How many people moved from Huzhou in Jiaxing during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

"Since the spontaneous rebellion in Zhejiang Province, all the provinces have been counted, but Hangzhou and Huzhou are the hardest hit" [14]. Among the seven counties in Huzhou, Changxing, Wu Kang, Xiaofeng and Anji are particularly vulnerable [15]. The county is described as follows:

Changxing county. According to Ge Qinghua's research, there were about 10,000 aborigines in Changxing after the war. In the forty-eight years of Qianlong (1783), there were 87,782 households in Changxing county with a population of 3,4981l, with an average of 4 households. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), there were 95,494 households with a population of 360,064, with an average of 3.8 households. If the average family size is four and the population is 382,000. From 48 years of Qianlong to 8 years of Daoguang, the average annual growth rate of households was 4.2 ‰, and the population growth rate was 4.4 ‰. This is similar to the average annual growth rate of the entire government population. Based on the 48-year population of Qianlong, the population of 1858 is estimated to be 472,000 with an average annual growth rate of 40‰ in the whole government. During the war, Changxing County lost 402,000 people with a loss rate of 85.2%. According to the records of Tongzhi period, "after the war, people and things were lost, leaving only three people out of ten" [16]. The loss rate of registered population is around 70%. Because this judgment is based on the pre-war registered population, and the pre-war registered population does not necessarily include the entire population. The wastage rate of the actual population is much higher than that of the registered population.

Anji county. "From Gengshen (1860) to Renxu (186 1), the contact times of thieves were not recorded. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, they all died in war, and few starved to death. In May and June in Ren Xu, particles were scarce, and all people ate tree fur, so 1989 starved to death. In the past, the account number130,000, the Jiaziqiu thief retired and arranged to stop at 6000 people. "[17]. After three years of tongzhi (1864), there were only 3,500 indigenous households with 6,838" men and women ". With the people of this county who fled abroad returning to China, the indigenous population of this county has increased to 1 145 [18] by the tenth year of Tongzhi (187 1). It should be pointed out that during the Xianfeng period, Anji County arranged Jiabao, and the number of "men and women" was * * * 1.3 million, but the registered population was not the real population of the county. Guangxu's "Zhang's Genealogy" contains: "The full-time account in Jixian County is not less than 200,000. "According to 1932 and 1953, the population ratio of Anji County and Xiaofeng County was estimated to be 290,000 in the first year of Xianfeng, and the wartime population loss was 279,000. The population loss rate is as high as 96.0%.

Xiaofeng County (1958 merged into Anji County). "Guangdong bandits are only over thirty, and those who are in books now are also." From the post-war to the first year of Guangxu (1875), there were more than 700)O registered workers [19]. It has been ten years since the end of the war, and most of the people who fled abroad have returned to their hometowns. It can be seen that the hukou in the county annals is the person who stayed in the county. Guangxu's "Annals of Xiaofeng County" Volume 4 "Hukou" records: "The arrangement of Jiabao in Xianfeng for six years is really more than 140,000 men and 150,000 women-young and old." 1858, Xiaofeng's population was around 300,000, and the population loss rate reached 97.5% in the war. This is also consistent with the records of eight items in the Annals of Xiaofeng County during Guangxu period: "In the past, there were more than 300,000 people in its heyday, but now there are only more than 8,000 people scattered in the four corners, less than 31%." The population loss in some towns and villages does not stop there. For example, Wu Changshuo's hometown is located in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, so "the disaster is the coolest". Before the war, "there were more than 4,000 people living together", but only 25 people survived after the war [20], less than 1%.

Wu Kang county. Wu Kang is "barren and mountainous, and it is also the crossroads of the road of Anhui and Zhejiang", so the population loss is extremely heavy. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), Daoyang, a grain depot, conquered Wu Kang and saw a tragic scene: "Jingxing is sparsely populated, chickens and dogs are silent, there are no survivors, and all cities are destroyed." [2 1] The local withering situation is similar to that of Anji and Xiaofeng. Wu Kang County Records of Daoguang, Volume 6, Local Records and Hukou, recorded 24,473 households in Daoguang seven years (1827), with a population of/kloc-0,2104. 1858 The population is estimated to be 165438+, with an average annual growth rate of 4‰.

Deqing county. The county has been in tongzhi for eleven years (1872), and the population loss is unknown. Because it is located in a water town, far away from the main roads leading to Hangzhou, the population loss is slightly less than that of neighboring Wukang. Tongzhi for three years (1864), Gao Liansheng, the general of Xiang Army, recovered Deqing. "There are only two or three survivors in this county." . [22] In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), there were 94,783 Deqing households in Volume IV of Deqing County Records, with a male and female population of 39 149 1. Based on the average annual growth rate of 4‰, the population of 1858 is 48.8. In the sixth volume of the History of Chinese Immigrants, I estimate that there are about 60,000 people left in Deqing County after four years of Tongzhi, and the loss rate of aborigines in the war reached 87%.

Wucheng, Gui 'an County. "Seven counties in Hu Jun belong to (Ukraine) process, (return to) security, and bandits are extremely disturbing" [23]. It can be seen that the population loss of Wucheng and Gui 'an counties in the war is smaller than that of western counties. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, there were 36 1 10,000 "real people" in Wucheng County, including 210.2 million men and 0/0.49 million women [24]. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Anxian people failed to report the investigation, and in the second year of Guangxu, Jiabao was compiled. There are 692 1 1 households in urban and rural areas, with 254,739 households and 992 households in villages from 250 to 2 17 [25]. In fact, in the second year of Guangxu, there were more immigrants in Wucheng County. According to the survey during the Republic of China, "Hakka farmers in Henan, Hunan, Jiangbei, Jin, Shao, Wen and Taiwan account for about two tenths." [26] The migration of immigrants from Wucheng and Gui 'an was concentrated in the last years of Tongzhi: before and after the early years of Guangxu, if the immigrant population accounted for 20% of the total population, the indigenous population of the two counties was 500,000 and 476,000 before and after the first year of Guangxu, with an average annual growth rate of 5‰. In the twenty-five years of Jiaqing, the population of Huzhou Prefecture was 2.568 million, calculated at an average annual growth rate of 4‰, 1858, and the population of Huzhou Prefecture was 2.989 million. After deducting the population of other five counties16.66 million, the population of Wucheng and Gui 'an counties 1858 is13.22 million.

Due to the prosperity of silk industry, Wucheng and Gui 'an counties have more contact with the outside world, and people often move to other places to take refuge in wartime. "The prisoner violated the county, ran the wolf, and moved to nineteen." [27] In addition, being located in a water town, you can take the whole family by boat, "entrusted to Xiaoxi Hangang, among reeds", and many people were saved. Therefore, "the water country was lightly killed, and the account number was ten, five and six" [28]. It is also recorded: "There are 67 refugees in Shuizhen 10 and 67 refugees in Shanzhen, no one or two." [29] It seems that the refuge water town can protect the population better than the refuge mountain city.

In short, before the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the population of Huzhou Prefecture was about 298 in 1858. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, the population of seven counties belonging to Huzhou Prefecture lost 2.357 million, and only 632,000 people remained after the war, with a population loss rate of 78.9%.