Song dynasty immigration bureau

From the Jin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, there were three large-scale population movements from north to south in the history of China. These three great migrations occurred in Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty and the difficulty of Jing Kang in the Northern Song Dynasty.

One: Yongjia Rebellion

During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Xiongnu captured Luoyang, the capital city, and the Western Jin regime was forced to move southward to Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. During this period, a large number of northern Han elites couldn't bear the violent rule of other nationalities and moved south one after another, forming the first great migration in China history. It enables people in the south of the Yangtze River to have more communication opportunities with southerners in the Central Plains, and promotes the social and cultural development in the south.

Two: An Shi Rebellion

The Tang Dynasty was a great dynasty in the history of China. After the early rule of Zhenguan and the development of Kaiyuan, the country has developed to a considerable height. The Anshi Rebellion, which happened in Tianbao fourteen years, can be said to be the turning point of the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty. After this blow, I know that Tang Wu has not recovered. In the 14th year of Tianbao, Hedong, Fanyang and Pinglu appointed An Lushan to resist the Tang Dynasty. Jianguo geese He and his subordinate Shi Siming attacked Chang 'an twice, which lasted for eight years and was suppressed by Li Guangbi. After the Anshi Rebellion, China completely entered the era of separatist regime in the buffer region, and then developed to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Most areas in the north are controlled by various ethnic minority regimes, including the vast Yellow River Basin. Many Han people could not bear the alien rule and fled to the south in succession, resulting in the second great population migration in the history of China. This great migration has a considerable impact. Because it fundamentally changed the distribution pattern of China's population, with the influx of immigrants from the north, the population in southern China surpassed that in the north for the first time, and the geographical distribution center of China's population shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin for the first time.

Three: the difficulty of Jingkang

After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Li Keyong established the Later Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang rose up and rebelled in our time. After Shi Jingtang was exhausted, he asked the Khitan for help and promised sixteen states to give the Khitan a cloud. In 938 AD, the Khitan helped Shi Jingtang, the late Jin Emperor, defeat the late Tang Dynasty, and helped Shi Jingtang establish the late Jin Dynasty. In the same year, Shi Jingtang cut sixteen states to Qidan, and "Chen Qiao mutiny" established the Northern Song Dynasty on behalf of Zhou. However, the vast northern areas, including sixteen states of Youyun, were occupied by the Khitans. After Song Taizong rose up against Liao, he was unfortunately killed by an arrow in Youzhou, two years later. Since then, the Song Dynasty has adopted a conservative defensive posture militarily. In a vast area where the north cannot be recovered. After the Song Dynasty, Jin and Liao joined forces, and the ownership of sixteen states in Youyun led to the planning contradiction between the two nationalities. In the second year of Song Jingkang (A.D. 1 127), Kaifeng was captured by Jin, followed by Hui and Qin, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. This is the "Jingkang Change". Zhao Gou, the king of Kang who went out, fled to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) to establish the Southern Song Dynasty. The people in the vast enemy-occupied areas in the north can't stand the aristocratic rule and national oppression of the rulers. Many Han people moved south, the relatively stable social environment and a large number of uncultivated farmland in the south attracted a large number of Han people in the north, and a large number of people from the north flocked to the south, resulting in the third population migration in the history of China.

Judging from the historical background of the above-mentioned great population movements, it is not difficult to see that each great population movement occurred at the time of internal strife and social chaos, while the above-mentioned three great population movements occurred in the north where the society was seriously turbulent, which led to the general public's lack of security. On the basis of finding that it is impossible to protect their personal and property safety, it is inevitable that a large number of people in the north will move south. In this way, the population of the south has soared, and the exchanges between the north and the south and the integration of the people of the north and the south have also been strengthened. The economy of the south developed rapidly. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the economy of the south developed prominently, completely surpassing that of the north. Since then, it has laid the foundation for the economic center of the South. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic center of gravity of the South was consolidated and developed, and it has continued to this day.

Therefore, a large-scale natural migration of population in a country in history is generally not a good sign, because it may be a period of division of a country or a period of serious social unrest, which is not good for the country and society. For ordinary people, they are most concerned about the personal safety and property safety of themselves and their loved ones, rather than who will rule them.

In the above three periods of great turmoil, the historical reasons for the migration of the northern population to the south are as follows:

1, there are many wars in the north and relative peace and stability in the south;

2. In order to develop their own strength, the rulers in the south pay more attention to the economic development of the region, especially agriculture;

3. Compared with the north, the production conditions and natural environment in the south are better than those in the north, while in the north, due to the frequent flooding of the Yellow River, soil erosion and serious destruction of natural resources, the deterioration of agricultural environment has seriously affected the agricultural production and development in the north;

4. The traffic in the south is much more developed than that in the north; These conditions provide historical opportunities for the large-scale migration of the population from the north to the south. In the past, the pattern of emphasizing the north over the south led to the fact that the scientific and technological level and production technology in the north were superior to those in the south. A large number of farmers in the north moved to the south, which brought advanced production technology to the relatively backward south and made up for the shortage of labor in the south. It is better for the people who move south to work together with the locals to develop the south together than the prosperity of the south itself. Therefore, after injecting fresh blood, they laid a historical foundation for surpassing the north in the future.

