Fujian Immigrants in the Western Han Dynasty

The ancients used "barbarian Rongdi" to refer to the surrounding ethnic minorities, which formed a fixed match with the orientation, such as Nanman, Dongyi, Xirong and Beidi.

However, the Yi people can be matched not only with the east, but also with the west and south, that is, the southwest Yi people, that is, ethnic minorities living in Hengduan Mountain and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west and south of Sichuan.

There are many tribes in southwest yi, which can be roughly divided into: south yi headed by yelang and giant tripod, roughly Guizhou, eastern Yunnan and western Guangxi; Nanyi, headed by Yunnan, is roughly in the middle of Yunnan and the south of Liangshan; Yi Xi, headed by Du Qiong, is roughly Liangshan Prefecture; Yi Xi, headed by the Imperial City, is roughly the downstream of the Dadu River; Yi Xi, headed by Ran Yan, is roughly Aba Prefecture; Yi Xi, headed by Baima, is roughly Longnan, Gansu. These tribes have different stages of development, production and lifestyles, including farming, nomadism and both.

The story of Yelang's arrogance is widespread, and many people misunderstand Yelang as a small country. Actually, it is not. The volume of Southwest Yi can't be compared with that of Han Dynasty, but it is definitely different fireworks from all over the world. According to the population statistics of Hanshu, during the reign of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, the population of xian county, which belonged to southwest Yi, exceeded 6.5438+0.5 million, Yue County exceeded 480,000, and Yizhou County exceeded 580,000. Considering that there were not many Han immigrants at that time, these more than one million people should mainly come from southwest China. This number exceeds that of most western countries.

To conquer southwest yi, it is inseparable from Sichuan. At that time, Sichuan was a fertile ground for industrial and commercial development. The most typical industry is iron smelting, and Lin Qiong County, a small town on the border of western Sichuan, is an important iron smelting town. People and grandchildren have been smelting iron for generations, and they were the richest people at that time. They lived in luxury and wanted to be a gentleman. In addition, there is no road thousands of miles away from the plank road in Sichuan. Migrant workers are well-developed in cities and businesses. Wen Weng, the satrap of Shu County in the period of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, strongly sponsored Sichuan youth to study Confucianism in Chang 'an, and the funds came from selling Sichuan specialties. Cheng Zheng, another Lin Qiong, does business with the surrounding ethnic minorities.

Such a developed industry and commerce has wrongly contributed to the large-scale expansion of the Chinese nation. There are three kinds of Sichuan specialties, which have played a magical catalytic role, namely, citric acid sauce, Shubu and Qiongzhuzhang.

In the sixth year of Jianyuan, Southwest Yi first entered the official vision of Han Dynasty.

This year, Dongyue in Fujian attacked Nanyue in Guangdong and Nanyue in Guangxi, and Nanyue Wang asked the Han Dynasty for help. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to attack East Vietnam in two ways, with Wang Hui, a big bank, leaving Jiangxi and Han Anguo, a big farmer, leaving Zhejiang to attack Fujian. Dongyue killed the king of Dongyue and surrendered.

Wang Hui sent Poyang County magistrate Tang Meng to South Vietnam to publicize military strength. South Vietnam held a grand banquet to pay tribute to Tang Meng. On the wine table, something called citric acid sauce caught Tang Meng's attention. Now there are different opinions about what citric acid sauce is. Some people say it is a kind of sauce, others say it is maotai-flavor wine. Tang Meng knows kiwi sauce, which is a specialty of Sichuan. How can Sichuan specialties appear on the dining table in Guangzhou? People in South Vietnam said that it was imported by merchants in the upper reaches of Songgu River, which is the upper reaches of the Pearl River.

Sichuan, Guangdong and the Pearl River, what is the positional relationship and how are they connected? Tang Meng was puzzled. After returning to Chang 'an, Tang Meng asked Sichuan businessmen about the situation. They confessed that some profiteers would smuggle citric acid sauce from Sichuan to Yelang country. Yelang is in the south of Sichuan, close to Zhangjiang, and can be navigable, and the downstream can reach South Vietnam. There is also trade between Yelang and South Vietnam. Tang Meng suddenly realized that there is another country called Yelang between Sichuan and South Vietnam.

