Defoe's life and introduction

Zhang Dewen

20 16-0 1-08 share assembly

(daniel defoe 1660- 173 1), an English writer, was the founder of realistic novels in the English Enlightenment period and was known as the "father of novels". Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece, is famous all over the world, and Robinson has become a typical example of struggling with difficulties, so he is regarded as one of the pioneers of English novels. Chinese name: mbth, daniel defoe: daniel defoe Nationality: British birthplace: London, England Date of birth: 1660 Date of death: 173 1 occupation: Representative works of the writer: Robinson Crusoe; Robinson's meditation; /kloc-among the four famous novelists in the 8th century, daniel defoe was the first. Daniel defoe's Robinson Crusoe had a great influence at that time, and it is still a masterpiece that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Daniel defoe was born in 1660. 1640, the British bourgeoisie gained political power through violence, but in the year when Defoe was born, the Stuart royal family representing the feudal reactionary forces was restored in Britain. Defoe was born in a small oil candle merchant family, belonging to the middle and lower bourgeoisie, and politically opposed the feudal rule of Stuart royal family. When Defoe was 28 years old, that is, 1688, the bourgeoisie drove out the Stuart royal family and regained power. While doing business, he engaged in political activities and wrote many pamphlets. Because some books and speeches exposed unreasonable phenomena in society at that time, he was put into prison three or four times. At 59, he wrote Robinson Crusoe. This novel is based on a true story. More than 200 years ago, selkirk, a Suge, was a sailor on an English ship. 1704 One day in September, selkirk was abandoned on an uninhabited island in ancient Latin America because of a conflict with the captain. Selkirk was in a bad mood, but he gradually got used to it. He caught goats as food, built two small houses out of wood and sheepskin, used nails as needles, and took apart broken socks for sewing. He lived on an uninhabited island for two years and four months. On February 1709, an English navigator rescued him from the island. When Selkirk returned to Scotland, he often told people about his extraordinary experiences in hotels. Later, Defoe wrote this book based on this story. After Robinson Crusoe, he wrote many novels, such as Captain singleton, Captain Jack, Rock Cha Na, London Plague, Memoirs of a Knight and so on. But he never got into the famous literati circle at that time. These literati have higher social status than him. He was poor all his life, and had to leave home to hide from his debts before he died. Daniel defoe daniel defoe (1660 ~ 173 1), an English novelist, was the founder of realistic novels in the English Enlightenment period and was known as "the father of English and European novels". Born in London. My father runs the slaughter industry and believes in Presbyterian church which is different from the state religion. Defoe's original surname was Fu, and he called himself Defoe after 1703. He has a secondary education, but he has no university education in classical literature. He has always maintained a position different from the Anglican belief, and is politically inclined to the Whigs. After being a priest for many years, he realized that he was not suitable for religious life, so he chose to go into business in the sea. He traveled widely and had a successful career. During this period, he became a family and began to support his family. 1692, his business failed. Defoe, 32, is heavily in debt and has to support his wife and six children. Because of his strong interest in politics, he began to write political articles for newspapers to make a living. Because these articles often criticized the king and the ruling party, Defoe went to prison several times and stayed in prison for many years. Because political articles can only bring him trouble and increase debts, Defoe has to turn to novel creation. 17 19, Defoe, who was nearly 60 years old, published his first novel, which later became one of the world-famous adventure novels-Robinson Crusoe. Today, more than 250 years later, this novel is still popular. Robinson Crusoe brought Defoe great success and helped him pay off some debts. After that, he wrote Moore Flanders, Colonel Jack and two other novels about Robinson, but creditors always followed him to collect debts. In the last few years of Defoe's life, he was sickly and friendless, his creditors kept coming to him, and his children gave him up. 173 1 year, daniel defoe died at the age of 7 1 year. Just as Robinson, the hero of his novel, lived on a desert island for 28 years, he felt lonely and scared. In his early years, he was engaged in underwear, tobacco and alcohol, woolen goods, brick making and other industries, and went to mainland countries to do business. 