What are the manifestations of economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties?

The economic development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is mainly manifested in:

1. Agriculture:

New varieties introduced from abroad in Ming Dynasty ── corn, sweet potato, potato, peanut and sunflower.

2. Handicraft industry:

(1) The cotton textile industry in the Ming Dynasty moved from south to north.

(2) Suzhou was the center of the silk industry in Ming Dynasty, and Nanjing came from behind.

(3) Jingdezhen is the national porcelain center (blue and white porcelain), which sells well at home and abroad.

3. Commerce: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy was unprecedentedly active. Beijing and Nanjing are national trading cities.

4. The bud of capitalism:

After the mid-Ming Dynasty, there were many machine users in the textile industry in Suzhou, Songjiang and other places for the purpose of producing goods.

They set up computer rooms and hired mechanics for production, forming a production mode of "machine users contribute, mechanics contribute". Machinists are early capitalists, and machinists are early hired workers. The employment relationship between them and the employment relationship are capitalist relations of production.

Qing dynasty economy

In the Qing Dynasty, the economy was weak, and the population decreased greatly, and it recovered to 200 million in the Qianlong period, which made the output of food crops need to be further improved. In the Qing Dynasty, reclamation of wasteland, emigration to frontier areas and promotion of new crops were adopted to increase production. Due to the promotion of domestic and foreign trade, the economy and agriculture are relatively developed. In the handicraft industry, the slave system of craftsmen was changed to the tax service system. Textile and porcelain are the most important industries, with cotton weaving surpassing silk weaving. Porcelain is painted on porcelain tires with enamel, and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi is the center of porcelain.

In Qing dynasty, commerce was developed, and it was divided into ten business gangs. Among them, Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants dominate China's financial industry, while Fujian merchants and Chaozhou merchants master overseas trade. The Qing Dynasty once implemented the "sea ban" policy, and it was not until Taiwan Province Province was recovered that the coastal trade was slightly active, and the currency adopted the dual standard of silver and copper. In the late Kangxi period, in order to prevent rebellion, the policy of banning mines was implemented, which hindered the development of industry and commerce to some extent.

coinage

Generally speaking, the currency of the Qing Dynasty adopted a double standard of silver and copper, with silver for large numbers and money for decimal numbers, but silver played a more important role. Due to the developed overseas trade, a large amount of silver is imported from abroad. Apart from Spanish silver coins, Portuguese silver coins, Venetian silver coins, Dutch silver coins and French silver coins also circulated in Kang Yong during the boom.

Before and after the Opium War, a fixed form of silver coins appeared, and after the Opium War, machines were officially used to cast silver coins. Before the Opium War, Britain sold a lot of opium to China, which led to a large outflow of silver from China. More copper coins are needed in exchange for silver.

Because silver is a fixed currency for people to pay taxes, it drives inflation and seriously worsens the economy. So that Shunzhi Emperor issued paper money at 165 1, and Xianfeng Emperor issued paper money such as Qing dynasty treasure notes and household official tickets at 1843, which stabilized the Qing economy.