Which dynasty are the Hakkas from?

At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the Han residents of the Central Plains once again moved to the south on a large scale, reaching the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, mixing with the local aborigines and marrying each other. After thousands of years of evolution, they finally formed a relatively stable Hakka. Since then, a large number of foreign countries have moved to various provinces in South China and even around the world. The three Hakka States are Meizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou. The stone wall in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and the "stone wall" is called "Hakka ancestral land". Meizhou is called "Hakka Capital of the World" because it is the most important residential area of Hakka people.

The Hakka origin of editing this part

Mainly evolved from the Central Plains people who moved from the north to the south; Hakkas are a branch of northerners who migrated to the south. In the long years, they have been displaced from place to place and experienced hardships, forming, evolving and developing into a large clan with a population of tens of millions. In May, 2007, an article published in the authoritative American academic magazine "Human Genetics": "Y chromosome of historical figures along the Yangtze River", in which a set of data proves that the Central Plains genes of the people in Fujian and Guangdong provinces now account for a large proportion.

Hakkas are rooted in the Han nationality. Traditionally, the source of Hakka is Heluo. The so-called Heluo refers to the Yellow River and the Luohe River. Broadly speaking, Heluo is the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Luohe River Basin. The narrow sense of Heluo is Luoyang. There are three bases for "taking root in Heluo": ① According to genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record that ancestors lived in Heluo. (2) the legend of mount tai Shi Gandang. ③ Hakka classical Chinese; This is an important mandarin system in the late Tang Dynasty. Rooted in Heluo, it means that most Hakka people are Heluo people, and the bottom of Hakka dialect comes from Heluo.

Reasons for migration

The migration of Hakkas includes the southward migration of their ancestors and the domestic and international migration of Hakkas. As far as migration behavior is concerned, there are active and passive points, and the reasons for migration are different in different periods according to the history of migration process. Generally speaking, there are four aspects of various migration factors:

A. factors related to the place of emigration, that is, the driving factors.

① The reverse development of cultivated land area and population is the fundamental factor that often plays a role.

2 War. The brutal war turned prosperous cities and wealthy villages into ruins, and millions of people were killed in the war. In order to seek a stable social environment, survivors were forced to leave their homes and migrate to various places, which is the root cause of large-scale sudden migration. (3) Formal relocation and resettlement.

4 reading and doing business.

(5) Struggle, including political struggle and economic struggle.

B. factors related to the migration site, that is, pulling force.

The north develops early and the south develops late. The south has a vast territory, a small population and few wars, which has good conditions for the Han people who moved south to settle down and develop agriculture. For example, in Meizhou, Guangdong Province in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the land is barren and the people are lazy, but the farmers are fresh, and the residents and overseas Chinese cultivate, so the elderly do not suffer from no fields, and every field does not waste labor." In addition, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Baiyue area in the south implemented the policy of "no tax". For the Han people who fled in the north, it can be described as a "paradise", and they have settled in Jiangnan and Lingnan.

C. Factors related to intervention barriers, that is, intermediary factors.

Hakka ancestors migrated from Heluo and Zhongyuan to Jiangnan and Lingnan areas. Although the traffic conditions are extremely difficult, there is no way out. Since the Qin dynasty, there have been post roads; There have been canals and waterways since Sui Dynasty, especially Southeast Road and Lingnan Road. Since the Song Dynasty, there has been "Tompu" and so on. The southeast road is dominated by the Grand Canal, connecting Guanzhong, Huainan and Southeast, and extending to Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. Smooth roads provide convenient traffic conditions for people from the Central Plains to move south to Fujian and Guangdong. The reclamation of land by feudal governments, such as "moving the sea to restore the boundary" in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the 5th year of Kangxi1year, also provided opportunities and conditions for the Hakkas to migrate again. D factors related to personal psychology and physiology, namely "self-reasons".

Floating population is a person with special personality, not an ordinary migrant population, which is reflected in the spirit of adventure and dissatisfaction with the status quo, which is closely related to personal factors.

Migration process and route

There are many historical records of the migration of Han people in the north to the south, but the large-scale migration of Hakka ancestors from the Central Plains began at the end of the Tang Dynasty. It is generally believed that there have been five large-scale explosive migrations of Han nationality in the Central Plains, and their migration patterns and routes are roughly from north to south, from east to west, from plains to hilly areas, along rivers to core areas, from home to abroad and scattered around the world. Not every migration is the migration of Hakka ancestors, but it is strictly distinguished. It is generally believed that the migration before the Five Dynasties is the migration of ancestors of Fujian and Guangdong (including hipsters and Cantonese), and the migration from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty is the real Hakka migration.

A. During the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a large number of northern Han people moved south, mainly influenced by the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion. The farthest migration started from today's Changzhi, Shanxi Province, and the most recent migration started from today's Lingbao, Henan Province, south along the Ying, Ru and Huai river basins, and reached Hubei, southern Henan and the northern shore of Anhui and Jiangxi along the Yangtze River. The migration at this time is the migration of ancestors of Fujian and Guangdong (including Chaomin and Guangdong).

B. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, it was mainly influenced by Anshi Rebellion, Huang Chao Uprising and the separatist regime in the buffer region [1]. Most people who moved far south crossed the river from Guangshan, Gushi, Shouxian and Fuyang in Anhui to Jiangxi, and even moved to southern Fujian. The latest one moved from the northwest or central part of the river to the south or west of Fujian, or the border between northern Guangdong and eastern Guangdong. This is the real Hakka migration. The pronunciation of Hakka dialect inherited many central plains accents in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which also shows these.

C The Southern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty were influenced by the Jin people going south, the Mongols entering the Central Plains and the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. After the failure of the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hakkas made an unprecedented migration, fearing not to go deep into the mountains and forests, and formed the characteristics of "there are guests in every mountain, but no guests to live in", which made the Hakkas have typical characteristics of mountain people. The war at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty touched the migration of Hakka people. Most of the emigration places are Fujian, and most of them are concentrated in Xunyan (Meizhou today, Jiaying House was established in Qing Dynasty). The main reason is that Xunyan is located in the east of Lingnan, the best way to the north, and there are many low-lying hilly areas for reclamation. In addition, it was once in ruins in the process of resisting Yuan Dynasty, that is, in response to "Lu Wen's call to join the army and be diligent, the cliff mountain was covered, the people in the whole state died, and the well city was empty." So the Hakkas moved from other cities to regroup. Because a large number of Hakkas moved to Xunyan in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Meizhou became the hinterland of Hakka, the center of Hakka settlement and the "capital of Hakka".

D. The reason of emigration in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties is the expansion of internal population on the one hand, and the influence of Manchu nobles entering the Central Plains on the other. Because there are many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land is becoming more and more fierce, and people are constantly migrating abroad. For example, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, people moved from Cheng Xiang and Changle to Haifeng, Guishan and Xin 'an, and from Tingzhou to Fuzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, Kangxi moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin 'an, Dongguan and Heshan with Guangzhou as the core. The "heavy boundary" moved to today's Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan, Taishan and other places, and "Huguang fills Sichuan" moved to Sichuan and Guangxi. After the failure of sending troops, many Hakkas moved to Taiwan Province with Zheng Chenggong in order to avoid being implicated. During this period, the migration route was: mainly in the mountainous areas of Fujian and Guangdong, moving to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, moving to Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan, and a small number of them moved back to the banks of Luoxiao Mountain in the north-central and western parts of Jiangxi, making Jiangxi Hakka divided into new and old customers.

E. During the Tongzhi period, some Hakkas migrated due to the Guangdong West Road incident and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. After the Guangdong West Road incident, with the help of the government, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and even crossed the sea to Yaxian and Ding 'an in Hainan Island. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by Hakkas, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to slaughter all the men, women and children who participated in the uprising, so many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places. A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to work as coolies in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and North and South America, just like contracted Chinese laborers. During this period, it mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to the west, south and Hainan and Southeast Asia.

Hakka migration is not organized and led, but unorganized and very prosperous.

The formation of Hakka

At present, the main viewpoints are: the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty; Song and Ming dynasties; After the middle of Ming Dynasty; After the middle of Qing dynasty.

It is generally believed that in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Hakka group differentiated into a branch of the Han nationality and began to form a scale. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were a large number of people and they became a great social force. By the Qing Dynasty, the self-awareness of Hakkas was stronger and they were very active on the social stage. What is the main basis for the formation of Hakka dialect in the Southern Song Dynasty?

(1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Immigrants who moved to the south retained part of the local accent of their hometown in the Central Plains, while those who stayed in the Central Plains retained another part of the original accent of ancient Chinese. This does not mean that there is no ancient Chinese factor in the northern languages now. Among the branches of Min dialect, there are some obvious expressions of ancient Jiangnan dialect (ancient Wu dialect) and the Central Plains of the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. Cantonese, with some obvious ancient sounds of Qin and Han dynasties and the expression of the Central Plains in Sui and Tang Dynasties; The pronunciation of Hakka dialect inherited many central plains accents from the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Cantonese inherits two languages, North and South, so it is similar to Min dialect and Hakka dialect.

(2) A considerable population. Population is the carrier of nation and clan. Without a certain number of people, there is no nation or clan. It is difficult to estimate the historical population of Hakka by statistics, but it can be analyzed from the number of counties in Hakka concentrated areas. (3) The same geographical environment. The border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces are mountainous, with dense forests, blocked traffic and difficult communication, which is very conducive to the formation of Hakkas.

A. The farming economy in small watersheds laid an economic foundation for the formation of Hakkas.

B. customs caused by small basins. These immigrants live in small basin mountain villages and get a relatively stable living environment under closed geographical conditions. The original dialects and customs were retained after the integration with the original residents.

(4) Same-sex social action. This is the expression of Hakkas' striving for their own interests, the embodiment of strong group consciousness, and the important foundation for Hakkas to become independent ethnic groups. The Hakka settlements in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong are connected, with frequent economic exchanges, and the resistance struggle of the oppressed echoes each other. The corresponding feudal dynasties also treated this area as a specific political unit when they ruled. From the perspective of economic sources, people from Gannan and Tingzhou rented land in Meizhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. In terms of political struggles, such as the peasant uprising led by Fan, Yu and Chen in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang in Jiangxi and Jiangxi provinces.