Geng, Huo, Wei, Yu and Guo, and defeated Li Rong and Guo. Later, due to the struggle for the throne, there was a brief civil strife in the state of Jin, but when Wengong (636- 628 BC) was in power, a struggle for hegemony began. In the battle of Chengpu, Jin defeated Chu and became a vassal, and was officially named overlord by King Xiang of Zhou. In the future, big countries like Qin and Qi can't compete with it. Only Chu can compete with Jin for a long time, but the two sides have won and lost each other, forming a situation in which two great powers alternately control the hegemony of the Central Plains. In the early spring and autumn period, the son who was sealed by Qu Wo continued to expand his power and finally won the throne. Drawing on this historical lesson, Gong Xian adopted the strategy of killing foreigners with the same surname and appointed ministers with different surnames as assistants. When he was in power, he killed you and set up someone else, which set a precedent for the exclusive power of the minister of Jin State. After that, ministers with different surnames became more and more powerful. Gong Li (reigned from 580 to 573) used the contradiction between ministers to eliminate ministers with different surnames, but was later killed by two other ministers, Luan Shi and Zhong Yinshi. The mourning period (572- 558) strengthened the monarchy, but failed to reverse the situation. After Zhao Gong (reigned before 53 1 526), Jin became a powerful fan, bank of China, intellectual, Korean, Zhao and Wei, and public office no longer became an important force, and the struggle for power and interests became more intense. Fan and China Bank were the first to be defeated when the government appointed them (top 5 1 1- top 475). In the fourth year of mourning for the public (the first 453 years), Han, Zhao and Wei * * * wiped out the intellectuals and divided the land into three parts. In fact, the state of Jin has been divided up by three ethnic groups. In the 19th year of Liegong (403 BC), King Wei Lie of Zhou officially recognized Han, Zhao and Wei as vassals. In the second year of Gong Jing (376 BC), Han, Zhao and Wei were abolished, and the State of Jin, which had been established for nearly 700 years, perished.