Why is Tang Meng so obsessed with citric acid sauce? Because in South Vietnam, Tang Meng not only saw the citric acid sauce, but also saw the unacceptable phenomenon. The king of South Vietnam went beyond the ceremony of the emperor, surrendering on the surface, but actually becoming independent. The fragile relationship between China and Vietnam is unsustainable and there will be war in the future. The appearance of gouache in South Vietnam made Tang Meng realize that there is a continuous and smooth waterway between Sichuan and Guangzhou, which can go directly to Panyu, the capital of South Vietnam, through the Lancang River. This waterway has military value.

After in-depth study, Tang Meng wrote to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty:

Tang Meng made a detailed comparison between fighting South Vietnam from Hunan and Jiangxi and fighting South Vietnam from Yelang. First, Hunan, Jiangxi and South Vietnam are separated by Nanling, and the waterway is discontinuous, while the waterway from Yelang to South Vietnam is continuous; Second, the main force of South Vietnam to guard against the Han Dynasty must be deployed on the Hunan-Jiangxi line, and Yelang's invasion can be taken by surprise; Third, Yelang has 100,000 soldiers to call. So conquer Yelang now. With the national prestige and Bashu economy of the Han Dynasty, it is very feasible to conquer Yelang.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recognized it very much. In the fifth year of Yuanguang, Tang Meng served as a corps commander, went out of Bazhuguan Pass in Luzhou, went up the Chishui River, and went south to look for Yelang. Finally, Tang Meng met Yelang Hou Duotong, told Wade, and put forward the requirement of bringing Yelang into the governance system of the Han Dynasty.

The first time we met, we made such an excessive request, and Yelanghou actually agreed, because the information was asymmetric. Tang Meng was clear about the national strength contrast between the Han Dynasty and Yelang, but he was not fully aware of the difficulties from Bashu to Yelang. Yelang doesn't know who is older than me, but he clearly knows how magnificent the mountains in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are. As long as you pretend to surrender to the Han dynasty, you can get huge economic benefits, and the geographical environment is enough to eliminate the military threat of the Han dynasty. Why not do it, and make a steady profit?

However, the Han Dynasty was no joke. In the Han Dynasty, Qianwei County was established in Yibin, southern Sichuan, and Tang Meng mobilized tens of thousands of people in Bashu to start building the road from Qianwei Road to Yelang River.

Yelang Wang never dreamed that the ancestors of infrastructure enthusiasts were so careful about infrastructure. If the Han Dynasty really opened the way, the geographical obstacles on which Yelang's sovereignty and security depended would be swept away, which was not bad, so Yelang led the surrounding Nanyi ministries to revolt.

The front is the prophase of Nanyi Project, which was launched almost at the same time as Yi Xi Project.

If Tang Meng was the first person in the South Wing Project, then Sima Xiangru was the first person in the Yi Xi Project.

Sima Xiangru, a native of Chengdu, was a famous writer in the period of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. His wife Zhuo Wenjun is the daughter of Wang Sun, Zhuo's richest man. Sima Xiangru has lived in Lin Qiong for a long time, and Lin Qiong and Yi Xi are close at hand, so he is familiar with Yi Xi.

At that time, Yi Xi's Du Qiong and the Imperial Capital Minister heard that Nanyi got a lot of rewards from the Han Dynasty, and they were very envious. They all expressed the hope that they could enjoy the same treatment as Nanyi and belong to the Han Dynasty.

Sima Xiangru comprehensively demonstrated the strategic advantages of the Yi Xi project from the perspective of geography and history. Geographically, Du Qiong, the Imperial Capital and Ranyi are close to Sichuan, so road construction will be relatively easy. Historically, Yi Xi and Bashu have been in contact for a long time, and the two sides have a humanistic basis for communication; Therefore, compared with the South Wing, the Yi Xi project has more advantages.

Therefore, Emperor Wu appointed Sima Xiangru as a corps commander and held festivals to appease the West. With the cooperation of local officials in Sichuan, the Sima Xiangru Mission established contact with various ministries in Yi Xi, and set up a captain and a dozen counties here to nominally rule Yi Xi. Subsequently, Sima Xiangru extended its border westward to Moshui and Ruoshui, and built roads and bridges to connect Qionglai and Daiyu.

