What kind of country is Mongolia?

Mongolia (Chinese pinyin: měnggǔ incarnation) Mongolia is the floorboard of a plateau region in Northeast Asia. Mongolia in a broad sense includes part of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang in China and part of Mongolia and Russian Federation, such as Tuva Republic, Buryatia Republic and Chita State. These areas were part of China in the Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. It is incorrect for many people to equate Mongolia with Mongolia. Mongolia includes Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, especially Outer Mongolia.

National traffic

Mainly rely on railways and highways. Railways bear 3/4 of the national freight volume and 1/3 of the passenger volume. In 2000, the total freight volume in China was 6.5438+00643 million tons, an increase of 654.38+065.438+0.6% over the previous year, that is, an increase of 654.38+065.438+0094 million tons; The total passenger traffic was 93 million passengers, an increase of 6.2% over the previous year, or 5.4 million passengers.

Railway: total length 1.800 km. In 2000, the passenger traffic increased by 1.7% compared with the previous year, and the freight volume was 9 1.585 million tons. Domestic passenger traffic increased by 465,438+0% over the previous year, or 428,400 passengers. International passenger traffic increased by 1.3% over the previous year, that is,162,000 passengers.

Highway: The total length is about 50,000 kilometers, including hard surface highway 1.200 kilometers. 1998, there were 7 1490 vehicles in China, including 254.73 million trucks, 37,795 cars, 0/965 special vehicles and 4,579 public vehicles. In 2000, the passenger traffic was 88.4 million, an increase of 665.438+0% over the previous year. The freight volume was 6.5438+480400 tons, an increase of 654.38+0.3% over the previous year.

Water transportation: 1996 freight volume is 1 100 tons.

Air transport: As of June, 1995, 1 1, there are nearly 30 aircraft in China. The total length of the route is about 40,000 kilometers. In 2000, there were 252,400 passengers, 2,900 tons of freight and 34,270 domestic passengers, an increase of 7.6% over the previous year. Freight volume increased by 5.5%. There are regular flights with Moscow, Beijing, Hohhot, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Seoul, Osaka, Berlin and Istanbul. There are 2 international airports, and the main airport is Ulaanbaatar Qingjisi Khan International Airport (English: Ching GIS Khaan International Airport; Mongolian: чингисхан "олонулсн" subfamily; ZMUB).

national income

The financial revenue and expenditure in recent years are as follows (unit: billion tugriks, all at current prices):

1998 1999 2000

Income 2273 2594 3502

Expenditure 3248 3444 4 129

Deficit 975 850 627

(Source: same as above)

1The net foreign exchange reserves at the end of 1999 were11690,000 USD. There are 1997 gold reserves 12 tons. As of 1999, the foreign debt reached $675 million (excluding the debt owed to the former Soviet Union); 198 The debt balance of banks was 86.6 billion tugrik.

In 2008, Mongolia's total central fiscal revenue was 2156.4 billion tugrik, and its total fiscal expenditure (including repayment of foreign debts) was 246.2 billion tugrik. The central government overspent 305.7 billion tugrik.

In 2008, the total revenue and expenditure (including repayment of foreign debts) and the central financial overrun accounted for 35.2%, 4.02% and 5.5% respectively. This year accounted for% of Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP) respectively.

The regular budget revenue of the central government is 265,438+0,366,5438+0 billion tugrik; The recurrent budget expenditure is 654.38+074.95 billion Turk; The recurrent budget surplus was 386.6 billion tugrik, accounting for 6.3% of GDP, down 4.3 percentage points year-on-year.

Tax revenue increased by 25.7% year-on-year, with an increase of 386.6 billion yuan.

Bank of Mongolia: F.1924; President ochirbat Chulombat.

Mongolian Trade Development Bank:1990; F Chairman: Monkhbat.

Foreign trade has trade relations with 68 countries. In recent years, in addition to our traditional trading partners, we have also attached great importance to developing economic and trade cooperation with western developed countries and Asian countries. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):

1998 1999 2000

The total amount is 7.893 7.6 14 10.065.

Import value 4.724 4.258 5.742

Export value 3. 168 3.356 4.323

Difference-1.556-0.902-1.419

(Source: same as above)

The export products mainly include copper-molybdenum concentrate, wool, cashmere, hides, carpets and other livestock products. Imported goods mainly include machinery and equipment, fuel oil and daily necessities.

The total railway mileage 1.80 million kilometers, and the total highway mileage is 50,000 kilometers.

[Foreign Investment] Since the 1990s, Mongolia has started to invest abroad, but the amount of investment is very small.

Mongolia began to invest in China from 65438 to 0992. By the end of 1995, Mongolia had invested 3/kloc-0 projects in China, with an agreed amount of 8.87 million US dollars and an actual investment of 350,000 US dollars.

[Foreign Investment] 1990- 1999, about 12 10 enterprises from 70 countries and regions such as China, Russia, Japan, the United States and South Korea invested in Mongolia, with a total investment of US$ 260 million. The main investors are China and Russian. The main investment sectors are commerce, construction and mining.

By 1990, the former Soviet Union had provided Mongolia with a loan of about10 billion rubles. Since 199 1, about 20 countries and regions, more than 10 international organizations and non-governmental organizations * * * have promised to provide Mongolia with about $2.09 billion in loans and free assistance. By 1998, Mongolia actually utilized1200 million USD. The top 65,438+00 donors are Japan (about 40%), ADB, World Bank, IMF, USA, German, Russian, Danish, China and UNDP.

