What influence did immigrants have on Guangxi's social and economic development from Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties?

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First of all, the ethnic composition, ethnic relations and ethnic geographical distribution pattern in Guangxi have undergone major changes. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, mainland immigrants have entered Guangxi one after another, but before the Yuan Dynasty, the number was limited, accounting for a small proportion of the local population, and mainly distributed in towns and convenient transportation areas; Since the Yuan Dynasty, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the deepening of the central government's rule, the population has continuously moved in, and the number of immigrants entering Guangxi is large, covering a wide area. In addition to towns and traffic routes, many remote areas have also entered, which has expanded the situation of strong and weak people living together. Geographically, the neighboring provinces of Hunan, Guangdong, eastern Guangxi and southeastern Guangxi with convenient land and water transportation and high population density have become the places with the largest number of immigrants and the most concentrated Han population. In these areas, a large number of Han immigrants and some Zhuang people have merged into the Han nationality, resulting in more "people" and less "barbarians", and the Han population exceeds the local aborigines; In the Tusi area of western Guangxi, although the immigrants increased in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Zhuang nationality still has an advantage in number and has always been the main ethnic group. In central Guangxi, between eastern Guangxi and western Guangxi, the central town and its nearby Pingba are places where Han immigrants are concentrated, and most of them are still inhabited by Zhuang people. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, although Guangxi was still dominated by ethnic minorities, some records at that time still reflected the fact that the Han population was increasing. For example, when Guangxi was founded in the early Ming Dynasty, it was "ten times more shocking than the Han people"; In the middle of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, in a province of Guangxi, "werewolves (referring to Zhuang nationality) accounted for half, the third civilian worker and the second resident"; At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Guangxi's "hinterland counties" were Guidong, "four people and six people"; During the Jiaqing period in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the counties in Liuguan area of Guangxi were already "seven people and three men". The change in the ratio of "human" to "barbarian" is related to the transformation of a considerable number of "barbarians" into "human" and is also the result of a large number of foreign immigrants. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, a large number of refugees from the Central Plains and the East migrated to Guangxi and Yunnan. After the founding of New China, in order to support the development of minority areas, many Han people moved in, such as "Bianbian" in 1950s. Although the number of Mongolian, Hui and Manchu who moved to China in different periods is small, they have increased the members of multi-ethnic families and further enriched the content of ethnic relations in Guangxi.

Secondly, it promoted the economic development and ethnic integration of Guangxi.

Most foreign immigrants come from developed areas. Their migration not only supplemented the high-quality labor force for all parts of Guangxi, but also brought advanced production technology, production tools and new crop varieties to handicrafts and agriculture, which played a positive role in promoting local productivity and economic development. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the advanced farming techniques of the Central Plains entered Guangxi with immigrants, which promoted the improvement of agricultural productivity in Guangxi. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the area of cultivated land in Guangxi expanded, and many remote areas improved irrigation facilities, used Niu Geng and various iron farm tools, popularized fertilization and seedling cultivation, and planted corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco leaves and peanuts, all of which were inseparable from the rich exchange of production experience of mainland immigrants. In addition, a large number of officials, literati, noncommissioned officers, craftsmen, businessmen and their descendants all have high basic qualities. They made use of their position and advantages, vigorously promoted the education of Chinese studies, and promoted the change of local atmosphere. For example, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Zuoli, a scholar in Guangxi, advised the schools in the province to "teach their children by shaking them, and it became a common practice"; During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Zhu Ruoshuang, a native of Yangshuo County, "lived close to each other, and every time he convened in Wangshuo, he taught his filial brother loyalty and righteousness, and many people were influenced by him." Under the influence of Han culture, a large number of intellectuals were born in the local ethnic groups. In the Qing Dynasty, the people in the county fell in love, that is, "all kinds of book gifts, those who set up the plastic library first, and those who were served by Ming and Lian successively;" The rest of the fields are peaceful and know how to teach children to read and write. " In many areas where strong men and strong women live together, the two sides have close contacts and exchange needed goods, and some customs of the Han nationality have gradually been imitated and absorbed by local ethnic groups. During the Qianlong period in Guiping area, "wolf ballads were scattered in many villages, and their daily life, clothing and teeth were similar to those of Qi people"; At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, people in Lipu County "intermarried with foreigners, and their daily life evolved, just like the people". In some places in Guangxi, most of the Han people are immigrants from other places and are absorbed by some local ethnic groups. On the other hand, some customs of Zhuang nationality also have a great influence on Han nationality. Until modern times, some Han people in Guangxi still kept some obvious Zhuang customs, such as eat areca, singing good songs, polygamy, picking up bones and burying people when they died, eating salt and frying, men and women not working, and keeping married women. This phenomenon is the result of mutual influence, mutual absorption and sincere cooperation between Han and Zhuang nationalities in cultural customs, as well as the fact that a large number of Zhuang people have retained some original customs after integrating into Han nationality.