1685 participated in the rebellion against the Catholic king led by Monmouth Duke; From 65438 to 0688, William, a Dutch Protestant, led an army to land in England and succeeded to the British throne. Defoe joined his army. 1692, he went bankrupt in business and his debts reached 17000. Later, I failed many times and had to make a living in various ways. He worked as a government agent, designed various development careers and engaged in writing at the same time. 1698 published "On Development", advocating building roads, running banks, enacting bankruptcy laws, setting up insane asylum, running fire and water insurance, collecting income tax and running girls' schools. 170 1 year, he published the satirical poem "The Real Englishman", arguing that there are no pure Englishmen, opposing the aristocratic Catholic forces and defending the foreign Protestant William III. This poem has been printed in nine editions. 1702 published a political essay "Shortcuts to Eliminate Different Sects", which used irony to oppose the oppression of people of different sects by the state religion. The writing is unique, I didn't see it at first. Later, he was found out, fined, imprisoned for six months and flogged three times, but he was regarded as a hero by Londoners. While in prison, he wrote an ode to the cangue (1703) imitating the ode of the Greek poet Pindaros, satirizing the injustice of the law. Editing experience: daniel defoe, 1704. He ran Review magazine for Whig leader Harry, mainly to win support for Harry's English-Scottish joint policy daniel defoe. After that, he traveled between England and Scotland for 1 1 year, serving as the secret agent of Harry and his successor Tory Godolphin, collecting public opinions. During this period, he was imprisoned for a short time for writing articles. But he never stopped collecting information, running newspapers and writing articles for Whig politicians. Defoe started writing novels at the age of 59. Robinson Crusoe, the first novel published by 17 19, is very popular. It has successfully created an idealized bourgeois image and is a pioneering work in the history of European novels. A sequel was published in the same year. 1720, Robinson's Meditations was written again. Since then, he has written four novels: Captain singleton (1720) and Moore? Flanders, Captain Jack (both 1722) and Roxana (1724). In addition, he also wrote biographies of cadres, such as Campbell's Biography of the Deaf (1720) and Peter the Great (1723). Several travel books at home and abroad, such as New Travel Notes around the World (1724), Four Travel Notes of Captain Roberts (1726) and A Tour of the whole Island of Britain (1724 ~ 1727, 3 volumes, tour guide nature). He also has several books on business, such as Business Encyclopedia (1726), British Business Strategy (1728) and Ways to Make London the Most Prosperous City in the World (1728). His Encyclopedia of English Gentlemen was published in 1890 after his death. His novel Robinson Crusoe is the most widely circulated and is regarded as his masterpiece. It is said that Defoe is associated with 26 magazines, and some people call him "the father of modern news reporting". His works, including a large number of political pamphlets, up to 250 kinds, meet the needs of bourgeois development and write about issues of interest and concern to the urban middle class. For example, Mrs. Will's epiphany documentary (1706) vividly reported a popular ghost story; In the plague era (1722), the great plague of London in 1665 was written, which vividly described the occurrence and spread of the plague, the terror and panic it caused, the number of deaths and the escape from the plague. At that time, the plague epidemic in Marseille, France attracted special attention, and Defoe's works satisfied the public's curiosity about plague. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe is a widely circulated masterpiece. 1704, Scottish sailor Selcock rebelled at sea and was thrown to a desert island off Chile. It took him five years to be saved at last. Defoe was inspired by this incident and wrote this book. Robinson did not listen to his father's advice, went out to sea to do business and sell slaves, was killed at sea, lived on a desert island for 28 years, fought against nature on the island, took in a savage on Friday, saved the captain of a mutinous ship, returned to England, and went to Brazil to run a plantation to get rich. There is also a sequel. In the second part, he revisited his hometown, pretended to be an island owner, educated the islanders, visited Brazilian plantations, and then ventured around the world, including China and Siberia. The third is moral preaching. Captain singleton tells the story of the