People's living standard1997 In February, the Mongolian government redefined the minimum living standard: the capital was 10380 Tugrik. 1998 65438+ 10 National poor families 149700 households, with 587700 poor people. 1999 the price is higher than that of the previous year 10%. By the end of 2000, there were 38,600 registered unemployed people in China. It is 3% lower than 1999, of which women account for 53.8% of the unemployed. As of June 1998 1 1, the national average wage was 49 1 ten thousand tugriks. 1999, 1 1 month, residents' time deposits were 43.2 billion tugrik, down 3.5% from the previous year. 1By the end of 1995, there were 9.79 beds and 2.5 doctors per thousand people. Starting from 65438+65438+/kloc-0 in 0998 and 1 in October, Mongolia implemented the fifth day.

The Mongolian People's Army was founded in March 192 1 2008 18. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. From 65438 to 0996, the system of civilian defense minister was implemented. The General Staff of the Armed Forces is independent of the Ministry of National Defense. The government's "policy program" adopted by Mongolian Parliament 1996 clearly stipulates that a lean professional army will be established, the border guards will be strengthened, and political and diplomatic means will be given priority in national defense policy. The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces is Lieutenant General Xie Dash Seberg (since August 1998). Compulsory military service is implemented, and replacement, contract military service and compensatory military service have been added since 1998. From 1992, the service period was changed to one year.

From 65438 to 0996, defense expenditure accounted for 6% of the total national budget expenditure and 2. 14% of the GDP. 1997 The total strength is 20,000, and the basic organizational structure of the armed forces has been changed to brigade-level units.

1999 the budget allocation plan for national defense expenditure is197.4 billion tugrik. According to the constitution of the national defense system, the president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the president exercises command over the army through the meeting of defense ministers. The meeting of defense ministers consists of defense ministers, chief of staff, directors of border defense, civil defense, policy and planning, administration and coordination, and foreign affairs and information research. The secretary of defense is the chairman. The Council of Ministers of National Defense is responsible for formulating and implementing national defense policies, improving the construction of the armed forces, managing national defense funds, equipping leading cadres and being responsible for the external relations of the armed forces. The Ministry of National Defense is the highest military administrative organ, in charge of the armed forces, and has jurisdiction over the Strategic Command Planning Bureau, the Executive Bureau, the Policy Implementation Coordination Bureau, and the Information Supervision, Analysis and Evaluation Bureau. The armed forces are composed of active forces, reserve forces and paramilitary forces. The active forces include the army (that is, the general task force), the national air defense force, the civil defense force and the construction force. The General Staff Department is the highest military command organization, which has jurisdiction over the Armed Forces Logistics Department, the Land and Air Defense Command and the Construction Corps Administration.

The armed forces are in active service 1. 1 000 (including construction troops and civil defense forces).

Reserve Army137,000 l3.7

There are 5,000 paramilitary border guards, 900 internal security forces, 1500 construction forces and 500 civil defense forces.

The military service system implements a military service system that combines conscripts with professional warrant officers and active service with reserve service. Recruitment age 18-28 years old, service life of soldiers 1 year. The maximum service age of officers: junior officers are 45 years old, school officers are 50 years old and general officers are 55 years old.

The ranks of officers are divided into three grades and nine grades, namely, the rank of general (general, lieutenant general and major general), the rank of school officer (colonel, lieutenant colonel and major) and the rank of junior officer (captain, captain and lieutenant). The ranks of warrant officers are Grade I, Grade II and Grade III. Soldiers have two ranks: sergeant and soldier. A sergeant consists of a staff sergeant, a sergeant and a corporal. Soldiers set up first class and private soldiers.

The Mongolian army has 8500 people. There are 7 motorized brigades, 1 artillery brigade, 1 light infantry battalion and 1 independent battalion.

Tanks: 650 T-54s/-55s/-62s.

Armored reconnaissance vehicle: бдд M-2 l20 vehicle.

Infantry fighting vehicles: б m ∏- 1 400 vehicles.

Armored transport vehicles: 300 vehicles.

Towing gun: 300 doors.

Rocket launcher: 130 door.

Mortar: 140.

Anti-tank guns: 200 guns.

There are 500 Mongolian national air defense forces. There are 1 fighter squadrons. 9 combat aircraft, armed helicopters 12.

Fighters: 8 MIG -2 1 and 1 MIG-21U.

Armed helicopter: Mi -24 12.

Transport aircraft: 42.

Anti-aircraft gun: 150 door.

Surface-to-air missile: 300 units of SA-7.

national culture

education

Implement the national universal free general education system. 1998 the education funding scheme allocated 56.6 billion tugrik. As of May 1996, illiteracy accounted for nearly 10% of the national population. In 2000, there were 683 full-time general education schools with 470,000 students (65,438+0,999). 1999-2000 66,000 freshmen. In 2000, the number of students in schools of all levels and types reached 597 1000, and the number of graduates reached 64,700, which was 3.9% lower than last year, or 2,600. There are more than 60 institutions of higher learning with about 30,000 students. The main institutions of higher learning are: National University, Technical University, National Normal University, National Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Medical University and so on. By April of 1996, there were 32 international students and graduate students from 16 countries and regions in Mongolia. By September, 1998, there were 1685 international students and advanced students in 17 countries and regions, including 805 self-funded international students.