Third, it has promoted the development and progress of social culture in Guangxi.

Many foreign immigrants belong to the intellectual class. Their migration not only formed a cultural atmosphere, but also promoted the development of local education and the civilization of Guangxi people, further developed Zhuang culture and other minority cultures, and promoted the integration of various ethnic cultures. Such as Liu Zongyuan's reform measures in Liuzhou: releasing handmaiden; Get rid of superstitions and bad customs; Repair city walls and streets and advocate afforestation; Establish schools, advocate education and develop culture. During the Anti-Japanese War, cultural celebrities gathered in Guilin, and the anti-Japanese cultural movement was unprecedentedly high, known as the "cultural city". There are as many as thirty or forty progressive cultural groups in Guilin. All kinds of anti-Japanese cultural activities carried out by these groups are large in scale and have a wide influence. Third, the number of newspapers and periodicals has surged and the publishing industry has flourished. According to incomplete statistics, there were 79 bookstores and publishing houses and/or printing houses 109. At that time, influential cultural supply agencies, life bookstores, Xinzhi bookstores and reading life publishing houses were widely welcomed by the society. According to statistics, there were more than 65,438+0,000 intellectuals in Guilin at that time, of which nearly 200 were well-known in China. Guilin became the most important and active position of the anti-Japanese war culture in the southwest rear area at that time. This scene of cultural prosperity not only supported War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the whole country, but also promoted the development of Guangxi's cultural society. During the period of "aiding Xinjiang" in 1950s, factories in Shanghai, Tianjin, Harbin, Shenyang and other big cities moved to Guangxi in succession, which promoted the economic development of Guangxi, further improved the composition of Guangxi people and enriched the content of Guangxi history and culture. They wrote the development history of Guangxi with the blood of youth.

Fourth, it is also conducive to the stability of the local society to a certain extent. Many immigrants belong to "government immigrants", generally armed, which not only effectively prevents foreign enemies from invading, but also stabilizes local social security. For example, there were 10 clinics with 22,000 households in Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty, and the process of setting up clinics was also the process of foreign military immigrants entering Guangxi. In the first year of Hongwu, Yang Can and Zhu Liangzu separately led troops to attack Guangxi from Huguang and Guangdong, and soon Guangxi was pacified, and health clinics were set up in various places, and most of the troops led by them became local health clinics. Since then, soldiers have moved from the mainland. In the 28th year of Hongwu, Longzhou, Fengyi, Nandan, Wu Xiang and other places "rebelled against foreigners", with Yang Wen as the company commander, Han Guan as the left general, and Song Chen as the right general, leading more than 60,000 people in Huguang and Jiangxi Wei respectively, as well as Jingwei's "Ma bu" or "Ma bu" or "Ma bu" or "Ma bu" or "Ma bu" or "Ma bu" or. This batch of troops from Guangxi, a stranger from other provinces, was not only ordered to be transferred to the Han Guan Institute at that time because of "the flourishing part of Lingnan, and the government troops were sick", but a considerable number of them became guards stationed in the newly established health centers, or were enriched to the previously established health centers. As an important supplementary source of non-commissioned officers in Guangxi Health College, it also provides a powerful force for social stability in Guangxi, which is also beneficial to social stability in Guangxi to a great extent and provides a stable environment for economic development.

In short, during the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially after the founding of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and New China, immigrants entered Guangxi and had close contacts with local people, which significantly improved the quality of the population, provided favorable conditions for the all-round development of society, and played a positive role in strengthening the ties between Guangxi and the Central Plains, developing and building the frontier, defending the frontier and promoting the integration and development of all ethnic groups. One of the important reasons is that the gap between Guangxi's economic and cultural development and the mainland has been narrowing for hundreds of years. On the other hand, a large number of immigrants also brought many feudal dross in the Central Plains culture, which had a negative destructive effect on the local area. Some outsiders seize the means of production and living of local residents, annex land, occupy water conservancy and mineral resources, exploit and enslave people, and intensify class contradictions and ethnic contradictions in some areas. This is a tributary in the development history of ethnic relations in Guangxi, which is inevitable in the development of feudal society.