Appendix: There is a saying in the field of history called "Four Great Movements":

1. The first migration of the Han nationality in the Central Plains began in the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang developed Lingnan and set up a county against Vietnam. At that time, not only a large number of non-commissioned officers stayed in the south, but also a large number of people moved from the Central Plains to the south.

2. The second time began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, there was a long-term scuffle in the Central Plains, and a large number of people and gentry moved south (Zhuge Liang was one of them);

3. The third time began in the late Tang Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, the war in the north continued, ethnic minorities moved south, and a large number of Han people moved south;

4. The fourth time began in the Song Dynasty, when the national strength was weak. A large number of Han people and clans moved southward to establish the Southern Song Dynasty, and the southern economy began to surpass the northern one. Later generations will be similar. There are many wars in the north, and the south is relatively stable, which is why the Han people in the Central Plains moved south many times, and the Zhongyuan people moved south many times on a large scale in ancient history.

1 moved south around 200 BC. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the Qin Empire led by Ying Zheng destroyed the six countries of Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi successively, and established the first unified, multi-ethnic, autocratic and centralized monarchy in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty. According to the population history of China, at that time, the population had exceeded 30 million, and after Qin conquered South Vietnam, it was forced to emigrate. According to the immigration history of China, it is estimated that it is not less than 65,438+10,000. At that time, South Vietnam was a place of panic and sparsely populated. Qin immigrants changed the local population structure, production and lifestyle, and strengthened their rule here.

2 "Late Han Dynasty-Sui and Tang Dynasties, namely Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, 170 or so. History says that five things can go wrong. With the rise of ethnic minorities in the north at that time, several powerful ethnic groups emerged, namely, Xiongnu (according to foreign data, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved to the south and moved to the west), Xianbei, Xiongan, Xi and Qiang, which established political power one after another, frequent wars, and people in the Central Plains were displaced and moved to the south. The migration of population has brought advanced production methods, and the data show that the economy of the Southern Dynasties has caught up with that of the North.

The Huang Chao Uprising in Late Tang Dynasty and the Anshi War. During the uprising of the Huang Dynasty, the army went out of Shandong several times and moved to the north and south of the Yangtze River, and captured Chang 'an in 88 1. Tang finally used Shatuo Li Keyong's army to suppress the uprising. After the ten-year uprising, the people of the Central Plains once again experienced the pain of war and moved south. In the later period, he gradually lost the spirit of hard work, pampered Yang Guifei, indulged himself in pleasure, trusted eunuch Gao Lishi, and handed over the power of state affairs to Li and Yang. They pandered to the emperor in everything, but privately used their power to act arbitrarily. Politics is becoming more and more corrupt. At that time, the land merger was fierce, the polarization between the rich and the poor was serious, and the economy and society gradually declined. The Anshi Rebellion, the Shi Siming Uprising, the Tang Dynasty transferred soldiers to Hexi, Anxi, the Western Regions, Longyou and other places, and finally ended the war in 76 1 year with the help of Uighur soldiers. Eight years before and after the war, a large number of Central Plains people moved south, which had a far-reaching impact (before the An-Shi War broke out, the Tang Dynasty was a multi-ethnic open country. Both An Shijun and Tang Jun, who pacified An Shijun, had a large number of foreigners, including the conference semifinals in the western regions. However, the political corruption of the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty triggered an Anshi war, which led to the attack and killing of the Hu people and the rejection of them. There are many records of old and new Tang Shi. )。

4 "Song and Yuan moved south. Liao, Jin and Xixia confronted Song successively, and a large number of Central Plains people moved south at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. 1204, Temujin wiped out the Naiman department and became the largest ruler of the Mongolian Plateau. 1206, Temujin held the Hulitai meeting in the south river source (now Enen River in Mongolia) and was honored as Genghis Khan. From then on, Genghis Khan and his descendants launched an unprecedented war in human history, and conquered most of Eurasia in almost the whole13rd century. 127 1 year, his grandson Kublai Khan took the meaning of "great zai Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes and sealed Dayuan. In the second year, Dadu (now Beijing) was the capital. Centralized politics was re-established and the normal ruling order was restored. (unified reason: a the decline and fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, Xixia and other regimes; B Long-term war, the people yearn for reunification, which is the inevitable trend of historical development; C the Mongolian ruling group headed by Kublai Khan represents the interests of the emerging monarchies and nobles transformed from slave nobles and has strong military armed forces; Use strategy and tactics correctly. )。 As a minority (representing the interests of some Mongolian nobles), it was the first country to establish a centralized and autocratic system, and some Central Plains people also moved south, which injected vitality into the economic development of the South. In addition, the Mongolian aristocrats ruled by Kublai Khan at that time opened to the outside world (in the research materials of Yuan history such as The Travels of Marco Polo), and the local economy in the south was more prosperous at this time.