Although the southwest project is in full swing, the practical difficulties are beyond imagination, especially the southern project. From Qianwei to build a road to the riverside, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty authorized the mobilization of 500 troops in Ba County and 500 troops in Shu County, and the local government was equipped with tens of thousands of people to help. However, due to the harsh natural and human environment and poor logistics, Yelang and other departments rebelled one after another, causing heavy casualties and investment costs of hundreds of millions. Tang Meng struggled for two years and failed. Not only that, but also caused panic in Bashu. Many people even fled, injured themselves or even committed suicide in order to avoid catching strong men. In order to ease the mood of Bashu people, Sima Xiangru wrote a campaign, denouncing those evaders as unscrupulous people, shameless, "ashamed of their parents and laughing at the world", seriously criticizing their disloyalty and unfilial, and seriously criticizing the lack of educational functions of their parents and local officials.

As for the westernization plan led by Sima Xiangru, it was not much better. Bashu elders and court ministers generally opposed it, arguing that it was not worthwhile to waste people and money. Sima Xiangru did not flinch, and wrote an article, pointing out that:

In other words, extraordinary achievements like the Southwest Post Project will never be smooth sailing, but after success, it will benefit all parties and all generations. Sima Xiangru asked the elderly doctors and gentlemen who opposed the Southwest Project to play an exemplary and leading role in the Southwest Project. "Although the people have worked hard, please take the lead." .

The opponents are very determined. They dug up evidence that Sima Xiangru took bribes in Yi Xi, which led to Sima Xiangru's dismissal. This should be a naked framing. Sima Xiangru is the richest man's son-in-law, who inherited one-third of Zhuo Wangsun's property and was rich. He is a rare official in the Western Han Dynasty, so he can't be corrupt. Even if he did accept a gift in violation of regulations in Yi Xi, it is estimated that he was taking care of Yi Xi's face and said that his bribery was purely a crime.

The Southwest Easy Project was finally put on hold. Because before long, the Han Dynasty devoted itself to a more magnificent cause, that is, the war against the Huns. In the sixth year of Yuanguang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty officially launched a counterattack against Xiongnu, and Wei Qing won a great victory in Liuzhou. In the second year of Yuanshuo, Wei Qing seized the vast land in the north and south of Dajizi Bay of the Yellow River. At the suggestion of Zhu Fuyan, the Han Dynasty established Shuofang County and Wuyuan County here.

At this time, the Han Dynasty started three large-scale frontier development projects at the same time, namely, Southwest Yi Project, Shuofang County Development Project and Northeast Canghai County Development Project, all of which wasted people and money. Gong, an ancient scholar, opposed these three schemes. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Zhu Maichen and Gong Sunhong to debate the pros and cons of the plan, and Gong Sunhong was completely defeated. Therefore, Gong settled for the second best and advocated "going to the southwest and crossing the sea to the north". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally agreed to Gong's plan. In this way, in the third year of Yuanshuo, the Southwest Yi Project was temporarily dismounted.

Four years later, in the first year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again turned his attention to the southwest. This time, the cause was the goods smuggled by profiteers in Sichuan. A few years ago, Zhang Qian made his first trip to the Western Regions, and found the Da Yue family in Daxia, Tuhuoluo Basin in Central Asia. That summer, Zhang Qian discovered two kinds of Sichuan specialties, namely, corn and bamboo palm, which the locals said were imported from the southeast. The poison is India. Zhang Qian analyzed that Daxia is 12,000 miles southwest of Chang 'an, India is thousands of miles southeast of Daxia, and there are specialties of Sichuan, so it is not far from Sichuan. At that time, the Hexi Corridor was not included in the territory. If we can walk from Sichuan to India, we will find another way to contact the western regions.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Qianwei County to send envoys to visit India through Southwest China. Qianwei sent more than a dozen messengers to the depths of southwest Yi in four ways. These messengers left their names with Yu, Bai Shichang and. Of course, they didn't reach India, but they found Yunnan. Dian State near Dianchi Lake cooperated very much, and its king, Taste Qiang, sent a messenger to look for India, but it was blocked by other tribes such as Lao Shen and Mimo in Kunming, and could not move forward. Kunming is the salt source area in the south of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Wang Ran stayed in Dian for four years, but made no progress. He went back and reported the situation of Dian to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought of the cooperative country Dian, as well as the old gods in Kunming, Mimo and other hostile tribes.

After another seven and six years in Ding Yuan, the Han Dynasty finally began to formally conquer Southwest China.