protagonist being kidnapped as a child, becoming a pirate and venturing to Africa and the East to make a fortune. Moore? Some people think Flanders is Defoe's best novel. The protagonist is the daughter of a female thief, born in prison and adopted by a kind mayor. She seduced men, married many times and stole for a living, and was sent to Virginia, USA, to run a plantation with her ex-husband for the rest of her life. Colonel Jack is the worst. The hero became a thief at an early age, worked as a soldier, was sold to Virginia, and finally became a planter and returned to England. The protagonist of Roksana is the daughter of French Protestants. She lived in England, married a wine merchant in London, was abandoned, worked as a prostitute in England, France, the Netherlands and other places, and married a Dutch businessman. The businessman went to prison in debt, and she died in regret. Defoe's novels inherited the tradition of Spanish tramp novels in the Renaissance, and often wrote about a man of humble origin, who became rich and succeeded through wit and personal struggle. Society does not allow such a person to stand out, so he (she) has to do a series of cheating, stealing and even selling his/her body by any means. Out of Puritan morality, the author always makes his hero express regret and swear not to do bad things, but the environment repeatedly forces the hero to break his oath. Defoe has a deep understanding of the characters he describes, and he is good at writing about individuals overcoming difficulties in unfavorable environments. The hero in his works is smart and energetic. He doesn't believe in fate, but believes in "common sense". The plot structure leaves no trace. He is particularly good at describing the environment, with vivid details and fictional scenes, which makes people feel as if they are there. I can't help but be unconvinced. His language is natural and he doesn't quote classics; The story is told by the protagonist, which makes readers feel kind. Daniel defoe Robinson, a famous book edited in this paragraph, was born in a respected merchant family, eager to sail and bent on seeing something overseas. Daniel defoe went to sea without telling his father. On his first voyage, he was caught in a big storm and the ship sank. He managed to escape and save his life. The second time I went out to sea to do business in Africa, I made a fortune. The third time, he was unfortunately captured by the Moors and became a slave. Later, he escaped by rowing his master's boat and was rescued by a Portuguese cargo ship on the way. After the ship arrived in Brazil, he bought a manor there and became the owner of the manor. Not content with getting rich in this way, he went out to sea and sold slaves in Africa. On the way, the ship was attacked by a storm and all the sailors and passengers on board were killed. Only Robinson survived and drifted to an isolated island. He made a raft from the mast of the sunken ship, transported the food, clothes, guns, ammunition and tools from the ship to the shore again and again, and set up a tent on the hillside to settle down. Then he put a fence around the tent with sharpened stakes and dug a hole behind the tent to live. He made tables, chairs and other furniture with simple tools, hunted goats, turtles and seabirds for food, and drank the water from the stream, thus overcoming the initial difficulties. He started planting barley and rice on the island, making wooden mortar, pestle and sieve, processing flour and baking coarse bread. He captured and domesticated wild goats and let them breed. He also makes pottery and so on to ensure his own needs. Even so, Robinson never gave up looking for a way to leave the island. He cut down a big tree and spent five or six months making a canoe, but the boat was too heavy to drag into the sea, so he had to give up all his previous efforts and build a small one himself. Robinson lived alone on the island 18 years later, one day, he found that the coast of the island was covered with human bones, which had been burnt. A group of savages from the former outer islands of daniel defoe once held a feast of human flesh here. Robinson was surprised. Since then, he has increased his vigilance and paid more attention to the things around him. Until the 26th year, another group of savages came to the island, ready to kill the captive. Robinson found and rescued one of them. Robinson named the rescued aborigines "Friday". From then on, "Friday" became Robinson's loyal servant and friend. Then Robinson took Friday to rescue a Spaniard and Friday's father. Soon an English ship docked near the island and found that the sailors on board had defected, kidnapped the captain and abandoned the captain and the first mate on board. Robinson and Friday helped the captain subdue the sailors and recapture the ship.