The year before, the war of annexing South Vietnam started in the Han Dynasty. Although Tang Meng decided that the waterway of Hunan and Jiangxi was not smooth, the Han Dynasty started from Hunan and Jiangxi and went hand in hand by land, annexing South Vietnam in one fell swoop. Although Yelang has not been conquered, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty still launched an army all the way, starting from Sichuan, forcibly recruiting Yelang and other foreign soldiers and going down the river. However, before this group of people set out, South Vietnam had already perished.

Why is this road so slow? Because Nanyi was not conquered, of course, Nanyi people did not listen to the command. Among them, Galand performed the worst. Moreover, after receiving the conscription order of the Han Dynasty, Lanjun was worried that if he sent troops, the interior would be empty and the surrounding hostile tribes would take advantage of it, so he led the rebellion and killed the messenger and the avant-garde satrap. So, the eight captains who originally planned to attack South Vietnam along Suijiang turned around and attacked Galand. Guo Chang and Wei Guang were in charge of this operation.

Guo Chang fought against the Huns with Wei Qing in his early years. Wei Guang is Wei Qing's half-brother, and the young Sima Qian is also involved in the command. Guo Chang Wei Guang's conquest of southwest China was actually a very grand war. Although there is Sima Qian, it is a pity that no more historical materials are left, so the relevant records are very simple.

Wei Guang and I had already set foot on the road of attacking South Vietnam, but Lan suddenly rebelled, so they went back to Li to attack Lan. The Han army won a great victory, beheaded tens of thousands, and Lan perished. The war was then launched in an all-round way, not only in Galand, but also in Nanyi. When the Han army reached Yelang, Yelang knew that he was defeated and surrendered immediately. Yelang Hou entered the court and was named Yelang King. As a result, Nanyi was conquered and the Han Dynasty set up a county here.

Guo Chang and Wei Guang invaded the West nonstop. First, they defeated Du Qiong and killed Joan Army on the Anning River. Then they went north to the Imperial City and killed Hou Di. The western ministries were frightened and surrendered in succession. In Han Dynasty, Du Qiong set up Qi Yue County, Imperial Capital set up Li Shen County, Ran Yi set up Wenshan County, and Baima set up Wudu County. Guo Chang Weiguang won the first war against Southwest China, and Guizhou, Western Sichuan and Longnan were basically conquered.

Only Yunnan is left. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty intended to solve the Yunnan problem peacefully, and sent Wang Ran to Yunnan again, inviting the king of Yunnan to surrender with the power of victory. However, Yunnan is also a big country, with tens of thousands of people, and it is also proud. Moreover, it is not easy to fight with the surrounding Lao Shen and Momo, so the king of Yunnan refused to surrender. Two years later, in the second year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Wu sent Guo Chang and Wei Guang to attack Yunnan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty clearly remembers that Lao Shen and Mi Mo were isolated by China's envoys, and the attitude of Yunnan King was friendly at that time. Therefore, although the king of Dian is unappreciative, the goal of the Han army is to practice hard. Soon, Lao Shen and Mimo were destroyed, the isolated Yunnan Wang Quanguo surrendered, and the Han Dynasty established Yizhou County in Yunnan. Soon, the king of Dian entered the court and was given to Wang Yin by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

At this point, all the departments of southwest yi in the vision of Han dynasty were conquered. Six counties were added here in the Han Dynasty, namely, Zhang Si County in Guizhou, Yizhou County in Yunnan, Zhang Yue County in western Sichuan, Li Shen County and Wenshan County, and Wudu County in Longnan. The original political power of the southwest Yi people's ministries that surrendered in time has also been preserved, becoming an autonomous region affiliated to the counties of the Han Dynasty. These preserved tribes were reorganized into cities, and the city kings were given different titles according to their strength. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were only two princes, Yelang Wang and Dian Wang. During the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, Jin Qinghou cooperated with the Han army to suppress the rebellion and was promoted to king. So there were three kings in Southwest Yi, namely Yelang King, Dianwang King and Jin Qinghou King.

In this way, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty brought the whole Southwest Yi into the big family of the Chinese nation. The Han nationality gradually began to emigrate, which accelerated the development of the southwest frontier. For a long time in later generations, the southwest frontier was inhabited by Han and Yi people, and the most popular Han and Yi tribes existed for a long time. Until the Ming Dynasty, a large number of Han people entered Yunnan and Guizhou, forming a pattern in which the Han people were the center and the main body, the Han ethnic minorities were the important participants, and the non-Han ethnic minorities were the oppressed objects. After the founding of New China, the situation of great unity among all ethnic groups was formally established.